Thucydides was an Athenian historian and general. His History of the Peloponnesian War recounts the fifth-century BC war between Sparta and Athens until the year 411 BC. Thucydides has been dubbed the father of "scientific history" by those who accept his claims to have applied strict standards of impartiality and evidence-gathering and analysis of cause and effect, without reference to intervention by the gods, as outlined in his introduction to his work.
In Greek mythology, the goddess Pandia or Pandeia was a daughter of Zeus and the goddess Selene, the Greek personification of the moon. From the Homeric Hymn to Selene, we have: "Once the Son of Cronos [Zeus] was joined with her [Selene] in love; and she conceived and bare a daughter Pandia, exceeding lovely amongst the deathless gods." An Athenian tradition perhaps made Pandia the wife of Antiochus, the eponymous hero of Antiochis, one of the ten Athenian tribes (phylai).
Cleisthenes, or Clisthenes, was an ancient Athenian lawgiver credited with reforming the constitution of ancient Athens and setting it on a democratic footing in 508 BC. For these accomplishments, historians refer to him as "the father of Athenian democracy." He was a member of the aristocratic Alcmaeonid clan. He was the younger son of Megacles and Agariste making him the maternal grandson of the tyrant Cleisthenes of Sicyon. He was also credited with increasing the power of the Athenian citizens' assembly and for reducing the power of the nobility over Athenian politics.
In ancient Greece, a phratry was a group containing citizens in some city-states. Their existence is known in most Ionian cities and in Athens and it is thought that they existed elsewhere as well. Almost nothing is known about the functions and responsibilities of phratries outside Attica. Within Athens, they played a prominent role in social and religious life, particularly in the major festival called the Apatouria. They played an important role in determining eligibility for Athenian citizenship and all citizens and only citizens were enrolled in phratries. Particularly in anthropology, the term is also applied to similar descent groups of multiple clans in other societies.
In Ancient Greece, a deme or demos was a suburb or a subdivision of Athens and other city-states. Demes as simple subdivisions of land in the countryside seem to have existed in the 6th century BC and earlier, but did not acquire particular significance until the reforms of Cleisthenes in 508 BC. In those reforms, enrollment in the citizen-lists of a deme became the requirement for citizenship; prior to that time, citizenship had been based on membership in a phratry, or family group. At this same time, demes were established in the main city of Athens itself, where they had not previously existed; in all, at the end of Cleisthenes' reforms, Athens was divided into 139 demes to which one can be added Berenikidai, Apollonieis, and Antinoeis. The establishment of demes as the fundamental units of the state weakened the gene, or aristocratic family groups, that had dominated the phratries.
The trittyes, singular trittys were part of the organizational structure the divided the population in ancient Attica, and is commonly thought to have been established by the reforms of Cleisthenes in 508 BC. The name trittys means "third", and is named such because there were three types of regions in each trittys. There were thirty trittyes and ten tribes named after local heroes in Attica. Trittyes were composed of one or more demes; demes were the basic unit of division in Attica, which were the smaller units of population that made up the trittyes..
Acamantis was one of the phylai (tribes) of classical Athens, created during the reforms of Cleisthenes. It was named after the legendary hero Acamas, and included the demes of Cholargos, Eiresidai, Hermos, Iphistiadai, Kerameis, Kephale, Poros, Thorikos, Eitea, Hagnous, Kikynna, Prospalta and Sphettos.
Angele was a deme of ancient Attica, of the phyle of Pandionis, sending two, three, or four delegates to the Athenian Boule. Its site is located near modern Angelisi.
Antiochis was one of the ten tribes (phylai) into which the Ancient Athenians were divided.
Alopece was an asty-deme of the city of Athens, but located exterior to the city wall of Athens. Alopece was situated only eleven or twelve stadia from the city, and not far from Cynosarges. It possessed a temple of Aphrodite, and also apparently one of Hermaphroditus.
Aiantis was a phyle of ancient Attica with six demes, the deme with the greatest area was Aphidna.
Erechtheis was a phyle (tribe) of ancient Athens with fourteen demes.
Aigeis was a tribe (phyle) of Ancient Athens which contained twenty demes.
Pandionis is a phyle of ancient Attica, which had eleven demes at the time of its creation, which is when the phyle was created as part of a group of ten phylai.
Phrearrhii or Phrearrhioi or Phrearroi was a deme of the coastal (paralia) region of ancient Attica, belonging to the Leontis tribe (phyle), with nine to ten representatives in the Boule.
Phyle was a strong fortress and deme of ancient Attica, on a steep rock, commanding the narrow pass across Mount Parnes, through which runs the direct road from Thebes to Attica, past Acharnae. On the northern side of the pass was the territory of Tanagra. Phyle is situated at the distance of more than 120 stadia from Attica, not 100 stadia, as Diodorus states, and was one of the strongest Attican fortresses on the Boeotian frontier. The precipitous rock upon which it stands can only be approached by a ridge on the eastern side. It is memorable in history as the place seized by Thrasybulus and the Athenian exiles in Battle of Phyle in 404 BCE, and from which they commenced their operations against the Thirty Tyrants. The height of Phyle commanded views of the whole Attican plain, of the city itself, of Mount Hymettus, and the Saronic Gulf. In Phyle there was a building called the Daphnephoreion, containing a picture, which represented the Thargelia.
Ptelea was a deme of ancient Attica of the phyle Oineis, sending one delegate to the Athenian Boule. It is the setting for Menander's Heros.
Cydantidae or Kydantidai was a deme in ancient Attica, originally of the phyle of Aegeis, after 224/3 BCE of the phyle of Ptolemais, sending one or two delegates to the Athenian Boule.
Teithras or Tithras (Τίθρας) was a deme of ancient Attica, of the phyle of Aegeis, sending four delegates to the Athenian Boule.
Aethalidae or Aithalidai was a deme of ancient Attica, originally of the phyle of Leontis but after 307/6 BCE, of the phyle of Antigonis, sending two delegates to the Athenian Boule.
