Leticia Reis de Carvalho | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Secretary-General of the International Seabed Authority | |
| Assumed office 1 January 2025 | |
| Preceded by | Michael Lodge (United Kingdom) |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1973 Rio de Janeiro,Brazil |
| Alma mater | Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul,University of Brasília |
Leticia Reis de Carvalho (born 1973) is a Brazilian oceanographer who has served as Secretary-General of the International Seabed Authority since 1 January 2025. [1] [2]
Born in Rio de Janeiro in 1973,Carvalho grew up in Brasília. She studied oceanography at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and obtained a Master's degree in sustainable development from the University of Brasília. [3]
Carvalho began working at the Ministry of the Environment of Brazil in 2001,and in 2013 became Director of Environmental Quality in Industry. [3] She has also worked for the United Nations Environment Programme in the Latin America and Caribbean region. [4] [5]
In August 2024 Carvalho was elected to succeed Michael Lodge as Secretary-General of the International Seabed Authority for a four-year term beginning on 1 January 2025. [6] [7]
The International Seabed Authority (ISA) is a Kingston,Jamaica-based intergovernmental body of 167 member states and the European Union. It was established under the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and its 1994 Agreement on Implementation. The ISA's dual mission is to authorize and control the development of mineral related operations in the international seabed,which is considered the "common heritage of all mankind",and to protect the ecosystem of the seabed,ocean floor and subsoil in "The Area" beyond national jurisdiction. The ISA is responsible for safeguarding the international deep sea,defined as waters below 200 meters,where photosynthesis is hampered by inadequate light. Governing approximately half of the total area of the world's oceans,the ISA oversees activities that might threaten biological diversity and harm the marine environment.
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS),also called the Law of the Sea Convention or the Law of the Sea Treaty,is an international treaty that establishes a legal framework for all marine and maritime activities. As of October 2024,169 sovereign states and the European Union are parties.
The Green Party is a political party in Brazil. It was constituted after the military dictatorship period when limitations on party development were lifted,and,like other green parties around the world,is committed to establishing a set of policies on ensuring social equity and sustainable development. One of the party's founding members was the journalist and former anti-dictatorship revolutionary Fernando Gabeira,Alfredo Sirkis and Carlos Minc. The founding of the Rio de Janeiro section of the Brazilian Green Party was led by a delegation from the southern Brazilian state of Santa Catarina,composed among others by Olga Maria Carvalho Luz,Luiz Henrique Gevaerd Odebrecht,Marcos Bayer,and Consuelo Luz Lins.
Teburoro Tito is an I-Kiribati politician and diplomat who served as the third president of Kiribati from 1994 to 2003.
The University of Brasília is a federal public university in Brasília,the capital of Brazil. It was founded in 1960 and has since consistently been named among the top five Brazilian universities and the top fifteen universities in South America by Times Higher Education (THE).
The International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) is an independent policy research institute whose stated mission is to "build a fairer,more sustainable world,using evidence,action and influence in partnership with others." Its director is Dr Tom Mitchell.
Deep sea mining is the extraction of minerals from the seabed of the deep sea. The main ores of commercial interest are polymetallic nodules,which are found at depths of 4–6 km (2.5–3.7 mi) primarily on the abyssal plain. The Clarion–Clipperton zone (CCZ) alone contains over 21 billion metric tons of these nodules,with minerals such as copper,nickel,and cobalt making up 2.5% of their weight. It is estimated that the global ocean floor holds more than 120 million tons of cobalt,five times the amount found in terrestrial reserves.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs conducts Brazil's foreign relations with other countries. It is commonly referred to in Brazilian media and diplomatic jargon as Itamaraty,after the palace which houses the ministry. Since 1 January 2023,the minister responsible is Mauro Vieira.
Nii Allotey Odunton,a mining engineer from Ghana,was the Secretary-General of the International Seabed Authority,serving consecutive four-year terms starting in 2009 and ending in 2017.
Antonio de Aguiar Patriota is the current Ambassador of Brazil to the United Kingdom and former Minister of Foreign Affairs. He took office as foreign minister on January 1,2011,and remained in office until August 26,2013. Ambassador Patriota is a member of the “Leaders for Peace”initiative under the chairmanship of former French Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin.
Roberto Carvalho de Azevêdo is a Brazilian career diplomat who served as Director-General of the World Trade Organization (WTO) from 2013 until 2020. Since 2020,he has been Executive Vice President and Director of Corporate Affairs at PepsiCo.
Events in the year 1973 in Brazil.
Joênia Wapichana is the first indigenous lawyer in Brazil and a member of the Wapixana tribe of northern Brazil. After taking a land dispute to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights,Wapixana became the first indigenous lawyer to argue before the Supreme Court of Brazil. She is the current president of the National Commission for the Defense of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.
Brazilian jurisdictional waters are the riverine and oceanic spaces over which Brazil exerts some degree of jurisdiction over activities,persons,installations and natural resources. They comprise internal waters,the territorial sea and exclusive economic zone (EEZ),to a distance of 200 nautical miles from baselines along the coast,as well as waters overlying the extended continental shelf,where Brazilian claims of jurisdiction over its overlying waters are controversial,as the water column over this stretch of seabed is part of the high seas. The continental shelf of Brazil is under a different legal regime from its overlying waters. The Brazilian Navy covers both the shelf and the waters in its less formal concept of a "Blue Amazon".
Luiz Eduardo Ramos Baptista Pereira is a Brazilian Army four-star General,who was the Secretary of Government for President Jair Bolsonaro,succeeding Lieutenant General Carlos Alberto dos Santos Cruz.
CNN Brasil is a Brazilian news-based pay television channel and news website. Launched on 15 March 2020,CNN Brasil is owned by Novus Media,a joint-venture between Douglas Tavolaro,former header of Record's news division,and Rubens Menin,owner of MRV Engenharia. Novus Media has a licensing agreement with the original CNN channel owned by Warner Bros. Discovery. CNN Brasil is the second local franchise of CNN in South America,after CNN Chile.
Michael W. Lodge is a British lawyer who served as Secretary-General of the International Seabed Authority from 2016 to 2024.
Events in the year 2024 in Brazil.
The "Upholding the Common Heritage of Humankind" is a historical speech delivered to the International Seabed Authority Assembly,on July 29th,2024,by President Surangel S. Whipps Jr. of Palau. In this speech the President of Palau emphasized the historical significance of 1994,marking both Palau’s independence and the ratification of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea.
The continental shelf of Brazil is the seabed and subsoil underlying its jurisdictional waters,where the country has sovereign rights over natural resources as a party to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. An area of 3.5 million square kilometers as far as 200 nautical miles from baselines along the coast is internationally recognized as such. From 2004 to 2018 Brazil submitted a series of extended continental shelf proposals beyond the 200 nautical mile line to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS). The proposed extended shelf measures 2,094,656.59 km². A final understanding has yet to be reached with the CLCS,and therefore the outer limits of the extended shelf are still not final and binding. The Brazilian Navy includes the continental shelf in its Blue Amazon concept.