Lev's disease

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Lev's disease
Other namesLenegre–Lev syndromeProgressive Cardiac Conduction Defect (PCCD)
St Jude Medical pacemaker with ruler.jpg
Pacemaker used for treatment of Lev's disease
Specialty Cardiology

Lev's disease, also known as Lenegre disease, is an idiopathic disease that can result in a complete heart block, or an extremely slowed heart rate, in patients with this condition. It is thought that for certain patients, this impairment of heart's electrical conduction system is due to fibrosis and calcification of conduction cells. This disease is considered to be age related, with increasing decline seen in elderly patients.

Contents

The use of electrocardiograms, especially in non-specialized settings like emergency rooms, may incidentally reveal a dysrhythmia that can confuse diagnosis, however serial ECGs will demonstrate an evolving conduction block arrhythmia characteristic of Lev's disease, thus allowing for correct diagnosis. [1]

Presentation

Signs and symptoms

Lev's disease may present with various signs and symptoms; however, these may overlap with similar conditions such as atrioventricular (AV) blocks. Signs of Lev's disease may include syncope, shortness of breath, dizziness, heart failure, and sudden cardiac death. Signs may begin to appear as an adult. [2] On the other hand, symptoms of Lev's disease may include bradycardia, defects in the cardiac conduction of the His-Purkinje system, widening of the QRS complex, and temporal potentially prolongation of the PR interval. [3] [4] However, individuals may also be asymptomatic, presenting with no symptoms. Thus, careful genetic screening and identification of patients with Lev's disease is important. [5]

Associated conditions

Stokes–Adams attacks can be precipitated by this condition. These involve a temporary loss of consciousness resulting from marked slowing of the heart when the atrial impulse is no longer conducted to the ventricles. This should not be confused with the catastrophic loss of heartbeat seen with ventricular fibrillation or asystole. [6]

Atrioventricular (AV) block may be a progression of Lev's disease, in which the electrical signal transmission from the heart's atria to the ventricles is impaired due to an extension of the fibrosis. [7]

Bundle Branch Block (BBB) is another condition that can be precipitated by Lev's disease. [8] This condition is the interrupted conduction of electrical impulses along the Bundle of His or one of the bundle branches. As the Bundle of His divides into the right and left bundle branches, a block of the electrical impulse may result in a Right Bundle Branch Block or a Left Bundle Branch Block, respectively.

Sinoatrial (SA) block may also result be a result of Lev's disease. During a SA block, the electrical impulse formed at the SA node is delayed or not conducted.

History

In March 1954, researchers Richman and Wolff analyzed several patient cases using electrocardiograms and vectorcardiograms. [9] In terms of the different cardiovascular diagnostic tests available, electrocardiograms are the most widely used between physicians. [10] Many providers prefer the use of electrocardiograms since the process of interpreting vectorcardiograms are more complex and are more labor-intensive as it requires more electrode placement on patients. [11] Electrocardiograms record and detect the electrical impulses generated by the heart. [11] By doing so, medical professionals are able to analyze the electrical activity of the heart and detect any irregularities that may impact the function of the heart. [11] However, vectorcardiogram diagnostic tests operate differently from electrocardiograms. [11] This vectorcardiogram method analyzes the transverse, sagittal, and frontal planes to measure the electrical activity of the heart. [11] This diagnostic test examines different factors such as rotations, contours, and the direction of the cardiac axis of the heart. [11] Although the use of electrocardiograms are commonly used in clinical settings by many providers, vectorcardiograms are able to be more precise due to its ability to detect and identify the location of myocardial infarction, cardiac blockage, and hypertrophy. [11] Among cases studied, patients exhibited a left bundle branch block that resembled a right bundle branch block. [9] In comparison, however, although the electrocardiograms showed a right bundle branch block, the vectorcardiograms detected a left bundle branch block in the patient. [9]

In March 1964, Jean Lenègre published a paper discussing the pathology behind the gradual damage and scarring of the ventricular conduction system. [6]

In November 1964, Maurice Lev published a paper with similar findings as Lenègre where he saw the degenerative processes of the ventricular conduction system associated with calcification in older patient populations. Lev focused primarily on the anatomical process leading to atrioventricular blocks in patients and was able to build off the research conducted by Lenègre. [12]

Epidemiology

In a genetic epidemiological study published in 2012 focusing on western France, there were 6667 patients implanted with pacemakers for PCCD between the years of 1995 and 2005. The frequency of PCCD in different areas of western France was concluded to be 0.21% in a major city and up to 2.28% in specific parishes. Five large families were also identified to be affected by PCCD, contributing to the understanding that the disease has a genetic factor. [13]

While there is limited data directly addressing Lev's disease and its prevalence, there are also some statistics on the associated diseases precipitated by Lev's disease.

One study published in 1998 followed 855 men born in 1913, and among the group the prevalence of bundle branch block was 17% when the study population was at age 80 years. [14]

Pathophysiology

Lev's disease operates similarly to other atrioventricular (AV) conduction disturbances. Unfortunately, the specific mechanisms of this condition are not yet fully clear. However, it is suspected that like other AV conduction disorders, Lev's disease can occur via two ways, acquired or congenital. [15] Individuals with congenital Lev's disease typically come from pregnancies with lupus erthematosus complications or transfer of SSA/Ro and SSB/LA antibodies. [15] In contrast, there are many theories on how Lev's disease may be acquired by a patient, however, there is strong evidence of fibrosis of the conduction system leading to impairments of the conduction system.

The heart is composed of two primary types of cell, contractile cells and specific cells that carry out conduction roles, including directing the actions of contractile cells. [16] In the case of Lev's disease, calcification or fibrosis of these cells will impact their ability to work optimally, hindering the propagation of electrical currents through the heart. It has been seen that with age, the heart's autonomic movements begin to show rapid signs of decline, due to being governed by its ability to conduct signaling. Such issues occurring at the SA and AV nodes, will result in prorogation of ECG segments, because the pacemaker cells in these production centers are responsible for the rest of the signals traveling through the heart, and therefore the mechanical movements of cardiac muscle. [17] In severe cases, like in Lev's disease, this can result in entire blockage of nodal electrical propagation. [18]

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of Lev's disease can be difficult due to the limited supporting literature. However, given that the disease shares similarities to conditions characterized by atrioventricular (AV) conduction blocks and bundle branch blocks, differential diagnostic approaches can involve considerations of related conditions. [1] [19]

Therefore, differential diagnoses can be conducted to help narrow down the list of possible diseases and help providers determine whether a patient may or may not have this condition. These approaches include using clinical evaluation to assess patient's past medical history for any symptoms such as chest pain, dizziness, fatigue, syncope, shortness of breath. Physical examinations are also conducted to determine whether a patient has signs of bradycardia. [1] [20] One of the most important exams that can be conducted to help determine atrioventricular (AV) conduction block and bundle branch block is an electrocardiogram. Electrocardiograms are used primarily to measure how efficiently the heart is working. The function of electrocardiograms is detection of electrical signals in the heart. These electrical signals are recorded on a graph to help detect heart rhythm and heart attacks. [21] [22]

Prevention

Lev's disease remains an area of ongoing research and the specific underlying mechanisms of this disease state are not fully understood. As a result, effective prevention methods are currently limited.

Researchers do understand that Lev's disease can be presented in two primary forms: acquired and congenital. Individuals who have acquired Lev's disease presents signs and symptoms later in life and are often linked to the use of medication, medical conditions, surgical procedures, or environmental factors. In cases of congenital Lev's disease, it is present from birth and is commonly caused by genetic or developmental factors. [8] Depending if the patient has acquired or congenital Lev's disease, the prevention strategies may differ and vary to address the needs associated with each form.

A preventive strategy can involve regular electrocardiogram tests, especially if the individual has a genetic family history of cardiac conditions such as Lev's disease. [23] Additionally, the use of certain medications can impact the conduction of the heart. [8] Studies have shown that medications such as Digoxin, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and anti-arrhythmic medications can slow down heart conduction in patients with pre-existing cardiac conditions. [8] Since other cardiac conditions can be associated with Lev's disease, it is important to promote a heart healthy lifestyle. [24] This includes adopting dietary and lifestyle changes that support and promote healthy heart health. [24]

Treatment and management

Lev's disease continues to be an active area of research. Currently, there is limited case reports, studies, and trials revolving around the treatment for Lev's Disease. There is no case study that gives a definitive treatment option. However, its treatment and management can be approached similarly to those for atrioventricular (AV) blocks. Both conditions involve the inability of the heart to properly conduct electrical signals; irregularity of heart beats and bradycardia. Treatment could involve implantation of a pacemaker to help restore and maintain a normal heart rhythm with ECG tests to ensure that the pacemaker is working properly. [1] [19] [25]

Case studies

Genetic testing

Over the years, many clinical studies have been conducted to give insight on the congenital acquirement of Lev's Disease, particularly to answer the question of if there is a genetic component that puts patients at a predisposed risk. A mouse model studied mice with a heterogenous mutation to their SCN5a gene, which impacts the formation of Na+ channels, leaving them with myocardial conditions similar to those with Lev's disease. [26] The study used these mice to gain a further understanding into the progression of such abnormalities, and how it can be applied to the similar impacts of fibrosis and calcification in human myocardial systems. Their study results found that in mice with this heterozygous mutation, with age, exhibited extensive fibrosis of cardiac tissue in comparison to mice without the mutation.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bradycardia</span> Heart rate below the normal range

Bradycardia, also called bradyarrhythmia, is a resting heart rate under 60 beats per minute (BPM). While bradycardia can result from various pathologic processes, it is commonly a physiologic response to cardiovascular conditioning or due to asymptomatic type 1 atrioventricular block.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brugada syndrome</span> Heart conduction disease

Brugada syndrome (BrS) is a genetic disorder in which the electrical activity of the heart is abnormal due to channelopathy. It increases the risk of abnormal heart rhythms and sudden cardiac death. Those affected may have episodes of syncope. The abnormal heart rhythms seen in those with Brugada syndrome often occur at rest. They may be triggered by a fever.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome</span> Medical condition

Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome (WPWS) is a disorder due to a specific type of problem with the electrical system of the heart involving an accessory pathway able to conduct electrical current between the atria and the ventricles, thus bypassing the atrioventricular node. About 60% of people with the electrical problem developed symptoms, which may include an abnormally fast heartbeat, palpitations, shortness of breath, lightheadedness, or syncope. Rarely, cardiac arrest may occur. The most common type of irregular heartbeat that occurs is known as paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sinus node dysfunction</span> Medical condition

Sinus node dysfunction (SND), also known as sick sinus syndrome (SSS), is a group of abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) usually caused by a malfunction of the sinus node, the heart's primary pacemaker. Tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome is a variant of sick sinus syndrome in which the arrhythmia alternates between fast and slow heart rates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atrioventricular node</span> Part of the electrical conduction system of the heart

The atrioventricular node or AV node electrically connects the heart's atria and ventricles to coordinate beating in the top of the heart; it is part of the electrical conduction system of the heart. The AV node lies at the lower back section of the interatrial septum near the opening of the coronary sinus, and conducts the normal electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles. The AV node is quite compact.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Third-degree atrioventricular block</span> Medical condition

Third-degree atrioventricular block is a medical condition in which the electrical impulse generated in the sinoatrial node in the atrium of the heart can not propagate to the ventricles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cardiac conduction system</span> Aspect of heart function

The cardiac conduction system transmits the signals generated by the sinoatrial node – the heart's pacemaker, to cause the heart muscle to contract, and pump blood through the body's circulatory system. The pacemaking signal travels through the right atrium to the atrioventricular node, along the bundle of His, and through the bundle branches to Purkinje fibers in the walls of the ventricles. The Purkinje fibers transmit the signals more rapidly to stimulate contraction of the ventricles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">First-degree atrioventricular block</span> Medical condition

First-degree atrioventricular block is a disease of the electrical conduction system of the heart in which electrical impulses conduct from the cardiac atria to the ventricles through the atrioventricular node more slowly than normal. First degree AV block does not generally cause any symptoms, but may progress to more severe forms of heart block such as second- and third-degree atrioventricular block. It is diagnosed using an electrocardiogram, and is defined as a PR interval greater than 200 milliseconds. First degree AV block affects 0.65-1.1% of the population with 0.13 new cases per 1000 persons each year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trifascicular block</span> Medical condition

Trifascicular block is a problem with the electrical conduction of the heart, specifically the three fascicles of the bundle branches that carry electrical signals from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles. The three fascicles are one in the right bundle branch, and two in the left bundle branch the left anterior fascicle and the left posterior fascicle. A block at any of these levels can cause an abnormality to show on an electrocardiogram.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">AV nodal reentrant tachycardia</span> Medical condition

AV-nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is a type of abnormal fast heart rhythm. It is a type of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), meaning that it originates from a location within the heart above the bundle of His. AV nodal reentrant tachycardia is the most common regular supraventricular tachycardia. It is more common in women than men. The main symptom is palpitations. Treatment may be with specific physical maneuvers, medications, or, rarely, synchronized cardioversion. Frequent attacks may require radiofrequency ablation, in which the abnormally conducting tissue in the heart is destroyed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Romano–Ward syndrome</span> Medical condition

Romano–Ward syndrome is the most common form of congenital Long QT syndrome (LQTS), a genetic heart condition that affects the electrical properties of heart muscle cells. Those affected are at risk of abnormal heart rhythms which can lead to fainting, seizures, or sudden death. Romano–Ward syndrome can be distinguished clinically from other forms of inherited LQTS as it affects only the electrical properties of the heart, while other forms of LQTS can also affect other parts of the body.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Right bundle branch block</span> Heart block in the right ventricle

A right bundle branch block (RBBB) is a heart block in the right bundle branch of the electrical conduction system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atrioventricular block</span> Medical condition

Atrioventricular block is a type of heart block that occurs when the electrical signal traveling from the atria, or the upper chambers of the heart, to ventricles, or the lower chambers of the heart, is impaired. Normally, the sinoatrial node produces an electrical signal to control the heart rate. The signal travels from the SA node to the ventricles through the atrioventricular node. In an AV block, this electrical signal is either delayed or completely blocked. When the signal is completely blocked, the ventricles produce their own electrical signal to control the heart rate. The heart rate produced by the ventricles is much slower than that produced by the SA node.

SCN5A Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha, also known as NaV1.5 is an integral membrane protein and tetrodotoxin-resistant voltage-gated sodium channel subunit. NaV1.5 is found primarily in cardiac muscle, where it mediates the fast influx of Na+-ions (INa) across the cell membrane, resulting in the fast depolarization phase of the cardiac action potential. As such, it plays a major role in impulse propagation through the heart. A vast number of cardiac diseases is associated with mutations in NaV1.5 (see paragraph genetics). SCN5A is the gene that encodes the cardiac sodium channel NaV1.5.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Junctional ectopic tachycardia</span> Medical condition

Junctional ectopic tachycardia (JET) is a rare syndrome of the heart that manifests in patients recovering from heart surgery. It is characterized by cardiac arrhythmia, or irregular beating of the heart, caused by abnormal conduction from or through the atrioventricular node. In newborns and infants up to 6 weeks old, the disease may also be referred to as His bundle tachycardia or congenital JET.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Left axis deviation</span> Heart condition

In electrocardiography, left axis deviation (LAD) is a condition wherein the mean electrical axis of ventricular contraction of the heart lies in a frontal plane direction between −30° and −90°. This is reflected by a QRS complex positive in lead I and negative in leads aVF and II.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arrhythmia</span> Group of medical conditions characterized by irregular heartbeat

Arrhythmias, also known as cardiac arrhythmias, are irregularities in the heartbeat, including when it is too fast or too slow. A resting heart rate that is too fast – above 100 beats per minute in adults – is called tachycardia, and a resting heart rate that is too slow – below 60 beats per minute – is called bradycardia. Some types of arrhythmias have no symptoms. Symptoms, when present, may include palpitations or feeling a pause between heartbeats. In more serious cases, there may be lightheadedness, passing out, shortness of breath, chest pain, or decreased level of consciousness. While most cases of arrhythmia are not serious, some predispose a person to complications such as stroke or heart failure. Others may result in sudden death.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bundle branches</span>

The bundle branches, or Tawara branches, are offshoots of the bundle of His in the heart's ventricle. They play an integral role in the electrical conduction system of the heart by transmitting cardiac action potentials from the bundle of His to the Purkinje fibers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Congenital heart block</span> Medical condition

The congenital heart block (CHB) is the heart block that is diagnosed in fetus or within the first 28 days after birth, some studies also include the diagnosis during early childhood to the definition of CHB. It refers to the disorder in the electrical conduction system within the heart muscle, which leads to the failure in pumping the blood efficiently into the aorta and the pulmonary trunk. The result of CHB can be first, second, or third-degree (complete) atrioventricular block in which no electric signals move from the atrium to the ventricles

References

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