Lianne Sheppard

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Elizabeth Anne (Lianne) Sheppard is an American statistician. She specializes in biostatistics and environmental statistics, and in particular in the effects of air quality on health. She is a Professor of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences and a Professor of Biostatistics in the University of Washington School of Public Health. In 2021, Dr. Sheppard was named to the Rohm & Haas Endowed Professorship of Public Health Sciences. [1] [2]

Contents

Education

Dr. Sheppard graduated from Johns Hopkins University with a bachelor's degree in psychology in 1979, and returned to Johns Hopkins for a master's degree in biostatistics in 1985. She completed her Ph.D. in biostatistics in 1992 at the University of Washington. [1] Her dissertation, Aggregate Data Methods for Relative Risk Parameter Estimation in Diet and Disease Prevention Research, was supervised by Ross L. Prentice. [3]

Research contributions

Dr. Sheppard's methodological research interests are observational study methods, exposure modeling, study design, and epidemiology. Her applied research focuses on the health effects of occupational and environmental exposures. She is principal investigator of the NIH-funded training grant Biostatistics, Epidemiologic & Bioinformatics Training in Environmental Health, and she oversees the SURE-EH training program, a project to promote diversity in the environmental health sciences. She is also co-principal investigator of the NIH-funded Adult Changes in Thought Air Pollution study and of a Health Effects Institute study to better understand the role of exposure assessment design and modeling in inference about air pollution health effects. [2]

She has published over 190 peer-reviewed publications. [4] Among her principal methodological/statistical contributions to the environmental health field are 1) developing statistical methods for aggregate data studies; [5] [6] [7] 2) developing measurement error correction methods for inference about health effects for applications to air pollution cohort studies; [8] [9] 3) advancements in spatial and spatio-temporal modeling methods for air pollution exposures; [10] [11] and 4) referent selection and analysis approaches for case-crossover study design for air pollution epidemiology. [12] [13] She has also helped advance scientific understanding of the adverse effects of a variety of environmental exposures, including air pollution, [14] [15] [16] [17] noise, [18] manganese, [19] [20] and pesticides. [21] [22]

Policy Contributions

In 2016, Dr. Sheppard was chosen to chair a panel of the United States Environmental Protection Agency to examine in what quantities nitrogen oxides are harmful. [23] However, in 2018 the Trump administration replaced Dr. Sheppard and other academic experts on the panel with public health officials, at the same time disbanding a related panel on particulate pollution. Dr. Sheppard was quoted as saying that these changes would "result in poorer-quality scientific oversight". [24] Dr. Sheppard is also a participant in a lawsuit against new agency rules preventing scientists funded by the agency from serving on its panels, a move that caused her to step away from a three-million-dollar grant. [25]

In 2021, Dr. Sheppard was appointed chair of the United States Environmental Protection Agency Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee (CASAC). [26]

Recognition

Dr. Sheppard was chosen as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association in 2006, "for contributions to observational studies and environmental occupational epidemiology; for thoughtful commentary in science-policy areas; and for commitment to bringing statistical methodology to elementary and high school education. [27]

In 2020, she received the International Society for Environmental Epidemiology (ISEE) Research Integrity Award. [28]

Related Research Articles

Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS), also known as idiopathic environmental intolerances (IEI), is an unrecognized and controversial diagnosis characterized by chronic symptoms attributed to exposure to low levels of commonly used chemicals. Symptoms are typically vague and non-specific. They may include fatigue, headaches, nausea, and dizziness.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Epidemiology</span> Study of health and disease within a population

Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution, patterns and determinants of health and disease conditions in a defined population.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Environmental health</span> Public health branch focused on environmental impacts on human health

Environmental health is the branch of public health concerned with all aspects of the natural and built environment affecting human health. In order to effectively control factors that may affect health, the requirements that must be met in order to create a healthy environment must be determined. The major sub-disciplines of environmental health are environmental science, toxicology, environmental epidemiology, and environmental and occupational medicine.

An environmental factor, ecological factor or eco factor is any factor, abiotic or biotic, that influences living organisms. Abiotic factors include ambient temperature, amount of sunlight, air, soil, water and pH of the water soil in which an organism lives. Biotic factors would include the availability of food organisms and the presence of biological specificity, competitors, predators, and parasites.

Manganism or manganese poisoning is a toxic condition resulting from chronic exposure to manganese. It was first identified in 1837 by James Couper.

Environmental toxicants and fetal development is the impact of different toxic substances from the environment on the development of the fetus. This article deals with potential adverse effects of environmental toxicants on the prenatal development of both the embryo or fetus, as well as pregnancy complications. The human embryo or fetus is relatively susceptible to impact from adverse conditions within the mother's environment. Substandard fetal conditions often cause various degrees of developmental delays, both physical and mental, for the growing baby. Although some variables do occur as a result of genetic conditions pertaining to the father, a great many are directly brought about from environmental toxins that the mother is exposed to.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aldrin</span> Chemical compound

Aldrin is an organochlorine insecticide that was widely used until the 1990s, when it was banned in most countries. Aldrin is a member of the so-called "classic organochlorines" (COC) group of pesticides. COCs enjoyed a very sharp rise in popularity during and after World War II. Other noteworthy examples of COCs include dieldrin and DDT. After research showed that organochlorines can be highly toxic to the ecosystem through bioaccumulation, most were banned from use. Before the ban, it was heavily used as a pesticide to treat seed and soil. Aldrin and related "cyclodiene" pesticides became notorious as persistent organic pollutants.

In acoustics, noise measurement can be for the purpose of measuring environmental noise or measuring noise in the workplace. Applications include monitoring of construction sites, aircraft noise, road traffic noise, entertainment venues and neighborhood noise. One of the definitions of noise covers all "unwanted sounds". When sound levels reach a high enough intensity, the sound, whether it is wanted or unwanted, may be damaging to hearing. Environmental noise monitoring is the measurement of noise in an outdoor environment caused by transport, industry and recreational activities. The laws and limits governing environmental noise monitoring differ from country to country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Health effects from noise</span> Health consequences of exposure to elevated sound levels

Noise health effects are the physical and psychological health consequences of regular exposure to consistent elevated sound levels. Noise from traffic, in particular, is considered by the World Health Organization to be one of the worst environmental stressors for humans, second only to air pollution. Elevated workplace or environmental noise can cause hearing impairment, tinnitus, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, annoyance, and sleep disturbance. Changes in the immune system and birth defects have been also attributed to noise exposure.

Exposure science is the study of the contact between humans and harmful agents within their environment – whether it be chemical, physical, biological, behavioural or mental stressors – with the aim of identifying the causes and preventions of the adverse health effects they result in. This can include exposure within the home, workplace, outdoors or any other environment an individual may encounter. The term ‘exposure’ is the umbrella term for many different types, ranging from ultraviolet exposure, exposure to the chemicals in the food we eat, to exposure to long working hours being the occupational factor most attributable to the burden of disease.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Air pollution</span> Presence of dangerous substances in the atmosphere

Air pollution is the contamination of air due to the presence of substances called pollutants in the atmosphere that are harmful to the health of humans and other living beings, or cause damage to the climate or to materials. It is also the contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment either by chemical, physical, or biological agents that alters the natural features of the atmosphere. There are many different types of air pollutants, such as gases, particulates, and biological molecules. Air pollution can cause diseases, allergies, and even death to humans; it can also cause harm to other living organisms such as animals and crops, and may damage the natural environment or built environment. Air pollution can be caused by both human activities and natural phenomena.

Environmental epidemiology is a branch of epidemiology concerned with determining how environmental exposures impact human health. This field seeks to understand how various external risk factors may predispose to or protect against disease, illness, injury, developmental abnormalities, or death. These factors may be naturally occurring or may be introduced into environments where people live, work, and play.

Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials into the atmosphere, causing harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damaging ecosystems. Air pollution can cause health problems including, but not limited to, infections, behavioral changes, cancer, organ failure, and premature death. These health effects are not equally distributed across the U.S. population; there are demographic disparities by race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and education. Air pollution can derive from natural sources, or anthropogenic sources. Anthropogenic air pollution has affected the United States since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.

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Paul James Lioy was a United States environmental health scientist born in Passaic, New Jersey, working in the field of exposure science. He was one of the world's leading experts in personal exposure to toxins. He published in the areas of air pollution, airborne and deposited particles, Homeland Security, and Hazardous Wastes. Lioy was a professor and division director at the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rutgers University - School of Public Health. Until 30 June 2015 he was a professor and vice chair of the Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers University - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School. He was deputy director of government relations and director of exposure science at the Rutgers Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute in Piscataway, New Jersey.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Health effects of pesticides</span> How pesticides affect human health

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Exposome</span>

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Andrea Baccarelli is an Italian American epigeneticist and clinical endocrinologist, best known for his academic contributions in the field of epigenetics, mitochondriomics, and computational epigenomics, with a research focus on investigating the impact of environmental exposures on human health. He currently serves as Dean of the Faculty at the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health.

References

  1. 1 2 "Lianne Sheppard", Faculty, University of Washington School of Public Health , retrieved 2018-10-29
  2. 1 2 Lianne Sheppard, University of Washington School of Public Health Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences
  3. ↑ Lianne Sheppard at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
  4. ↑ Google Scholar Page for Lianne Sheppard
  5. ↑ Aggregate data studies of disease risk factors
  6. ↑ Sheppard, L.; Prentice, R. L. (1995), "On the reliability and precision of within- and between- population estimates of relative rate parameters", Biometrics, 51 (3): 853–863, doi:10.2307/2532987, JSTOR   2532987, PMID   7548704
  7. ↑ Sheppard, L.; Prentice, R. L.; Rossing, M. A. (1996), "Design considerations for estimation of exposure effects on disease risk, using aggregate data studies", Statistics in Medicine, 15 (17–18): 1849–1858, doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19960915)15:17<1849::AID-SIM396>3.0.CO;2-4, PMID   8888477
  8. ↑ Szpiro, A. A.; Sheppard, L.; Lumley, T. (2011), "Efficient measurement error correction with spatially misaligned data", Biostatistics, 12 (4): 610–623, doi:10.1093/biostatistics/kxq083, PMC   3169665 , PMID   21252080
  9. ↑ Szpiro, A. A.; Paciorek, C. J.; Sheppard, L. (2011), "Does more accurate exposure prediction necessarily improve health effect estimates?", Epidemiology, 22 (5): 680–685, doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e3182254cc6, PMC   3195520 , PMID   21716114
  10. ↑ Seixas, N. S.; Sheppard, L. (1996), "Maximizing accuracy and precision using individual and grouped exposure assessments", Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 22 (2): 94–101, doi: 10.5271/sjweh.116 , PMID   8738886
  11. ↑ Lindström, J.; Szpiro, A. A.; Sampson, P. D.; Oron, A. P.; Richards, M.; Larson, T. V.; Sheppard, L. (2014), "A Flexible Spatio-Temporal Model for Air Pollution with Spatial and Spatio-Temporal Covariates", Environmental and Ecological Statistics, 21 (3): 411–433, doi:10.1007/s10651-013-0261-4, PMC   4174563 , PMID   25264424
  12. ↑ Levy, D.; Lumley, T.; Sheppard, L.; Kaufman, J.; Checkoway, H. (2001), "Referent selection in case-crossover analyses of acute health effects of air pollution", Epidemiology, 12 (2): 186–192, doi: 10.1097/00001648-200103000-00010 , PMID   11246579, S2CID   36828973
  13. ↑ Janes, H.; Sheppard, L.; Lumley, T. (2005), "Case-crossover analyses of air pollution exposure data: referent selection strategies and their implications for bias", Epidemiology, 16 (6): 717–726, doi: 10.1097/01.ede.0000181315.18836.9d , PMID   16222160, S2CID   24915212
  14. ↑ Wang, Meng; Aaron, Carrie Pistenmaa; Madrigano, Jaime; Hoffman, Eric A.; Angelini, Elsa; Yang, Jie; Laine, Andrew; Vetterli, Thomas M.; Kinney, Patrick L.; Sampson, Paul D.; Sheppard, Lianne E.; Szpiro, Adam A.; Adar, Sara D.; Kirwa, Kipruto; Smith, Benjamin; Lederer, David J.; Diez-Roux, Ana V.; Vedal, Sverre; Kaufman, Joel D.; Barr, R. Graham (2019), "Association Between Long-term Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution and Change in Quantitatively Assessed Emphysema and Lung Function", JAMA, 322 (6): 546–556, doi:10.1001/jama.2019.10255, PMC   6692674 , PMID   31408135
  15. ↑ Kaufman, J. D.; Adar, S. D.; Barr, R. G.; Budoff, M.; Burke, G. L.; Curl, C. L.; Daviglus, M. L.; Diez Roux, A. V.; Gassett, A. J.; Jacobs Jr, D. R.; Kronmal, R.; Larson, T. V.; Navas-Acien, A.; Olives, C.; Sampson, P. D.; Sheppard, L.; Siscovick, D. S.; Stein, J. H.; Szpiro, A. A.; Watson, K. E. (2016), "Association between air pollution and coronary artery calcification within six metropolitan areas in the USA (the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and Air Pollution): a longitudinal cohort study", Lancet, 388 (10045): 696–704, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00378-0, PMC   5019949 , PMID   27233746
  16. ↑ Miller, Kristin A.; Siscovick, David S.; Sheppard, Lianne; Shepherd, Kristen; Sullivan, Jeffrey H.; Anderson, Garnet L.; Kaufman, Joel D. (2007), "Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution and Incidence of Cardiovascular Events in Women", New England Journal of Medicine, 356 (5): 447–458, doi: 10.1056/nejmoa054409 , PMID   17267905
  17. ↑ Shaffer, Rachel M.; Blanco, Magali N.; Li, Ge; Adar, Sara D.; Carone, Marco; Szpiro, Adam A.; Kaufman, Joel D.; Larson, Timothy V.; Larson, Eric B.; Crane, Paul K.; Sheppard, Lianne (2021), "Fine Particulate Matter and Dementia Incidence in the Adult Changes in Thought Study", Environmental Health Perspectives, 129 (8): 087001, doi:10.1289/EHP9018, PMC   8336685 , PMID   34347531
  18. ↑ Seixas, N. S.; Neitzel, R.; Stover, B.; Sheppard, L.; Feeney, P.; Mills, D.; Kujawa, S. (2012), "10-Year prospective study of noise exposure and hearing damage among construction workers", Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 69 (9): 643–650, doi:10.1136/oemed-2011-100578, PMC   4570847 , PMID   22693267
  19. ↑ Racette, B. A.; Nelson, G.; Dlamini, W. W.; Prathibha, P.; Turner, J. R.; Ushe, M.; Checkoway, H.; Sheppard, L.; Nielsen, S. S. (2021), "Severity of parkinsonism associated with environmental manganese exposure", Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source, 20 (1): 27, doi: 10.1186/s12940-021-00712-3 , PMC   7962371 , PMID   33722243
  20. ↑ Criswell, S. R.; Nielsen, S. S.; Warden, M. N.; Flores, H. P.; Lenox-Krug, J.; Racette, S.; Sheppard, L.; Checkoway, H.; Racette, B. A. (2019), "MRI Signal Intensity and Parkinsonism in Manganese-Exposed Workers", Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 61 (8): 641–645, doi:10.1097/JOM.0000000000001634, PMC   7098806 , PMID   31348423
  21. ↑ Sheppard, Lianne; McGrew, Seth; Fenske, Richard A. (2020), "Flawed analysis of an intentional human dosing study and its impact on chlorpyrifos risk assessments", Environment International, 143: 105905, doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105905 , PMID   32629200, S2CID   220387157
  22. ↑ Zhang, Luoping; Rana, Iemaan; Shaffer, Rachel M.; Taioli, Emanuela; Sheppard, Lianne (2019), "Exposure to glyphosate-based herbicides and risk for non-Hodgkin lymphoma: A meta-analysis and supporting evidence", Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research, 781: 186–206, doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2019.02.001, PMC   6706269 , PMID   31342895
  23. ↑ Washington Professor Chairs EPA Panel to Review Nitrogen Oxides Standards, Association of Schools & Programs of Public Health, July 7, 2016
  24. ↑ Friedman, Lisa (October 11, 2018), "E.P.A. to Disband a Key Scientific Review Panel on Air Pollution", The New York Times
  25. ↑ Miller, Hayley (January 24, 2018), "Scientists Sue EPA Over 'Attempt To Delegitimize Science': They argue Administrator Scott Pruitt's purge of independent advisers was unlawful and unprecedented", Huffington Post
  26. ↑ EPA Announces Selections of Charter Members to the Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee, July 2021
  27. ↑ Plenary & Awards Sessions presented at the 166th Annual Meeting (PDF), American Statistical Association and Committee of Presidents of Statistical Societies, p. 13, retrieved 2018-10-29
  28. ↑ ISEE Awards
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