Life imprisonment in Australia

Last updated

Life imprisonment is the most severe criminal sentence available to the courts in Australia. Most cases attracting the sentence are murder. It is also imposed, albeit rarely, for sexual assault, manufacturing and trafficking commercial quantities of illicit drugs, and offences against the justice system and government security.

Contents

As of 2022, there are 418 prisoners in Australia serving a life sentence. [1]

Offences and minimum terms

Mandatory life imprisonment

The death penalty in Australia fell into disuse in 1967, and between then and 1985, each jurisdiction abolished it and (in most cases) replaced it with mandatory life imprisonment.

Mandatory life imprisonment was subsequently abolished in New South Wales in 1982, [2] Victoria in 1986, [2] Tasmania in 1995, [2] and Western Australia in 2008, [3] though it was reintroduced in New South Wales in 2011 for the murder of a police officer. [4] [5]

When the death penalty was abolished in the Australian Capital Territory in 1973, there were no offences subject to mandatory life imprisonment; [2] even so, life imprisonment can be imposed.

Life imprisonment remains mandatory for murder in South Australia, the Northern Territory, and Queensland.

State and territories

The criminal law and prisons are primarily administered by state and territory governments within Australia's federal system. As such, there is considerable divergence of which offences can attract life sentences across Australia.

The minimum non-parole period on a life sentence varies between jurisdictions, and between different crimes attracting the penalty. A life sentence in Western Australia, for a crime other than murder, attracts a minimum non-parole period of seven years, while the equivalent term in Queensland is 15 years. For murder, the minimum non-parole period on a life sentence in the Australian Capital Territory is 10 years, as it is in Western Australia (except when committed during an aggravated home burglary, in which case it is 15 years).

In South Australia, Queensland and the Northern Territory, the minimum non-parole period for a life sentence for an offender convicted of murder is 20 years. In Queensland, if the offender has been convicted of the murder of a police officer, the minimum non-parole period is 25 years, and in the case of multiple/serial murder or where the offender has a prior conviction for murder, the minimum non-parole period is 30 years. [6] In the Northern Territory, exceptional circumstances can reduce the minimum 20 year non-parole period, but conversely, the minimum non-parole for murder in circumstances of aggravation is 25 years. In South Australia, a guilty plea discount can reduce up to 25% of the minimum non-parole period of 20 years. [7]

The minimum non-parole term for a life sentence in Victoria is 30 years, unless a court considers it not in the interest of justice to set such a term. [8]

New South Wales is the only Australian state or territory to provide for a mandatory life without parole sentence, specifically where the offender has been convicted of the murder of a police officer. [9]

Following a string of high-profile ‘coward punch’ related deaths, in 2014 the Queensland government created a new offence of unlawful striking causing death, the maximum penalty for which is life imprisonment. [10]

The Criminal Code of Queensland, [11] Western Australia [12] and the Northern Territory [13] also provide for life imprisonment for aircraft hijacking, aiding a suicide, terrorism and for perjuring to procure a conviction of an offence punishable by life imprisonment. The Criminal Code of the Northern Territory also provides for life imprisonment for terrorism and aircraft hijacking, as well as for most other serious violent offences.

Every state and territory except Tasmania provides for life imprisonment for some drug offences, though Tasmanians remain subject to Commonwealth law, which allows for life imprisonment for some drug offences. Primarily, these offences are manufacturing, trafficking or cultivating commercial quantities of controlled drugs and procuring children to do so, and in Queensland, supplying any quantity of particular drugs to children under 16.

Child sexual abuse offences can also attract a life sentence in New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia and the Northern Territory. In Queensland, if child sexual abuse was committed by a repeat offender, a life sentence is mandatory and cannot be mitigated or varied under any law. Other offences capable of attracting a sentence of life imprisonment are rape, arson, incest, riot (under aggravated circumstances), piracy and destroying sea walls (Queensland) and treason (Tasmania).

In Queensland, the law also provides a maximum punishment of life imprisonment for aircraft hijacking, burglary or unlawful entry into a dwelling (under aggravated circumstances or by means of a break), armed robbery, violent robbery, attempt to commit armed robbery, attempt to commit violent robbery, conspiracy to bring false accusation against another where an innocent person is convicted and punished with life imprisonment for a crime he or she did not commit, rape, aggravated sexual assault, manslaughter, attempted murder, stupefying (poisoning or drugging) with the intent to commit another indictable offence, disabling with intent to commit an indictable offence (choking, suffocating or strangulating or rendering or attempted to render any person incapable of resistance), and most other serious violent offences.

The Australian Capital Territory [14] and Victoria [15] [16] are the only Australian jurisdictions to explicitly prohibit the imposition of life imprisonment without parole on children.

Prisoners serving life sentences in Australia (2022) [17]
Most serious offenceNumber of prisoners
Homicide offences 392
Sexual assault offences 17
Illicit drug offences 3
Offences against justice 3
Total 418

Commonwealth

Under Commonwealth legislation, there are 68 offences that can attract life imprisonment.

Sixty three such offences are within the Criminal Code Act 1995, [18] including the setting or placing of explosive and lethal devices; treason, treachery and espionage offences; terrorist acts, as well as preparing or planning terrorist acts and financing terrorism; incursions into foreign countries with the intention of engaging in hostile activity and related preparatory conduct (including accumulating weapons, providing or participating in training, giving or receiving goods and services and allowing use of buildings and vehicles to support such offences).

Further offences in the Criminal Code that allow for life imprisonment include crimes against humanity (genocide, war crimes), the murder of UN personnel and various drug offences including manufacturing, trafficking importing and exporting of commercial quantities of controlled drugs and plants, cultivating commercial quantities of controlled plants, and procuring children to facilitate similar drug offences.

The Crimes (Aviation) Act 1991 [19] provides for life imprisonment for hijacking offences, destruction of aircraft with intent to kill and prejudicing safe operation of an aircraft with intention to kill, and the Crimes Act 1914 provides for life imprisonment for piracy. [20]

Notable sentences

With non-parole periods

The longest overall non-parole period for a single murder is 45 years and six months, being served by Michael Barry Fyfe (South Australia), who stabbed fellow inmate Trevor Tilley in the kitchen of Yatala Prison in January 1995 while serving a 17+1⁄2-year sentence for other crimes.

The longest non-parole period imposed for a single murder is 35 years, being served by Melbourne CBD gunman Christopher Wayne Hudson (Victoria). [21]

The longest non-parole period imposed on a woman is 32 years, being served by South Australian Angelika Gavare, who murdered and dismembered pensioner Vonne McGlynn in November 2008 for financial gain, [22] and Victorian Cai Xia Liao, who repeatedly stabbed Mai Mach and her four-year-old grandson Alistair Kwong with gardening shears in a vicious attack. [23]

Notable prisoners serving at least one life imprisonment with specified non-parole period:

NameStateConvictionsSentenceNon-parole periodAge at sentenceDate of sentenceNotes
Jaymes Todd VictoriaMurder; rape; attempted rape; sexual assaultLife Imprisonment35 years20September 2019 [24]
Adrian Ernest Bayley VictoriaMurder; rapeLife Imprisonment35 years41June 2013 [25]
Garry Francis Newman SAMurderLife Imprisonment29 years50April 2010
Ernest FisherWAMurderLife Imprisonment18 years67August 2018 [26]
Brett Peter Cowan QLDMurder; indecent treatment of a child under 16; interference with a corpseLife Imprisonment20 years44March 2014 [27] [28] Sentenced over the murder of Daniel Morcombe
Dieter PfennigSAMurder ×2; abduction ×2; rape2× life imprisonment60 years441992: 25* years; 2016: additional 35 years [29] *1994 ‘Truth in sentencing’ legislation reduced an initial 38 year non-parole period to 25 years. Pfenning has the longest non-parole period of any Australian prisoner: he will be 103 before he becomes eligible for parole.
Michael FyfeSAMurder; attempted murder; causing grievous bodily harm; causing death by dangerous driving; assaulting a police officer ×2; several assaults; assault occasioning actual bodily harm; escape lawful custodyLife imprisonment45 years and 6 monthsIn custody since age 25 [30] In custody since May 1987 [30] [31] Fyfe's total non-parole period is the longest of any Australian prisoner convicted of a single murder.
Angelika GavareSAMurderLife imprisonment32 years35November 2011 [32] [33] Gavare's non-parole period is, equal with Cai Xia Liao, the longest imposed on a female by any Australian court.
James Miller SAMurder ×66× life imprisonment35 years*40March 1980Deceased; died of cancer in October 2008. *Miller applied for a non-parole period to be determined in 1999, which was approved and imposed in February 2000. [34]
James Gargasoulas VictoriaMurder ×6; reckless conduct endangering life ×276× life imprisonment46 years27February 2019 [35] Gargasoulas received the longest non-parole period resulting from a single trial of any Australian prisoner.
Carl Williams VictoriaMurder ×3; conspiracy to murder3× life imprisonment35 years36May 2007 [36] Deceased; killed in prison April 2010
Keith Faure VictoriaMurder ×22× life imprisonment19 years54May 2006 [37]
Malcolm ClarkeVictoriaMurderLife imprisonment25 years49December 2004 [38]
Nicola SpinaVictoriaMurder2; false imprisonment2× life imprisonment25 years54August 2003 [39] Deceased, died in prison in 2011 of a heart attack
John Sharpe VictoriaMurder ×22× Life imprisonment33 years38August 2005 [40]
Brent QuarryVictoriaMurder; causing injury intentionally; causing injury recklesslyLife imprisonment24 years32February 2004 [41]
Michael LaneVictoriaMurderLife imprisonment24 years48June 2003 [42]
Gregory Brazel VictoriaMurderLife imprisonment27 years48March 2003 [43] *
Lloyd Crosbie VictoriaMurder ×22× life imprisonment30 years20March 2003 [44]
Andrew NorrieVictoriaMurderLife imprisonment14 years and 6 months39December 2001 [45]
Peter Knight VictoriaMurderLife imprisonment23 years48November 2002 [46]
John HorrocksVictoriaMurder; attempted murder, conduct endangering lifeLife imprisonment23 years39October 2000 [47]
Truong PhucVictoriaMurder; kidnappingLife imprisonment23 years and 8 months40June 2000 [48]
Dean WilliamsonVictoriaMurderLife imprisonment24 years30March 2000 [49] Deceased; died by suicide in 2000 at Barwon Prison
Robert ParsonsVictoriaMurderLife imprisonment25 years55May 1999 [50]
Manuel AdajianVictoriaMurder ×2; attempted murder; armed robbery2× life imprisonment25 years42May 1998 [51] [52]
Lindsay Beckett VictoriaMurder ×22× life imprisonment35 years24August 1998 [53] [54]
Christopher Hudson VictoriaMurder; attempted murder ×2; intentionally causing serious injuryLife imprisonment35 years30September 2008 [55] Hudson received the longest non-parole period for a single murder of any Australian prisoner.
Cai Xia LiaoVictoriaMurder ×2; intentionally causing injury; false imprisonmentLife imprisonment32 years45December 2015 [56] Liao's non-parole period is, equal with Angelika Gavare, the longest imposed on a female by any Australian court
Massimo Sica QLDMurder ×33× life imprisonment35 years42July 2012 [57]
Valmae Beck QLDMurder; rapeLife imprisonment14 years and 6 months441988Deceased, died of heart failure May 2008
Tracey Wigginton QLDMurderLife imprisonment13 years25January 1991Wigginton was released on parole in January 2012 [58]
Jessica Stasinowsky WAWilful murderStrict security life imprisonment24 years21March 2008 [59]
Valerie Parashumti WAWilful murderStrict security life imprisonment24 years19March 2008 [59]
Catherine Birnie WAMurder ×4; aggravated sexual assault; deprivation of liberty4× strict security life imprisonment20 years35March 1987 [60] *Though becoming parole eligible in 2007, every serving Attorney General since has invariably stated Birnie will be denied parole during their tenure. [61] [62] [63]
David Birnie WAMurder ×4; aggravated sexual assault; deprivation of liberty4× strict security life imprisonment20 years36February & March 1987 [60] Deceased; died by suicide in October 2005
Dante Arthurs WAMurder, unlawful detentionLife imprisonment13 years23November 2007 [64] Arthurs was refused parole in 2019 [65]
‘F’ (an unidentified child)WAWilful murderLife imprisonment12 years16 (15 at time of offence)August 1992 [66] ‘F’ was released from prison in 2014 after serving 22 years, with a subsequent parole term of five years [67]
Douglas Crabbe NTMurder ×55× Life imprisonment30 years*38October 1985*Changes to NT sentencing laws resulted in a non-parole period being set in December 2004. Crabbe was transferred to a Western Australian prison in 2005, and despite being parole eligible from 2013, successive Attorney Generals have indicated they will not approve his release [68]
Bradley Murdoch NTMurder; deprivation of liberty; aggravated unlawful assaultLife imprisonment28 years47December 2005 [69]
Evelyn NamatjiraNTMurderLife imprisonment15 years46December 2012 [70]
Ben William McLean NTMurder ×22× life imprisonment25 years20May 2005 [71]
Phu Ngoc Trinh NTMurder ×22× life imprisonment25 years19May 2005 [71]
James O'Neill TasmaniaMurderLife imprisonmentundetermined*28Convicted November 1975 [72] [73] [74] *O'Neill was denied parole after applications in 1991 and 2005. He is now Tasmania's longest serving prisoner [75] See also: Disappearance of the Beaumont children

Without the possibility of parole

In the most extreme cases, the sentencing judge will refuse to fix a non-parole period, which means that the prisoner will spend the rest of their life in prison. Notable prisoners serving at least one sentence of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole include:

NameStateConvictionSentenceAge at sentenceDate of sentenceNotes
Lian Bin (Robert) Xie NSWMurder ×55× life imprisonment53February 2017 [76]
Vincent StanfordNSWMurder; aggravated sexual assaultLife imprisonment plus 15 years26October 2016 [77]
Roger DeanNSWMurder ×11; recklessly causing grievous bodily harm ×8; larceny as a clerk ×211× life imprisonment plus 21 years37August 2013 [78]
Bronson Blessington NSWMurder; abduction; rape; robbery ×2Life imprisonment plus 25 years*16; 14 at time of offendingSeptember 1990*When sentencing, the trial judge recommended Blessington never be released. [79] While this order had no legally binding effect at that time, legislative changes passed through New South Wales parliament since have effectively extinguished any possibility of Blessington receiving a determinate sentence or release on parole. [80] This is despite Australia being signatory to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which explicitly prohibits imprisonment without the possibility of release as a punishment for children. [81]
Matthew Elliott NSWMurder; abduction; rape ×2; robbery ×2Life imprisonment plus 25 years*18; 16 at time of offendingSeptember 1990*When sentencing, the trial judge recommended Elliott never be released. [79] While this order had no legally binding effect at that time, legislative changes passed through New South Wales parliament since have effectively extinguished any possibility of Elliott receiving a determinate sentence or release on parole. [80] This is despite Australia being signatory to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which explicitly prohibits imprisonment without the possibility of release as a punishment for children. [81]
Phuong Ngo NSWMurderLife imprisonment43November 2001 [82]
Glen McNamaraNSWMurder; supplying of a prohibited drug in an amount not less than a large commercial quantityLife imprisonment plus 12 years57September 2016 [83]
Roger Rogerson NSWMurder; supplying of a prohibited drug in an amount not less than a large commercial quantityLife imprisonment plus 12 years75September 2016 [83]
Mark Valera NSWMurder ×22× life imprisonment21December 2000 [84]
Sef GonzalesNSWMurder ×33× life imprisonment24September 2004 [85]
Andrew GarforthNSWMurderLife imprisonment plus 30 years29July 1993 [86]
Crespin AdanguidiNSWMurder ×33× life imprisonment27June 2005 [87]
Ramzi AouadNSWMurder ×22× life imprisonment25November 2006*Originally sentenced to three terms of life without parole, for three murders; [88] successfully appealed against one murder conviction in April 2011 [89]
Allan BakerNSWMurder; conspiracy to murder; malicious wounding with intent to prevent lawful apprehension ×2Life imprisonment plus 55 years hard labour26June 1974 [90]
Kevin CrumpNSWMurder; conspiracy to murder; malicious wounding with intent to prevent lawful apprehension ×2Life imprisonment plus 55 years hard labour25June 1974Reduced to one term of life without parole plus 55 years on appeal in 1997 [90]
John TraversNSWMurder; taking with intent to hold for advantage; assault; robbery; wounding; inflicting actual bodily harm with the intent to have sexual intercourse; stealing a carLife imprisonment plus 50 years20July 1987 [91]
Michael MurphyNSWMurder; taking with intent to hold for advantage; assault; robbery; wounding; inflicting actual bodily harm with the intent to have sexual intercourse; stealing a carLife imprisonment plus 50 years34July 1987Deceased; died February 2019 [91]
Gary MurphyNSWMurder; taking with intent to hold for advantage; assault; robbery; wounding; inflicting actual bodily harm with the intent to have sexual intercourse; stealing a carLife imprisonment plus 50 years29July 1987 [91]
Leslie MurphyNSWMurder; taking with intent to hold for advantage; assault; robbery; wounding; inflicting actual bodily harm with the intent to have sexual intercourse; stealing a carLife imprisonment plus 48 years23July 1987 [91]
Michael MurdochNSWMurder; taking with intent to hold for advantage; assault; robbery; wounding; inflicting actual bodily harm with the intent to have sexual intercourse; stealing a carLife imprisonment plus 50 years20July 1987 [91]
Malcolm BakerNSWMurder ×66× life imprisonment45August 1993 [92]
Samuel BoydNSWMurder ×4; wounding with intent to murder4× life imprisonment plus 25 years29January 1985The life sentence for the conviction of wounding with intent to murder was reduced to 25 years on appeal in 1994[ citation needed ] [93]
John CribbNSWMurder ×3; rape ×3; kidnapping ×2; false imprisonment ×2; armed robbery ×9; escaping lawful custody3× life imprisonment plus 45 years28May 1979Deceased; died February 2018 [94]
Adnan DarwicheNSWMurder ×2; attempted murder; discharging a firearm with intent to do grievous bodily harm2× life imprisonment plus 26 years30November 2006 [95]
John GloverNSWMurder ×6; attempted murder; robbery with wounding; robbery; indecent assault ×4; assault6× Life imprisonment58November 1990Deceased; died by suicide September 2005 [96]
Matthew HarrisNSWMurder ×3; armed robbery2× life imprisonment plus 40 years31December 1999**Originally sentenced to 40 years for each count of murder and 3 years for armed robbery with a non-parole period of 25 years; sentence increased on appeal in December 2000: [97]
Michael KanaanNSWMurder ×3; malicious wounding with intent to do grievous bodily harm ×4; discharging firearm with intent to prevent lawful apprehension; accessory to the fact after malicious wounding3× life imprisonment plus 50 years and 4 months26October 2001 [98]
Lindsey RoseNSWMurder ×5; robbery ×2; conspiracy to pervert the course of justice; kidnapping; robbery while armed; maliciously destroying property by fire; malicious wounding; larceny; supplying a prohibited drug5× life imprisonment plus 39 years43September 1998 [99]
Naseam El-ZeyatNSWMurder ×2*2× life imprisonment*26November 2006*Originally sentenced to three terms of Life imprisonment, for three murders; [100] successfully appealed against one murder conviction in April 2011 [101]
Ivan Milat NSWMurder ×7; attempted murder; false imprisonment; robbery7× life imprisonment plus 18 years51July 1996Deceased; died in hospital 27 October 2019 [102]
Katherine Knight NSWMurderLife imprisonment46November 2001 [103]
Mark LewisNSWMurder ×2Life imprisonment plus 18 years58June 2000 [104]
Leonard Warwick NSWMurder ×3; exploding an explosive device which destroys or damages a building with intent to murder ×2; placing an explosive substance into a vehicle with intent to murder; maliciously placing an explosive substance near a building with intent to damage the building; maliciously, by an explosion, causing grievous bodily harm ×133× life imprisonment plus 100 years73September 2020 [105] [106]
Julian Knight VictoriaMurder ×7; attempted murder ×467× life imprisonment, non-parole period 27 years.21November 1989
Michael CardamoneVictoriaMurder; incitement to murder; breaching a prescribed condition of paroleLife imprisonment plus 8 years and three months50August 2017 [110]
Leslie Camilleri VictoriaMurder ×32× life imprisonment plus 28 years29April 1999In December 2013, Camilleri was sentenced to a further 28 years prison for his third murder conviction [111] [112]
Ashley CoulstonVictoriaMurder ×3; armed robbery ×2; false imprisonment ×2; recklessly endangering life ×2; intentionally causing injury; assault; using a firearm to resist arrest3× life imprisonment plus 7 years38September 1995 [113]
Bandali DebsVictoriaMurder ×44× life imprisonment49February 2003Sentenced to two life sentences in February 2003; a further life sentence in June 2007; and another in February 2012 [114] [115] [116]
Raymond EdmundsVictoriaMurder ×2; rape ×6; attempted rape ×2; indecent assault ×3; assault causing bodily harm ×2; attempt to escape lawful custody and false imprisonment2× life imprisonment plus 54 years 5 months42April 1986Sentenced to 2× life plus 30 years for two murders and rapes in October 1986; [117] received an additional 12 months for attempted prison escape in 1992, and 23 years and 5 months for further rapes in 2019
Paul HaighVictoriaMurder ×6, armed robbery6× life imprisonment + 60 years23November 1980Haigh was convicted of the murder of an inmate in 1993 and sentenced to a further term of life imprisonment with a minimum term of 15 years [118]
Peter Dupas VictoriaMurder ×33× life imprisonment47August 2000First life imprisonment sentence imposed in August 2000; second in August 2004; the third in August 2007 [119] [120] [121]
Robert LoweVictoriaMurder; kidnappingLife imprisonment plus 15 years57December 1994 [122]
Stanley TaylorVictoriaMurder; intentionally causing serious injury ×2; causing an explosion; burglary; car theft; theftLife imprisonment plus 13 years50August 1988Deceased; died October 2016 [123]
John Bunting South AustraliaMurder ×1111× life imprisonment37October 2003 [124]
Robert Wagner South AustraliaMurder ×1010× life imprisonment31October 2003Wagner's application for a non-parole period to be set was denied in May 2019 [124] [125]
Mark Rust South AustraliaMurder ×2; rape; assault; gross indecency2× life imprisonment plus 12 years39April 2004 [126]
Rebecca MahonyQLDAttempted murder; rape ×13; indecent treatment of a child under 16 ×6; assault occasioning bodily harm while armed and in company ×3; unlawfully procuring a child under 16 years to commit and indecent act; taking a child for immoral purposes; making child exploitation material; deprivation of liberty; common assault; stupefying in order to commit an indictable offence; torture; unlawfully wounding another2× life imprisonment plus 80 years32December 2011 [127] Mahoney's co-conspirator Andrew Shenfield was initially sentenced to life without parole, but his sentence was reduced to 18 years prison on appeal.


Mahoney also appealed her sentence, but was denied and the original sentence upheld. [128] [129] [130] [ additional citation(s) needed ]

Barrie Watts QLDMurder, rape, abductionLife imprisonment plus 18 years37February 1990 [131]
Dennis SoreQLDMurderLife imprisonment43February 2023 [132]
Anthony HarveyWAMurder ×55× life imprisonment25July 2019 [133] Harvey is the first person in Western Australia to receive a 'never to be released' order. [134]
Benjamin HoffmannNTMurder ×3; manslaughter; recklessly endangering life ×3; threatening to kill; drug possession3× life imprisonment plus 15 years48October 2022 [135]
Martin LeachNTMurder ×2; rape; assaulting a police officer3× life imprisonment plus 3 months25May 1984 [136]
Andrew AlburyNTMurderLife imprisonment22July 1984 [137]
William TurnerNTVarious sexual assaults, including sexual assaults against childrenIndefinite sentence plus nine years52May 2008 [138]
Martin Bryant TasmaniaMurder ×35; attempted murder ×20; grievous bodily harm ×3; wounding ×8; aggravated assault ×4; unlawful setting fire to property; arson35× life imprisonment plus 1,652 years29November 1996 [139]
Allen ThompsonACTMurder ×66× life imprisonment24October 1984 [140] [141]
Abuzar SultaniNSWMurder ×33× Life imprisonment32December 2021 [142]
Siar MunshizadaNSWMurder ×33× Life imprisonment33December 2021 [143]

Related Research Articles

Life imprisonment is any sentence of imprisonment for a crime under which convicted criminals are to remain in prison for the rest of their natural lives. Crimes that warrant life imprisonment are extremely serious and usually violent. Examples of these crimes are murder, torture, terrorism, child abuse resulting in death, rape, espionage, treason, illegal drug trade, human trafficking, severe fraud and financial crimes, aggravated property damage, arson, hate crime, kidnapping, burglary, robbery, piracy, aircraft hijacking, and genocide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Macleod railway station</span> Railway station in Melbourne, Australia

Macleod railway station is located on the Hurstbridge line in Victoria, Australia. It serves the north-eastern Melbourne suburb of Macleod, and it opened on 1 March 1911.

Norman Leslie Gallagher was a controversial Australian trade unionist, and Maoist who led the militant Builders Labourers Federation as federal Secretary and as Victorian State Secretary.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tony Mokbel</span> Australian criminal (born 1965)

Antonios Sajih Mokbel is an Australian criminal who has been convicted of a number of offences, most prominently commercial drug trafficking. He has spent most of his life in Melbourne, Australia. Operation Purana alleged that he is the mastermind behind the Melbourne amphetamine trade. He has been linked to Carl Williams, and charged but not convicted of two murders in the Melbourne gangland war. He disappeared from Melbourne while on trial in March 2006, and was arrested by Greek police in Athens on 5 June 2007. Since being brought back to Australia he has remained incarcerated.

Whitley College is a Baptist theological institute in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The college is associated with the Baptist Union of Victoria and is one of the theological schools of the University of Divinity.

Courts of Marine Inquiry and Boards of Marine Inquiry are tribunals established in common law countries to investigate matters relating to shipwrecks, casualties affecting ships, or charges of incompetency or misconduct on the part of the masters, mates or engineers of ships.

Robert Richter is an Australian barrister, based in Melbourne. He has handled a number of high-profile cases including defendants unpopular in public opinion. He is an adjunct professor at Victoria University. He is a critic of human rights violations and advocates for the rule of law.

The Hudson Formula derives from Hudsons Building and Engineering Contracts and is used for the assessment of delay damages in construction claims.

In Australia, murder is a criminal offence where a person, by a voluntary act or omission, causes the death of another person with either intent to kill, intent to inflict grievous bodily harm, or with reckless indifference to human life. It may also arise in circumstances where the accused was committing, or assisting in the commission, of a different serious crime that results in a person's death. It is usually punished by life imprisonment. Australia is a federal nation and the law of murder is mostly regulated under the law of its constituent states and territories. There is also federal murder offence available in limited circumstances.

The 20th Arkansas Infantry (1861–1865) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War. The unit was also known as the 22nd Arkansas Infantry. When the unit was reorganized following its capture at the Siege of Vicksburg, it was officially redesignated as the 41st Arkansas Infantry (Mounted), by the Arkansas State Military Board, but this redesignation was completely ignored by the unit and Confederate authorities. The unit participated in the Camden Expedition and Price's Missouri Expedition as a mounted infantry unit.

Ian Freckelton is an Australian barrister, judge, international academic, and high-profile legal scholar and jurist. He is known for his extensive writing and speaking in more than 30 countries on issues related to health law, expert evidence, criminal law, tort law, therapeutic jurisprudence and research integrity. Freckelton is a member of the Victorian Bar Association, the Tasmanian Bar Association, and the Northern Territory Bar Association in Australia.

<i>Broadcasting Services Act 1992</i> Act of the Parliament of Australia

The Broadcasting Services Act 1992(Cth) is an Act of the Parliament of Australia, which broadly covers issues relating to content regulation and media ownership in Australia. The law stipulates what is political advertising and the specific conditions which must be met before they are authorised for publication.

<i>Bail Act 2013</i> Australian statute

The Bail Act 2013 is a New South Wales law that came into effect on 20 May 2014. It replaces the Bail Act 1978, which was considered "groundbreaking" when enacted, but has been reformed several times to presume against bail. The new act was created with the aims that it would be easier to understand, would further protect the community and would promote consistent decision-making. The Bail Act 2013 uses an "unacceptable risk" test in regard to whether "the accused will fail to appear in any proceedings for the offence, commit a serious offence, endanger the safety of victims, individuals or the community, or interfere with witnesses or evidence".

The crumbling skull rule is a well-established legal doctrine used in some tort law systems. It holds that where a plaintiff had a condition or injury that predates the tort and would have naturally deteriorated or worsened over time, the defendant is not responsible to the degree that the condition or injury would have naturally worsened over time. A defendant is only liable for the degree the injury was worsened or the hastening or acceleration of the damage caused by the tort. The crumbling skull rule should not be confused with the related thin skull rule.

Elizabeth Lillian Fullerton is an Australian lawyer, specialising in criminal law, who has been a judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales since February 2007.

<i>Briginshaw v Briginshaw</i> Prominent Australian High Court case decided in 1938

Briginshaw v Briginshaw (Briginshaw) is a decision of the High Court of Australia which considered how the requisite standard of proof should operate in civil proceedings.

<i>Veen v R</i> (No 2)

Veen v R is a decision of the High Court of Australia.

<i>R v De Simoni</i> 1981 High Court of Australia decision

R v De Simoni is a decision of the High Court of Australia.

<i>Postiglione v R</i> Judgement of the High Court of Australia

Postiglione v R also known as 'Postiglione' is a decision of the High Court of Australia.

References

  1. ↑ "Table 12, Sentenced Prisoners". Prisoners in Australia, 2022. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
  2. 1 2 3 4 'The history of sentencing for wilful murder and murder', Review of the Law of Homicide, Law Reform Commission of Western Australia https://www.lrc.justice.wa.gov.au/_files/P97-ch07.pdf Archived 19 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ↑ "Law Reform Commission of Western Australia". www.wa.gov.au. 10 February 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
  4. ↑ 'Murder of Police Officers', LIAC Crime Library, State Library of New South Wales https://guides.sl.nsw.gov.au/c.php?g=671792&p=4729414 Archived 14 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ↑ "CRIMES ACT 1900 - SECT 19B Mandatory life sentences for murder of police officers". www5.austlii.edu.au. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
  6. ↑ "View – Queensland Legislation – Queensland Government". www.legislation.qld.gov.au. Archived from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  7. ↑ Sentencing Act 1995 (NT) Section 53A (3) https://legislation.nt.gov.au/api/sitecore/Act/PDF_History?id=17757 Archived 17 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ↑ Sentencing Act 1991 (Vic) Section 11A 4(a) http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/download.cgi/cgi-bin/download.cgi/download/au/legis/vic/consol_act/sa1991121.txt Archived 4 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ↑ "NSW legislation". www.legislation.nsw.gov.au. Archived from the original on 3 December 2002. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  10. ↑ "What are the 'one punch' assault laws in Queensland?". 18 October 2018. Archived from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  11. ↑ "View – Queensland Legislation – Queensland Government". www.legislation.qld.gov.au. Archived from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  12. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  13. ↑ "Legislation Database". legislation.nt.gov.au. Archived from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  14. ↑ Crimes (Sentencing) Act 2005 (ACT) section 133G(4) https://www.legislation.act.gov.au/View/a/2005-58/current/PDF/2005-58.PDF Archived 4 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ↑ ‘Young persons’ may not be sentenced to indefinite sentences http://www.judicialcollege.vic.edu.au/eManuals/VSM/6116.htm Archived 13 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  16. ↑ Sentencing Act 1991 (Victoria) Section 18A(1) http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/consol_act/sa1991121/s18a.html Archived 31 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine
  17. ↑ "Table 12, Sentenced Prisoners". Prisoners in Australia, 2022. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
  18. ↑ "Criminal Code Act 1995". www.legislation.gov.au. Archived from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  19. ↑ Affairs, Home. "Crimes (Aviation) Act 1991". www.legislation.gov.au. Archived from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  20. ↑ Affairs, AG; Home. "Crimes Act 1914". www.legislation.gov.au. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ↑ Rennie, Reko (22 September 2008). "35 years' jail for CBD gunman". The Age. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  22. ↑ "Judge condemns pensioner killer". www.heraldsun.com.au. 4 November 2011. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  23. ↑ "Twisted lover jailed for murders of boy, granny". www.heraldsun.com.au. 17 December 2015. Archived from the original on 19 November 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  24. ↑ DPP v Todd, 2 September 2019, archived from the original on 17 October 2021, retrieved 13 December 2020
  25. ↑ The Queen v Bayley, 19 June 2013, archived from the original on 17 October 2021, retrieved 13 December 2020
  26. ↑ "Father jailed for life for murdering son before watching AFL grand final". www.abc.net.au. 2 August 2018. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  27. ↑ "Daniel Morcombe's killer sentenced to life in prison". ABC News. 14 March 2014. Archived from the original on 31 October 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  28. ↑ R v Cowan, 12 December 2013, archived from the original on 17 October 2021, retrieved 15 December 2020
  29. ↑ Louise Bell murderer Dieter Pfennig jailed until age of 103 as non-parole period extended to 60 years https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/prosecutors-urge-supreme-court-to-ensure-louise-bells-murderer-dieter-pfennig-is-never-released-from-prison/news-story/81f6e49bf3dea6549ff57835ffb31a13 Archived 14 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  30. 1 2 R v FYFE [2004] SASC 391 https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/sa/SASC/2004/391.html Archived 14 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  31. ↑ R v FYFE [2004] SASC 321 https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/sa/SASC/2004/321.html Archived 14 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  32. ↑ R v GAVARE [2011] SASC 142 https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/sa/SASC/2011/142.html Archived 14 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  33. ↑ Pensioner killer jailed for 32-year minimum https://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-11-04/gavare-non-parole-murder-mcglynn/3627136 Archived 12 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  34. ↑ THE TRURO SERIAL MURDERS https://web.archive.org/web/20070127181046/http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/predators/worrell/index_1.html
  35. ↑ DPP v Gargasoulas [2019] VSC 87 https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/vic/VSC/2019/87.html Archived 14 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  36. ↑ R v Williams [2007] VSC 131 http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/vic/VSC/2007/131.html Archived 7 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine
  37. ↑ R v Faure [2006] VSC 169 http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/vic/VSC/2006/169.html Archived 8 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine
  38. ↑ R v Clarke [2006] VSCA 43 http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/vic/VSCA/2006/43.html Archived 14 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  39. ↑ R v Spina [2003] VSC 296 http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/vic/VSC/2003/296.html Archived 14 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  40. ↑ R v Sharpe [2005] VSC 276 http://www7.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/vic/VSC/2005/276.html Archived 14 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  41. ↑ DPP v Quarry [2004] VSC 15 http://www7.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/vic/VSC/2004/15.html Archived 14 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  42. ↑ R v Lane [2003] VSC 180 http://www7.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/vic/VSC/2003/180.html Archived 14 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  43. ↑ DPP v Brazel [2003] VSC 95 http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/vic/VSC/2003/95.html Archived 14 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  44. ↑ R v Crosbie [2003] VSC 69 http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/vic/VSC/2003/69.html Archived 14 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  45. ↑ R v Norrie [2002] VSCA 232 http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/vic/VSCA/2002/232.html Archived 14 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  46. ↑ R v Knight [2002] VSC 498 http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/vic/VSC/2002/498.html Archived 14 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  47. ↑ R v Horrocks [2000] VSC 467 https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/vic/VSC/2000/467.html Archived 14 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  48. ↑ R v Truong Hong Phuc [2000] VSC 296 http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/vic/VSC/2000/296.html Archived 14 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  49. ↑ DPP v Williamson [2000] VSC 115 http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/vic/VSC/2000/115.html Archived 13 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine
  50. ↑ R v Parsons [2000] VSCA 15 http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/vic/VSCA/2000/15.html Archived 14 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  51. ↑ R v Adajian, Manuel [1998] VicSC 270 http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/vic/VicSC/1998/270.html Archived 17 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  52. ↑ Director of Public Prosecutions v Adajian [1999] VSCA 105 http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/vic/VSCA/1999/105.html Archived 14 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  53. ↑ R v Beckett [1998] VSC 219 http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/vic/VSC/1998/219.html Archived 14 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  54. ↑ R v Beckett [1998] VSCA 148 http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/vic/VSCA/1998/148.html Archived 30 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  55. ↑ R v Hudson [2008] VSC 389 https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/vic/VSC/2008/389.html Archived 14 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  56. ↑ The Queen v Liao [2015] VSC 730 www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/vic/VSC/2015/730.html?query=
  57. ↑ R v Sica [2013] QCA 247 https://www.queenslandjudgments.com.au/case/id/81673 Archived 14 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  58. ↑ Wigginton v Queensland Parole Board & Anor [2010] QSC 59 https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/qld/QSC/2010/59.html Archived 14 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  59. 1 2 STASINOWSKY -v- THE STATE OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA [2009] WASCA 20 https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/wa/WASCA/2009/20.html Archived 14 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  60. 1 2 ’No remorse by killer’, says judge, Sydney Morning Herald, 4 March 1987 https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25556262/the_sydney_morning_herald/ Archived 14 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  61. ↑ Serial killer Catherine Birnie's parole ‘no hope’: Attorney-General John Quigley https://www.perthnow.com.au/news/wa/serial-killer-catherine-birnies-parole-no-hope-attorney-general-john-quigley-ng-1a87f11505cd522b2bfb1a1a67c65e4e Archived 14 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  62. ↑ Serial killer Catherine Birnie given no hope of parole https://www.perthnow.com.au/news/wa/serial-killer-catherine-birnie-given-no-hope-of-parole-ng-613c0d45b01e834e3469d46015f2c844 Archived 14 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  63. ↑ Extract from Hansard of Legislative Assembly (WA), 24 May 2007 http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/Hansard/hansard.nsf/0/d8dd7301eb698274c82575720029ecb6/$FILE/A37%20S1%2020070524%20p454c-470a.pdf Archived 23 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  64. ↑ Perth man jailed for 8yo’s murder https://www.abc.net.au/news/2007-11-07/perth-man-jailed-for-8yos-murder/718992 Archived 29 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  65. ↑ Evil child killer Dante Arthurs refused parole https://www.perthnow.com.au/news/crime/evil-child-killer-dante-arthurs-refused-parole-ng-b881237322z Archived 14 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  66. ↑ F v. the Queen [2001] WASCA 247 https://jade.io/article/142254 Archived 14 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  67. ↑ WA schoolgirl murderer released from jail https://www.watoday.com.au/national/western-australia/wa-schoolgirl-murderer-released-from-jail-20131211-2z5z3.html Archived 14 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  68. ↑ Parole Ban, Sunday Times https://www.pressreader.com/australia/the-sunday-times-9029/20180708/281578061420466 Archived 14 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  69. ↑ Murdoch v The Queen [2007] NTCCA 1 www7.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/nt/NTCCA/2007/1.html
  70. ↑ Namatjira v The Queen [2013] NTCCA 8 https://supremecourt.nt.gov.au/_resources/documents/decisions/html?url=https://supremecourt.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/rtf_file/0006/777471/NTCCA-8-Namatjira-v-The-Queen-19-Jul-2013-Riley-CJ,-Blokland-and-Barr-JJ.rtf Archived 17 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  71. 1 2 R v McLean & Trinh Sentencing Remarks https://web.archive.org/web/20050721113001/http://www.nt.gov.au/ntsc/doc/sentencing_remarks/2005/05/mclean_trinh_050517.htm
  72. ↑ O'NEILL v. THE QUEEN 1976 https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/tas/TASStRp/1976/8.pdf Archived 17 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  73. ↑ James Ryan O'Neill https://web.archive.org/web/20140109031502/http://www.beaumontchildren.com/beaumontJamesRyanONeill.html
  74. ↑ The Fishermen: A Journey Into The Mind Of A Killer available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XtF4NWwNXh8 Archived 29 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  75. ↑ Notorious Tasmanian child killer James O’Neill faces new probe over 1974 missing boy case https://www.themercury.com.au/news/scales-of-justice/notorious-tasmanian-child-killer-james-oneill-faces-new-probe-over-1974-missing-boy-case/news-story/301935b04858fb6a79ae5f0d8584f28b Archived 17 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  76. ↑ R v Xie, 13 February 2017, archived from the original on 17 October 2021, retrieved 13 December 2020
  77. ↑ R v Stanford, Vincent, 13 October 2016, archived from the original on 17 October 2021, retrieved 13 December 2020
  78. ↑ R v Dean, 1 August 2013, archived from the original on 9 May 2018, retrieved 27 December 2020
  79. 1 2 R v Jamieson; R v Elliott; R v Blessington (1992) 60 A Crim R
  80. 1 2 Views of the Human Rights Committee under article 5, paragraph 4, of the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (112th session) concerning Communication No. 1968/2010, UN Human Rights Committee https://www.ag.gov.au/RightsAndProtections/HumanRights/Documents/BlessingtonandElliotvAustralia-Viewsof22October2014.pdf Archived 27 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  81. 1 2 Convention on the Rights of the Child, Article 37 (a) https://www.unhcr.org/en-au/protection/children/50f941fe9/united-nations-convention-rights-child-crc.html Archived 10 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  82. ↑ R v Ngo [2001] NSWSC 1021 https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/nsw/NSWSC/2001/1021.html Archived 10 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  83. 1 2 R v Rogerson; R v McNamara (No 57) [2016] NSWSC 1207 http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/nsw/NSWSC/2016/1207.html Archived 10 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  84. ↑ R v Valera [2000] NSWSC 1220 https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/nsw/NSWSC/2000/1220.html Archived 6 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  85. ↑ Regina v Gonzales [2004] NSWSC 822https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/nsw/ NSWSC/2004/822.html
  86. ↑ ’Ebony’s killer attacked by prisoners for a second time’, The Canberra Times, October 1993 https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/127511836 Archived 6 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  87. ↑ Regina v Crespin Adanguidi [2005] NSWSC 519 https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/nsw/NSWSC/2005/519.html Archived 6 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  88. ↑ Regina v Darwiche & Ors [2006] NSWSC 1167 https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/nsw/NSWSC/2006/1167.html Archived 8 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine
  89. ↑ Aouad and El-Zeyat v R [2011] NSWCCA 61 http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/nsw/NSWCCA/2011/61.html Archived 6 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  90. 1 2 R v Baker [2002] NSWCCA 184 http://www6.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/nsw/NSWCCA/2002/184.html Archived 6 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  91. 1 2 3 4 5 Murdoch, Murphy, Murphy & Murphy v R (1987) 37 A Crim R 118, (NSW Court of Criminal Appeal, 14 December 1987). Available from LexisNexis Unreported Judgements
  92. ↑ R v Malcolm George Baker (Unreported, Supreme Court of NSW, Newman J, 6 August 1993)
  93. ↑ Boyd v R (No. 3) [2017] NSWSC 863 http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/nsw/NSWSC/2017/863.html?context=1;query=samuel%20leonard%20boyd;mask_path=au/cases/nsw/NSWSC Archived 17 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  94. ↑ "Regina v Samuel Leonard Boyd No. 60605/94 Sentencing – Redetermination of life sentences [1995] NSWSC 129 (3 November 1995)". Archived from the original on 6 July 2019. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
  95. ↑ Regina v Darwiche and Ors [2006] NSWSC 1167 https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/nsw/NSWSC/2006/1167.html Archived 8 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine
  96. ↑ ’John Glover’, The Crime Web http://www.geocities.ws/karamppp/john_glover.htm Archived 17 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  97. ↑ R v Harris [2000] NSWCCA 469 http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/nsw/NSWCCA/2000/469.html Archived 6 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  98. ↑ Regina v Kanaan [2001] NSWSC 959 http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/nsw/NSWSC/2001/959.html Archived 6 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  99. ↑ R v Rose [1999] NSWCCA 327 (11 October 1999) http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/nsw/NSWCCA/1999/327.html Archived 6 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  100. ↑ Regina v Darwiche and Ors [2006] NSWSC 1167 https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/nsw/NSWSC/2006/1167.html Archived 8 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine
  101. ↑ Aouad and El-Zeyat v R [2011] NSWCCA 61 http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/nsw/NSWCCA/2011/61.html Archived 6 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  102. ↑ "'Rot in hell': Australia's most notorious serial killer Ivan Milat, 74, dies". SBS News. Archived from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  103. ↑ Regina v Knight [2001] NSWSC 1011 http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/nsw/NSWSC/2001/1011.html?context=1;query=katherine%20knight;mask_path=au/cases/nsw/NSWSC Archived 17 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  104. ↑ R v Lewis [2001] NSWCCA 448 http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/nsw/NSWCCA/2001/448.html Archived 6 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  105. ↑ R v Warwick (No. 94) [2020] NSWSC 1168 https://www.caselaw.nsw.gov.au/decision/174423ad82246e9381a9a654 Archived 4 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  106. ↑ McKinnell, Jamie (3 September 2020). "Family Court bomber Leonard Warwick sentenced to life in prison". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 3 September 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
  107. ↑ R v Knight [1989] VicRp 62; [1989] VR 705 www6.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/vic/VicRp/1989/62.html
  108. ↑ Corrections Amendment (Parole) Act 2014 https://content.legislation.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/cc1d3f17-2f87-3624-98cb-b20809819c2a_14-018aa%20authorised.pdf Archived 17 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  109. ↑ Government to legislate to keep Hoddle Street killer Julian Knight in jail indefinitely https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-02-18/government-to-legislate-to-keep-julian-knight-in-jail-indefinit/5266120 Archived 27 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine
  110. ↑ The Queen v Cardamone [2017] VSC 493 https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/vic/VSC/2017/493.html Archived 6 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  111. ↑ "R v Camilleri [1999] VSC 184 (27 April 1999)". Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
  112. ↑ "The Queen v Camilleri [2013] VSC 676 (5 December 2013)". Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
  113. ↑ R v Coulston, ashley Mervyn [1995] VicSC 493 https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/vic/VicSC/1995/493.html?context=1;query=coulston%201995;mask_path= Archived 6 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  114. ↑ DPP v Debs & Roberts [2003] VSC 30 http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/vic/VSC/2003/30.html Archived 30 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  115. ↑ R v Debs [2007] VSC 220 http://www6.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/vic/VSC/2007/220.html Archived 30 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  116. ↑ R v DEBS [2012] NSWSC 119 https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/nsw/NSWSC/2012/119.html Archived 30 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  117. ↑ ’Life for Mr Stinky’, Shapparton News https://www.pressreader.com/australia/shepparton-news/20110407/282230892230718 Archived 6 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  118. ↑ R v Haigh [2009] VSC 185 https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/vic/VSC/2009/185.html Archived 6 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  119. ↑ R v Dupas [2000] VSC 356 http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/vic/VSC/2000/356.html Archived 6 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  120. ↑ R v Dupas [2004] VSC 281 http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/vic/VSC/2004/281.html Archived 6 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  121. ↑ R v Dupas [2010] VSC 540 http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/vic/VSC/2010/540.html Archived 6 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  122. ↑ R v Lowe [1997] 2 VR 465 https://victorianreports.com.au/judgment/view/1997-2-VR-465 Archived 6 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  123. ↑ R v Taylor, Stanley Brian; Reed, Peter Michael; Minogue, Craig William John & Minogue, Rodney Joseph [Russell Street bombing] [1989] VicSC 284 http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/vic/VicSC/1989/284.html Archived 17 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  124. 1 2 Two found guilty of Snowtown murder, ABC News https://www.abc.net.au/news/2003-09-08/two-found-guilty-of-snowtown-murders/1475874 Archived 22 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  125. ↑ ’Snowtown killer Robert Wagner denied bid for non-parole date to be set’, ABC News https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-05-09/snowtown-killer-robert-wagner-parole-bid-decision/11095342 Archived 22 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  126. ↑ ’Adelaide 'women-hating' killer Mark Rust seeks right to apply for parole on life sentence’, ABC News https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-01-16/case-adjourned-for-women-killer-applying-for-fixed-non-parole/6021270 Archived 3 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  127. ↑ R v Mahony [2012] QCA 366 https://www.queenslandjudgments.com.au/case/id/79451 Archived 10 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  128. ↑ ’Couple jailed over rape and torture of schoolgirl’, ABC News https://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-12-12/couple-jailed-over-rape-and-torture-of-schoolgirl/3726676 Archived 30 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  129. ↑ "Judge weeps as couple who raped and degraded girl, 15, jailed for life". couriermail.com.au. 12 December 2011.
  130. ↑ "'Horror' rapist has life sentence reduced". ABC News. 21 December 2012. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
  131. ↑ 'Kingi's killer 'evil' and void of morality: judge', The Canberra Times https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/131177403?searchTerm=sian%20kingi&searchLimits=l-format=Article
  132. ↑ 'Dennis Sore sentenced to life in prison for murdering Samantha Bong in Townsville', ABC News https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-02-24/dennis-sore-life-prison-sentence-murder-sister-townsville/102017966
  133. ↑ THE STATE OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA -vHARVEY [2019] WASC 261 https://ecourts.justice.wa.gov.au/eCourtsPortal/Decisions/DownloadDecision/0529cecf-bff5-4bf5-ad19-33a4af8d09cc?unredactedVersion=False
  134. ↑ Bedford mass murderer Anthony Harvey gets historic sentence for stabbing his family to death https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-07-19/perth-mass-killer-anthony-harvey-never-to-be-released-from-jail/11312864 Archived 19 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  135. ↑ "Darwin mass shooter sentenced to life in prison without parole". 9 News. 27 February 2023.
  136. ↑ The Queen v Leach [2004] NTSC 60 http://www7.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/nt/NTSC/2004/60.html Archived 6 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  137. ↑ The Queen v Albury [2004] NTSC 59 http://www.supremecourt.nt.gov.au/archive/doc/judgements/2004/ntsc/ntsc059.html Archived 13 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  138. ↑ 'Sexual predator given indefinite sentence', ABC News https://www.abc.net.au/news/2008-05-16/sexual-predator-given-indefinite-sentence/2438526 Archived 29 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  139. ↑ R v Martin Bryant, Supreme Court of Tasmania https://www.gunpolicy.org/documents/6940-cox-c-j-australia-tas-supreme-court-r-v-martin-bryant/file Archived 6 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  140. ↑ ’Crimes warrant most severe penalty: judge’, The Canberra Times https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/136924018/15962038 Archived 6 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  141. ↑ ’Thompson found guilty of 1981 murders’, The Canberra Times https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/118204990 Archived 6 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  142. ↑ R v Sultani; R v Munshizada; R v Baines; R v Danishyar [2021] NSWSC 1654, 17 December 2021, retrieved 17 December 2021
  143. ↑ R v Sultani; R v Munshizada; R v Baines; R v Danishyar [2021] NSWSC 1654, 17 December 2021, retrieved 17 December 2021
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.