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Following are lists of notable Arabic dictionaries.
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Following are lists of notable Arabic dictionaries.
| Title | Author | Date | Vocabulary | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kitab al-'Ayn [n 1] (Arabic : كتاب العين) | Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi (Arabic : الخليل بن أحمد الفراهيدي) (b. 718 - d. 791) | 8th century | Kitab al-Ayn was the first dictionary for the Arabic language. [1] | |
| Kitab al-Jim [n 2] (Arabic : كتاب الجيم) a.k.a. Kitab al-Lughat or Kitab al-Huruf | Abu Amr al-Shaybani (Arabic : أبو عمرو الشيباني) (b. ca. 738 - d. 828) | 8-9th century | The only copy is in the El Escorial Library. [2] | |
| Al-Jamhara al-Lugha [n 3] (Arabic : جمهرة اللغة) a.k.a. Al-Jamhara fi al-Lugha (The all-embracing in language) [3] | Ibn Duraid [4] (Arabic : ابن دريد) (b. 838 - d. 933) | 9-10th century | The dictionary was inspired in part by the earlier dictionary Kitab al-Ayn of al-Farahidi. [5] | |
| Tahdhib al-Lugha [n 4] (Arabic : تهذيب اللغة) | Abu Manshur al-Azhari al-Harawi (Arabic : أبو منصور الأزهري الهروي) (b. 895 - d. 981) | 10th century | The dictionary is important as a source of the Lisan al-Arab. [6] | |
| Al-Muhit fi al-Lugha [n 5] (Arabic : المحيط في اللغة) | Al-Sahib ibn Abbad (Arabic : الصاحب بن عبّاد) (b. 938 - d. 995) | 10th century | ||
| Taj al-Lugha wa Sihah al-Arabiyya [n 6] (Arabic : تاج اللغة وصحاح العربية) shorter title:Taj al-Lugha or al-Sihah | Ismail ibn Hammad al-Jawhari (Arabic : إسماعيل بن حماد الجوهري) (b. ? - d. 1009) | 10-11th century | It contains about 40,000 dictionary entries. [7] | The author died at Nishapur while attempting flight. [8] |
| Mu`jam Maqayis al-Lugha [9] (Arabic : معجم مقاييس اللغة; "Language Standards Compendium) | Ahmad Ibn Zakariyya al-Qazwini Ibn Faris | 11th century | ||
| Al-Muhkam wa al-Muhit al-A'zam [n 7] (Arabic : المحكم والمحيط الأعظم) shorter title:Al-Muhkam | Ibn Sidah (Arabic : ابن سيده) (b. 1007 - d. 1066) | 11th century | The author was a blind man. [10] | |
| Lisan al-Arab [n 8] (Arabic : لسان العرب) | Ibn Manzur (Arabic : ابن منظور) (b. 1233 - d. 1312) | The dictionary was completed in 1290. [11] | It contains about 80,000 dictionary entries. [12] | |
| Al-Misbah al-munir [9] (Arabic : المصباح المنير ; "The Enlightening Lamp") | Ahmed Al Maqri Ahmed bin Mohammed bin Ali Al Maqri Al Fayoumi | The dictionary dates to 1368 | ||
| Al-Qamus al-Muhit wa al-Qabus al-Wasit [n 9] [n 10] (Arabic : القاموس المحيط، والقابوس الوسيط; "The Encompassing Ocean/Lexicon") shorter title:Al-Qamus al-Muhit | Al-Firuzabadi (Arabic : الفيروزآبادي) (b. 1329 - d. 1414) | The dictionary was completed in 1410. [13] | It contains about 60,000 dictionary entries. [14] | The dictionary served as the basis of later European dictionaries of Arabic. [15] |
| Ahkam Bab al-I`rab `n Lughat al-A`rab (Arabic : أحكام باب الإعراب عن لغة الأعراب)[ citation needed ] | Germanus Farhat (1670–1732) | Printed by Rashid Dahdah (1813–1889) | A revision of Fairuzabadi’s Al-Qamus Al-Muheet. Arranged by word ending. | |
| Taj al-Arus Min Jawahir al-Qamus [n 11] (Arabic : تاج العروس) shorter title:Taj al-Arus | Abu al-Fayd Mohammad Murtada al-Zabidi [9] (Arabic : أبو الفيض محمد مرتضى الزبيديb. 1731 - d. 1790) | The dictionary was completed in 1774. [16] | It contains about 120,000 dictionary entries. [16] | |
| Muhit al-Muhit [n 12] (Arabic : محيط المحيط) a.k.a. Qutr al-Muhit (The Diameter of the Ocean) [17] | Butrus al-Bustani (Arabic : بطرس البستاني) (b. 1819 - d. 1883) | The dictionary was completed in 1870. [17] | The author had dedicated the work to the Sultan Abdulaziz. The sultan awarded him with a higher medal and 250 golden liras. [18] | |
| Al-Faraed Al-Hissan Min Qalaed Al-Lisan (Arabic : الفرائد الحسان من قلائد اللسان) | Ibrahim al-Yaziji (Arabic : إبراهيم اليازجي; b. 1847 - d. 1907) | 1870 | ||
| Matn al-Lugha (Corpus of the language) [19] | Ahmad Rida (Arabic : أحمد رضا) (b. 1872 - d. 1953) | 1958 | ||
| Lexicon of the Modern Arabic Language (Arabic : معجم اللغة العربية المعاصرة) | Ahmad Mukhtar Omar | 2008 |
Influential Arabic dictionaries in Europe:
Influential Arabic dictionaries in modern usage:
A dictionary is a listing of lexemes from the lexicon of one or more specific languages, often arranged alphabetically, which may include information on definitions, usage, etymologies, pronunciations, translation, etc. It is a lexicographical reference that shows inter-relationships among the data.
Lexicography is the study of lexicons and the art of compiling dictionaries. It is divided into two separate academic disciplines:
The Sultanate of Rûm was a culturally Turco-Persian Sunni Muslim state, established over conquered Byzantine territories and peoples (Rûm) of Anatolia by the Seljuk Turks following their entry into Anatolia after the Battle of Manzikert (1071). The name Rûm was a synonym for the medieval Eastern Roman Empire and its peoples, as it remains in modern Turkish. The name is derived from the Aramaic (romī) and Parthian (frwm) names for ancient Rome, via the Greek Ῥωμαῖοι (Romaioi).
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The romanization of Arabic is the systematic rendering of written and spoken Arabic in the Latin script. Romanized Arabic is used for various purposes, among them transcription of names and titles, cataloging Arabic language works, language education when used instead of or alongside the Arabic script, and representation of the language in scientific publications by linguists. These formal systems, which often make use of diacritics and non-standard Latin characters and are used in academic settings or for the benefit of non-speakers, contrast with informal means of written communication used by speakers such as the Latin-based Arabic chat alphabet.
Abu ’l-Ṭāhir Muḥammad b. YaʿḲūb b. Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm Mad̲j̲d al-Di̊n al-S̲h̲āfiʿī al-S̲h̲īrāzī also known as al-Fayrūzabādī (Arabic: الفيروزآبادي was a Persian Sunni Muslim polymath. He excelled in hadith, grammar, philology, history, literature, poetry and Islamic jurisprudence. He was a revered narrator and preserver of Prophetic traditions. He was a major linguist and one of the prominent scholars of the 15th century. He was one of the leading lexicographers in the medieval Islamic world. He was the compiler of Al-Qamus al-Muhit, a comprehensive and, for nearly five centuries, one of the most widely used Arabic dictionaries.
A Sufi lodge is a building designed specifically for gatherings of a Sufi brotherhood or tariqa and is a place for spiritual practice and religious education. They include structures also known as khānaqāh, zāwiya, ribāṭ, dargāh and takya depending on the region, language and period. In Shia Islam, the Husayniyya has a similar function.
The Seljuk dynasty, or Seljukids, Seljuqs, also known as Seljuk Turks, Seljuk Turkomans or the Saljuqids, was an Oghuz Turkic, Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually became Persianate and contributed to Turco-Persian culture in West Asia and Central Asia. The Seljuks established the Seljuk Empire (1037–1194), the Sultanate of Kermân (1041–1186) and the Sultanate of Rum (1074–1308), which stretched from Iran to Anatolia and were the prime targets of the First Crusade.
Abul-Qasim al-Hussein bin Mufaddal bin Muhammad, better known as Raghib [Raaghib] Isfahani, was an eleventh-century Muslim scholar of Qur'anic exegesis and the Arabic language.
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This list of Arabic exonyms includes names that are significantly different from the names of the same places in other languages, as well as names of Arabic origin in countries where Arabic is no longer spoken. Some of these exonyms are no longer in use, these are marked by italics.
The İslâm Ansiklopedisi (İA) is a Turkish academic encyclopedia for Islamic studies published by Türkiye Diyanet Foundation.
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Abu al-Layth Nasr ibn Muhammad al-Samarqandi was an Islamic scholar of the Hanafi school and Quran commentator, who lived during the second half of the 10th century.
Abd Al-Ali Wadghiri Moroccan academic, writer and linguist.
Taj Al-ʿArus min Jawahir Al-Qamus is an Arabic language dictionary written by the Egyptian scholar Murtada al-Zabidi, one of the foremost philologists of the Arab post-classical era. The monumental dictionary contains around 120,000 definitions, and is an expansion of Fairuzabadi's earlier Qamus Al-Muhit and Ibn Manzur's Lisan al-Arab. It is considered the largest Arabic dictionary ever written in history.
Al-Qāmus al-Muḥīṭ is an Arabic dictionary compiled by the lexicographer and linguist, Abū al-Ṭāhir Majīd al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Ya’qūb ibn Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Shīrāzī al-Fīrūzābādī (1329–1414), commonly known as Firuzabadi.