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Following are lists of notable Arabic dictionaries.
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Following are lists of notable Arabic dictionaries.
| Title | Author | Date | Vocabulary | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kitab al-'Ayn [n 1] (Arabic : كتاب العين) | Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi (Arabic : الخليل بن أحمد الفراهيدي) (b. 718 - d. 791) | 8th century | Kitab al-Ayn was the first dictionary for the Arabic language. [1] | |
| Kitab al-Jim [n 2] (Arabic : كتاب الجيم) a.k.a. Kitab al-Lughat or Kitab al-Huruf | Abu Amr al-Shaybani (Arabic : أبو عمرو الشيباني) (b. ca. 738 - d. 828) | 8-9th century | The only copy is in the El Escorial Library. [2] | |
| Al-Jamhara al-Lugha [n 3] (Arabic : جمهرة اللغة) a.k.a. Al-Jamhara fi al-Lugha (The all-embracing in language) [3] | Ibn Duraid [4] (Arabic : ابن دريد) (b. 838 - d. 933) | 9-10th century | The dictionary was inspired in part by the earlier dictionary Kitab al-Ayn of al-Farahidi. [5] | |
| Tahdhib al-Lugha [n 4] (Arabic : تهذيب اللغة) | Abu Manshur al-Azhari al-Harawi (Arabic : أبو منصور الأزهري الهروي) (b. 895 - d. 981) | 10th century | The dictionary is important as a source of the Lisan al-Arab. [6] | |
| Al-Muhit fi al-Lugha [n 5] (Arabic : المحيط في اللغة) | Al-Sahib ibn Abbad (Arabic : الصاحب بن عبّاد) (b. 938 - d. 995) | 10th century | ||
| Taj al-Lugha wa Sihah al-Arabiyya [n 6] (Arabic : تاج اللغة وصحاح العربية) shorter title:Taj al-Lugha or al-Sihah | Ismail ibn Hammad al-Jawhari (Arabic : إسماعيل بن حماد الجوهري) (b. ? - d. 1009) | 10-11th century | It contains about 40,000 dictionary entries. [7] | The author died at Nishapur while attempting flight. [8] |
| Mu`jam Maqayis al-Lugha [9] (Arabic : معجم مقاييس اللغة; "Language Standards Compendium) | Ahmad Ibn Zakariyya al-Qazwini Ibn Faris | 11th century | ||
| Al-Muhkam wa al-Muhit al-A'zam [n 7] (Arabic : المحكم والمحيط الأعظم) shorter title:Al-Muhkam | Ibn Sidah (Arabic : ابن سيده) (b. 1007 - d. 1066) | 11th century | The author was a blind man. [10] | |
| Lisan al-Arab [n 8] (Arabic : لسان العرب) | Ibn Manzur (Arabic : ابن منظور) (b. 1233 - d. 1312) | The dictionary was completed in 1290. [11] | It contains about 80,000 dictionary entries. [12] | |
| Al-Misbah al-munir [9] (Arabic : المصباح المنير ; "The Enlightening Lamp") | Ahmed Al Maqri Ahmed bin Mohammed bin Ali Al Maqri Al Fayoumi | The dictionary dates to 1368 | ||
| Al-Qamus al-Muhit wa al-Qabus al-Wasit [n 9] [n 10] (Arabic : القاموس المحيط، والقابوس الوسيط; "The Encompassing Ocean/Lexicon") shorter title:Al-Qamus al-Muhit | Al-Firuzabadi (Arabic : الفيروزآبادي) (b. 1329 - d. 1414) | The dictionary was completed in 1410. [13] | It contains about 60,000 dictionary entries. [14] | The dictionary served as the basis of later European dictionaries of Arabic. [15] |
| Ahkam Bab al-I`rab `n Lughat al-A`rab (Arabic : أحكام باب الإعراب عن لغة الأعراب)[ citation needed ] | Germanus Farhat (1670–1732) | Printed by Rashid Dahdah (1813–1889) | A revision of Fairuzabadi’s Al-Qamus Al-Muheet. Arranged by word ending. | |
| Taj al-Arus Min Jawahir al-Qamus [n 11] (Arabic : تاج العروس) shorter title:Taj al-Arus | Abu al-Fayd Mohammad Murtada al-Zabidi [9] (Arabic : أبو الفيض محمد مرتضى الزبيديb. 1731 - d. 1790) | The dictionary was completed in 1774. [16] | It contains about 120,000 dictionary entries. [16] | |
| Muhit al-Muhit [n 12] (Arabic : محيط المحيط) a.k.a. Qutr al-Muhit (The Diameter of the Ocean) [17] | Butrus al-Bustani (Arabic : بطرس البستاني) (b. 1819 - d. 1883) | The dictionary was completed in 1870. [17] | The author had dedicated the work to the Sultan Abdulaziz. The sultan awarded him with a higher medal and 250 golden liras. [18] | |
| Al-Faraed Al-Hissan Min Qalaed Al-Lisan (Arabic : الفرائد الحسان من قلائد اللسان) | Ibrahim al-Yaziji (Arabic : إبراهيم اليازجي; b. 1847 - d. 1907) | 1870 | ||
| Matn al-Lugha (Corpus of the language) [19] | Ahmad Rida (Arabic : أحمد رضا) (b. 1872 - d. 1953) | 1958 | ||
| Lexicon of the Modern Arabic Language (Arabic : معجم اللغة العربية المعاصرة) | Ahmad Mukhtar Omar | 2008 |
Influential Arabic dictionaries in Europe:
Influential Arabic dictionaries in modern usage:
A dictionary is a listing of lexemes from the lexicon of one or more specific languages, often arranged alphabetically, which may include information on definitions, usage, etymologies, pronunciations, translation, etc. It is a lexicographical reference that shows inter-relationships among the data.
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Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Freytag was a German philologist.
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The romanization of Arabic is the systematic rendering of written and spoken Arabic in the Latin script. Romanized Arabic is used for various purposes, among them transcription of names and titles, cataloging Arabic language works, language education when used instead of or alongside the Arabic script, and representation of the language in scientific publications by linguists. These formal systems, which often make use of diacritics and non-standard Latin characters and are used in academic settings or for the benefit of non-speakers, contrast with informal means of written communication used by speakers such as the Latin-based Arabic chat alphabet.
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