Related Research Articles
Proton is an expendable launch system used for both commercial and Russian government space launches. The first Proton rocket was launched in 1965. Modern versions of the launch system are still in use as of 2023, making it one of the most successful heavy boosters in the history of spaceflight. The components of all Protons are manufactured in the Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center factory in Moscow and Chemical Automatics Design Bureau in Voronezh, then transported to the Baikonur Cosmodrome, where they are assembled at Site 91 to form the launch vehicle. Following payload integration, the rocket is then brought to the launch pad horizontally by rail, and raised into vertical position for launch.
SES Americom was a major commercial satellite operator of North American geosynchronous satellites based in the United States. The company started as RCA Americom in 1975 before being bought by General Electric in 1986 and then later acquired by SES in 2001. In September 2009, SES Americom and SES New Skies merged into SES World Skies.
International Launch Services, Inc. (ILS) is a joint venture with exclusive rights to the worldwide sale of commercial Angara and Proton rocket launch services. Proton launches take place at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan while Angara is launched from the Plesetsk and Vostochny Cosmodrome in Russia.
The Nimiq satellites are a Canadian fleet of geostationary telecommunications satellites owned by Telesat and used by satellite television providers including Bell Satellite TV and EchoStar. 'Nimiq' is an Inuit word used for an object or a force which binds things together. A contest in 1998 was held to choose the name of these satellites. The contest drew over 36,000 entries. Sheila Rogers, a physiotherapist from Nepean, Ontario, submitted the winning name.
Sirius was a constellation of communications satellites operated at 5.0° East in geostationary orbit (GEO) by NSAB. They carried digital satellite television to the countries of Scandinavia, Baltic states, Eastern Europe and Africa, including the Viasat pay TV system, along with several pay TV packages for Eastern Europe, the TopTV package for Africa, a number of Ukrainian channels and the national Latvian and Lithuanian channel service free-to-air.
The Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center is a Moscow-based manufacturer of spacecraft and space-launch systems, including the Proton and Rokot rockets, and the Russian modules of Mir and the International Space Station.
The Briz-K, Briz-KM and Briz-M are Russian liquid-propellant rocket orbit insertion upper stages manufactured by Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center and used on the Proton-M and Angara A5. The upper stages were also used on Rokot, one of Russia's smaller launchers, before its retirement in 2019.
The Proton-M, (Протон-М) GRAU index 8K82M or 8K82KM, is an expendable Russian heavy-lift launch vehicle derived from the Soviet-developed Proton. It is built by Khrunichev, and launched from sites 81 and 200 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. Commercial launches are marketed by International Launch Services (ILS), and generally use Site 200/39. The first Proton-M launch occurred on 7 April 2001.
The DirecTV satellite fleet is a group of communications satellites located at various geostationary orbits that DirecTV uses for their satellite television service and HughesNet internet service. The "DirecTV" prefix in their names has been changed to "T".
Nimiq-5 is a Canadian communications satellite, operated by Telesat Canada as part of its Nimiq fleet of satellites. It is positioned in geostationary orbit at a longitude of 72.7° West of the Greenwich Meridian. As of July 2015, EchoStar Corporation leases the satellite's entire capacity to provide high-definition television direct-to-home broadcasting for Dish Network Corporation. When accessed using a multi-satellite receiver such as the VIP722k and a multi-satellite dish/LNB combo, such as the Dish-300, Dish-500, or Dish-Turbo 1000.4, the satellite is referred to by the on-screen diagnostics as Echostar 72 W.
T12, formerly known as D12, is a Boeing model 702 satellite built by the Boeing Satellite Development Center. It was launched on December 29, 2009 and became operational on May 19, 2010. It is used by DirecTV to provide additional high definition channels and Video on demand content, as well as 3DTV channels and content. The satellite adopted its current name in 2017.
Ekspress-MD2 is a Russian communications satellite which was lost due to a launch failure on 6 August 2012. Equipped with eight C-band transponders and 1 L-band transponder, it was intended to be located in geostationary orbit at a longitude of 145° East. It was the second Ekspress-MD satellite to be launched, following Ekspress-MD1 in 2009.
Telkom-3 is an Indonesian communications satellite which failed to reach its target orbit due to a launch failure on 6 August 2012. It was built by ISS Reshetnev for Indonesian telecommunications provider PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia. It was based on the Ekspress-1000H bus and had 32 C band transponders and 16 Ku-band transponders. It was due to be located in geosynchronous orbit at 118° East above the equator. The satellite reentered the atmosphere and was destroyed on 5 February 2021.
Kosmos 2456 is one of a set of three Russian military satellites launched in 2009 as part of the GLONASS satellite navigation system. It was launched with Kosmos 2457 and Kosmos 2458.
Kosmos 2457 is one of a set of three Russian military satellites launched in 2009 as part of the GLONASS satellite navigation system. It was launched with Kosmos 2456 and Kosmos 2458.
Kosmos 2458 is one of a set of three Russian military satellites launched in 2009 as part of the GLONASS satellite navigation system. It was launched with Kosmos 2456 and Kosmos 2457.
Kosmos 2447 is one of a set of three Russian military satellites launched in 2008 as part of the GLONASS satellite navigation system. It was launched with Kosmos 2448 and Kosmos 2449.
Kosmos 2448 is one of a set of three Russian military satellites launched in 2008 as part of the GLONASS satellite navigation system. It was launched with Kosmos 2447 and Kosmos 2449.
Kosmos 2449 is one of a set of three Russian military satellites launched in 2008 as part of the GLONASS satellite navigation system. It was launched with Kosmos 2447 and Kosmos 2448.
References
- McDowell, Jonathan. "Launch Log". Jonathan's Space Page. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
- McDowell, Jonathan. "Satellite Catalog". Jonathan's Space Page. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
- Wade, Mark. "Proton". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on September 13, 2008. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
- "International Launch Services Launch Archives". International Launch Services.
- ↑ "ILS Proton Successfully Launches DIRECTV 10 on First Enhanced Proton" (Press release). ILS. July 7, 2007. Archived from the original on January 3, 2011.
- ↑ "Russian commission completes Investigation" (Press release). ILS. October 11, 2007. Archived from the original on October 10, 2010.
- ↑ "Russia's Proton Rocket 328th Flight" (Press release). Khrunichev. October 26, 2007.
- ↑ "ILS Proton Successfully Launches SIRIUS 4 Satellite" (Press release). ILS. November 18, 2007. Archived from the original on May 17, 2008.
- ↑ "Once Again The Proton Adds Three More Satellites to Russia's GLONASS" (Press release). Khrunichev. December 26, 2007.
- ↑ "Russian communications and broadcasting satellite Express-AM33 in orbit" (Press release). ILS. January 28, 2008. Archived from the original on December 19, 2010.
- ↑ "ILS Proton successfully launches THOR 5 satellite" (Press release). ILS. February 11, 2008. Archived from the original on January 3, 2011.
- ↑ "ILS declares Proton anomaly" (Press release). International Launch Services. March 14, 2008. Archived from the original on March 18, 2008.
- ↑ "Proton K sends Federal communications satellite into orbit" (Press release). ILS. June 27, 2008. Archived from the original on December 19, 2010.
- ↑ "ILS Proton Successfully Launches Inmarsat-4 F3 Satellite" (Press release). ILS. August 19, 2008. Archived from the original on September 23, 2008.
- ↑ "ILS Proton Successfully Launches Telesat's Nimiq 4 Satellite" (Press release). ILS. September 20, 2008. Archived from the original on October 11, 2010.
- ↑ "Proton Successfully Launches Back-to-Back Missions" (Press release). ILS. September 25, 2008. Archived from the original on October 8, 2010.
- ↑ "ILS Proton Successfully Launches Astra 1M Satellite" (Press release). ILS. November 6, 2008. Archived from the original on October 9, 2010.
- ↑ "ILS Proton Successfully Launches Ciel II Satellite" (Press release). ILS. December 10, 2008. Archived from the original on October 9, 2010.
- ↑ "Proton Adds Three Satellites To GLONASS - Tenth Proton Launch in 2008 Year" (Press release). Khrunichev. December 25, 2008.
- ↑ "Proton Successfully Delivers Two New Russian Express-series Satellites into Orbit" (Press release). Khrunichev. February 11, 2009.
- ↑ "ILS Proton Successfully Launches W2A Satellite; The 50th ILS Proton Launch" (Press release). International Launch Services. 2009-04-03. Archived from the original on 2010-10-31.
- ↑ "ILS Proton Successfully Launches IndoStar II/ProtoStar II Satellite" (Press release). International Launch Services. 2009-05-16. Archived from the original on 2010-10-10.
- ↑ "ILS Proton Successfully Launches SIRIUS FM-5 Satellite" (Press release). International Launch Services. 2009-07-01. Archived from the original on 2009-07-04. Retrieved 2009-07-01.
- ↑ "ILS Proton Successfully Launched AsiaSat 5 Satellite" (Press release). ILS. August 12, 2009. Archived from the original on August 17, 2009.
- ↑ "ILS Proton Successfully Launches Nimiq 5 Satellite" (Press release). ILS. September 18, 2009. Archived from the original on October 10, 2010.
- ↑ "ILS Proton Successfully Launches the W7 Satellite for Eutelsat" (Press release). ILS. November 24, 2009. Archived from the original on October 10, 2010.
- ↑ "Proton Successfully Launches Three GLONASS Satellites" (Press release). Khrunichev. December 14, 2009.
- ↑ "ILS Proton Successfully Launches DIRECTV 12 Satellite for DIRECTV; 7th ILS Proton Mission of 2009" (Press release). ILS. December 29, 2009. Archived from the original on October 9, 2010.