List of armed factions in the Corsican conflict

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Throughout the Corsican conflict, there were a large number of paramilitary and guerrilla organizations that formed, both to combat French rule and support it. Many of these groups had feuds with other irregular formations, and waged small conflicts between themselves, along with the French government. It is important to note that the name “National Liberation Front of Corsica” (Corsican: Fronte di Liberazione Naziunale di a Corsica, FLNC) is used by many Corsican nationalist formations to claim the legacy of the original FLNC, an organization that led a guerrilla war against the French from 1976 to 1988, similar to Irish Republican Army splits. This list will be divided into time periods to better organize information. This list will provide both native Corsican or French names and their English translations.

Contents

1959–1976: Pre-FLNC

Before the FLNC formed, many armed groups were already leading small-scale insurgencies across Corsica. Many formed in protest of the pied-noirs, who were buying up the only arable land from Corsica while fleeing the Algerian war, and many regionalists were fighting for Corsican representation as a French region (Corsica was part of Provence-Alpes-Côté d’Azur until 1975).

Caption text
NameNative NameAbbreviationDates of OperationIdeologyNotes
Movement of 29 NovemberMuvimentu di u 29 NuvembriM29N29 November 1959 – 27 October 1963 Communist [1] Separatist.
Committee of Action and Promotion of CorsicaCumitatu d’Azzione è Prumuzione di a CorsicaCAPCO27 October 1963-May 1967CommunistDirect descendant of the M29N, formed through a reorganization of the M29N. [2]
Corsican Committee for IndependenceComitatu Corsu Per l’IndipendenzaCCI1961-1963 Far-right Separatist. Contacted Pied-Noir terrorists and signed agreements with the OAS. [2]
Corsican Union for the FutureUnione Corsa - L’AvveneUC-ALate 1964-31 July 1966 Far-left [2] Regionalist.
Committee of Students for the Defense and Interests of CorsicaCumitatu di Studenti per a Difesa è Interessi di a CorsicaCEDICApril 1964-31 July 1966 Right-wing [2] Regionalist.
Corsican Regionalist FrontFronte Regiunalista CorsaFRC31 July 1966-July 1973No specific ideology until ARC split; Left-wing from September 1967 onwards [2] Regionalist.
Corsican Regionalist ActionAzzione Regiunalista CorsaARCSeptember 1967-July 1973 Right-wing Regionalist. Former CEDIC members who split from the FRC in September 1967 due to ideological disagreements with the former members of the UC-A. [2]
Action for the Corsican RebirthAzzione per la Rinascita CorsaARCJuly 1973-February 1976No specific ideologyAutonomist. Renaming and reorganization of the ARC; led the Aleria Standoff in August 1975.
Association of Corsican PatriotsAssociu di i Patriotti CorsiAPCFebruary 1976-31 July 1977No specific ideologyRenaming of the ARC to avoid police detection; dissolved to become a political party (the UPC) in 1977. [2]
Free CorsicaCorsica LiberaCLLate 1967/Early 1968-late 1968No specific ideology; anti-gaullist [2] Separatist. Not to be confused with Corsica Libera (2008–present), the political wing of the FLNC-UC.
Corsican Peasant Front for LiberationFronte Paesanu Corsu per LiberazioneFPCL15 September 1973 – 5 May 1976 [3] Communist Separatist. Declared an illegal militia on 30 January 1974. [4]
Paolina JusticeGhjustizia PaolinaGP22 March 1974 – 5 May 1976 Far-Left Separatist. Named after leader of the Corsican Republic Pasquale Paoli. [4]
Justice of SampieroJustice de SampieroJSMay 1974-6 April 1977 Far-right Anti-Separatist. Named after Sampiero Corso. [2]
Corsican JusticeGhjustizia CorsaGCNovember 1974-September 1975UnknownSeparatist. [2]
Justice and LibertyJustice et Liberté, Ghjustizia è LibertàJLSeptember 1975-6 April 1977Far-rightAnti-Separatist. Largest anti-separatist organization before the formation of FRANCIA. [2]
Corsican Revolutionary FrontFronte Rivuluzionariu CorsuFRCSeptember–October 1975UnknownSeparatist. [2]
Corsican Revolutionary CommandosCommando Rivuluzionarii CorsiCRCSeptember–December 1975UnknownSeparatist. [2]
Corsican Anti-Italian FrontFront Corse Anti-ItaliensFCAIOctober 1975-July 1976Far-rightAnti-Separatist. Unknown if the name refers to Italians in general or if it refers to Corsicans as Italians. [2]
Morandine JusticeJustice Morandine/Ghjustizia MorandinaJM/GMNovember–December 1975UnknownAnti-Separatist. Named after General Morand, a Napoleonic general placed in charge of suppressing revolts in Corsica in the early 1800s. [2]
Anti-Italian LeagueLigue Anti-ItalienLAIJanuary–February 1976Far-rightAnti-Separatist. The same naming situation as the FCAI. [2]

1976–1988: FLNC guerrilla war

The 12-year period of large-scale FLNC activity only involved a limited number of groups due to the FLNC being a strong and uniting force. This would end with a ceasefire that broke the FLNC and an era of factionalism in the 1990s.

Caption text
NameNative NameAbbreviation/Common nameDates of OperationIdeologyNotes
National Liberation Front of CorsicaFronte di Liberazione Naziunale di a CorsicaFLNC5 May 1976 – 17 October 1990Far-leftSeparatist. Largest and most famous group in the Corsican conflict. Waged a guerrilla war for 12 years. The FLNC went on ceasefire after François Mitterand won reelection, causing anti-ceasefire activists to leave and break apart the organization.
Free France-CorsicaFrance-Corse LibreFCLOctober–November 1976UnknownAnti-Separatist. [2]
New Action Front against Independence and AutonomyFront d’Action Nouvelle Contre l’Indépendance et l’AutonomieFRANCIA6 April 1977-Late 1983Far-rightLargest anti-separatist group in the Corsican conflict. Operated with French military support. [5]
Corsican Revolutionary BrigadeBrigata Rivuluzionaria CorsaBRCJanuary 1983 – 1986No specific ideologyLocal to the Grand Ajaccio area. [2]

1989–2001: Factionalism and the Years of Lead

In 1988, after the ceasefire with Mitterand broke apart the FLNC, many groups began to rise from the original FLNC and claim to be the legitimate successors of the organization. This era begins the widespread use of “National Liberation Front of Corsica” being used in separate group names to claim heritage.

Caption text
NameNative NameAbbreviation/Common nameDates of OperationIdeologyNotes
ResistanceResistenzaResistenza24 October 1989-May 2003 (On ceasefire from June 1996)Far-leftSeparatist; first split of the FLNC. Despite being anti-ceasefire, Resistenza allied with the pro-ceasefire FLNC-CA for two years to oppose the hypermilitarism of the FLNC-CS. Switched sides in 1992. Denounced violence and went on permanent ceasefire until their self-dissolution in 2003.
The PunishmentU CastiguU Castigu17 May–June 1990UnknownAnti-Separatist. Local to Porticcio. Dismantled by FLNC militants.
National Liberation Army of CorsicaArmata di Liberazione Naziunale di a CorsicaALNCAugust–November 1990Far-leftSeparatist. Split from the FLNC. Rejoined the FLNC after a brief guerrilla campaign based around the town of Corte.
National Liberation Front of Corsica-Habitual ChannelFronte di Liberazione Naziunale di a Corsica-Canale AbitualeCanal Habituel, FLNC-CA17 October 1990 – 27 January 1997 (On ceasefire since 4 May 1996)No specific ideologyAutonomist. Formed from the remnants of the pro-ceasefire sector of the FLNC. Mostly friendly to France throughout its existence, going to war with the FLNC-CS. Announced a ceasefire and internal collapse in 1996, self-dissolved in 1997.
National Liberation Front of Corsica-Historic ChannelFronte di Liberazione Naziunale di a Corsica-Canale StoricuCanal Historique, FLNC-CS25 November 1990 – 23 December 1999Far-leftSeparatist. De facto existed through FLNC dissidents as early as September 1988. Largest FLNC split; anti-ceasefire. Known for radical militancy and hard-hitting attacks. War with the FLNC-CA lasted until 1996, FLNC-CA dissolution occurred a year later. War with an FLNC-CS split, Armata Corsa, caused unification with other groups to form the FLNC-UC.
Enough DrugsA Droga BastaADBNovember 1990-December 1995No specific ideologySeparatist. Largely an anti-drug dealer/anti-mafia group, ADB had connections to the FLNC-CS throughout its existence.
IndependenceIndipendenzaIndipendenzaDecember 1992-January 1993UnknownSeparatist. Local to Ajaccio.
Corsican Armed Revolutionary FrontFronte Armatu Rivuluzionariu CorsuFARC8 January 1993 – 9 December 2005No specific ideologySeparatist. Along with another armed group, the APC, the FARC declared a “provisional government” of the Corsican Republic in 2006. [6]
Corsican JusticeGhjustizia CorsaGC17 September 1993 – 1994(?)UnknownSeparstist. Only a few known actions, including an attack on France3's Ajaccio headquarters. [7]
Rebel FrontFronte RibelluFronte Ribellu, FR5 December 1995 – 23 December 1999Far-leftSplit of the FLNC-CS. Split over the FLNC-CS's approach of war with the FLNC-CA before war with the government. Despite this, Fronte Ribellu found itself in a factional war with the FLNC-CS until 1999. Formed the FLNC-UC with other groups in December 1999. [8]
National Liberation Front of Corsica-5 MayFronte di Liberazione Naziunale di a Corsica-5 MaghjuFLNC-5M5 May 1996 – 23 December 1999Far-leftSeparatist. Split from the FLNC-CA after the organization announced an “imminent end to armed struggle”. Continued the fight with the FLNC-CS. Formed the FLNC-UC with other groups in 1999. [9]
SampieroSampieruSampieru15 September 1997 – 1998UnknownLikely separatist. Committed 2 bombings in Pietrosella and one in Strasbourg. Only ever released one press conference. [10]
Corsican UniversityUniversità CorsaUniversità CorsaOctober–November 1997UnknownSeparatist. Targeted professors at the University of Corsica Pasquale Paoli. [10]
Corsican ArmyArmata CorsaAC25 June 1999-September 2001Far-leftSplit from the FLNC-CS, when southern division leader François Santoni and Balagne brigade leader Jean-Michel Rossi left the organization due to personal quarrels. The organization went to war with every other nationalist armed group present on the island at the time, which caused them all to unite against the AC and form the FLNC-UC. Disbanded a month after Santoni was shot to death by a mafioso. [11]
Corsican Patriot FrontFronte Patriottu CorsuFPC8 October 1999-August 2000UnknownSeparatist. Unlike many groups, the FPC began discussions with the state to secure autonomy agreements. Self-dissolved in August 2000. [12]
ClandestineClandestinuClandestinu25 November-23 December 1999No specific ideologySeparatist. Only existed for a month before founding the FLNC-UC with other organizations.
National Liberation Front of Corsica-Union of CombattantsFronte di Liberazione Naziunale di a Corsica-Unione di i CumbattentiFLNC-UC23 December 1999 – present (disarmed from June 2014 to 21 March 2023)Far-leftSeparatist. Largest FLNC group since the original. Originally by the FLNC-CS, FLNC-5M, Fronte Ribellu, and Clandestinu to combat Armata Corsa, but continued to operate as a united front against the French government after Armata Corsa's dissolution. Operated a harsh guerrilla campaign until June 2014, when it disarmed to allow a political solution. Rearmed a year after the death of Yvan Colonna, and has since committed a number of attacks, although not nearly to the pace of the pre-2014 organization. [11] [13]
Corsican Republican ArmyArmata Republicana CorsaARC2 August 2000 – 2001UnknownSeparatist. [14]
National Liberation Front of Corsica of the AnonymousFronte di Liberazione Naziunale di a Corsica di i AnonimiFLNC-A6 July 2001-September 2002Far-leftSeparatist. Proxy group of the FLNC-UC. Dissolved (likely joined the FLNC-UC) in September 2002. [15]

2001–2006: FLNC-22U, small separatist organizations, and anti-Muslim organizations

After the September 11th attacks increased paranoia of Islamist movements attacking Corsica drove many small, far-right armed groups to form to drive Muslims out of Corsica through intimidation and armed attack. These groups were notably opposed by the FLNC, who feuded with some of them. At the same time, the FLNC-UC was going through a period of instability when many members founded a rival group, the FLNC-22 of October (FLNC-22U).

Caption text
NameNative NameAbbreviationDates of OperationIdeologyNotes
Corsican Secret OrganizationOrganisazione Sicreta CorsaOSCApril 2002 – 2006Far-rightAnti-Arab. The Name “Secret Organization” is likely a reference to the OAS. Local to the Balagne region. [16]
Corsican Christian ArmyArmata Cristiana CorsaACCAugust 2002 – 2006Far-rightAnti-Muslim. Local to the Ajaccio area. [17]
National Liberation ArmyArmata di Liberazione NaziunaleALN2 August 2002 – 22 October 2002UnknownSeparatist. Claimed a series of Gendarmerie bombings across Corsica. [18] Likely joined with FLNC-UC dissidents in October 2002 to form the FLNC-22U.
National Liberation Front of Corsica-22 OctoberFronte di Liberazione Naziunale di a Corsica-22 UttroviFLNC-22U22 October 2002 – PresentFar-leftSeparatist. Second-largest currently existing Corsican nationalist armed group, behind the FLNC-UC. Formed from an FLNC-UC split due to differing views on how to handle armed struggle (as well as an ALN unification), the FLNC-UC and FLNC-22U would feud for most of their early existence. In 2016, the FLNC-22U went on ceasefire. Since 2023, when ceasefire was broken, the FLNC-22U and FLNC-UC have worked closely together. [13] [19]
Corsican ResistanceResistenza CorsaRC29 December 2002 – 13 August 2003 [20] Far-rightAnti-Muslim. Local to the Bastia region. Faced with “disarmament or dissolution” by the FLNC-UC, the group joined as its 5th army faction in 2003, where its anti-Muslim ideals were rejected. [19]
Clandestines Against DrugsClandestini Contra a DrogaCCDAugust 2004 – 2006Far-rightAnti-Muslim. Carried out a series of attacks against Muslims in Ajaccio and Bastia.
Corsican ClandestinesClandestini CorsiCC17 March-8 September 2004Far-rightAnti-Muslim. Carried out some of the most violent attacks against Muslims in Corsica. Dissolved after the FLNC-UC threatened them with “physical liquidation” through violent means. [21] [22]
Anonymous Clandestine MovementMuvimentu Clandestini AnonimuMCAJuly 2004 – 2006Far-rightAnti-Muslim.
Army of the Corsican PeopleArmata di u Populu CorsuAPCMay 2004-9 October 2006Far-leftSeparatist. Declared a “Provisional Government of the Corsican Republic” with the FARC in 2006, who joins their organization the same year. dissolves after police arrest many higher-ups in the organization. [23]

2006–2014: FLNC legitimism

From 2006 onwards, many splinters begin to declare their own groups with the name “FLNC”, in an attempt to claim the identity of the original FLNC.

Caption text
NameNative NameAbbreviationDates of OperationIdeologyNotes
National Liberation Front of Corsica-the One and OnlyFronte di Liberazione Naziunale di a Corsica-u Solu è UnicuFLNC-SU23 July 2006 – 2007UnknownSeparatist. Local to the Balagne region. [24]
Rebel ClandestinesClandsestini RibelliCR14 August–September 2006UnknownSeparatist. Claimed an attack on the Corsican Assembly building in Ajaccio and is suspected of another attack in Calvi. [25]
National Liberation Front of Corsica-5 May 1976Fronte di Liberazione Naziunale di a Corsica-5 Maghju 1976FLNC-19765 May 2008 – PresentNo specific ideologySeparatist. Mainly local to the south of the island. [26]
Unified National Liberation Front of CorsicaFronte di Liberazione Naziunale di a Corsica UnificatuFLNC-U8 August 2009 – 2012No specific ideologySeparatist. Committed a large series of attacks until its self-dissolution in 2012. [27]
National Liberation Front of Corsica-9 JulyFronte di Liberazione Naziunale di a Corsica—9 LugliuFLNC-9L9 July 2012 – 2013UnknownSmall organization local to the Bastia area. [28]

2014–present: Cessation of hostilities, Yvan Colonna, and re-escalation

After the FLNC-UC agreement in 2014, and the FLNC-22U agreement in 2016, violence was quelled significantly, however violence was intermittent through small groups. In March 2022, the 2022 Corsica Unrest saw the formation of new armed groups, and the Corsican Conflict picked up again.

Caption text
NameNative NameAbbreviationDates of OperationIdeologyNotes
National Liberation Front of Corsica-RebirthFronte di Liberazione Naziunale di a Corsica-RinascitaFLNC-RFebruary 2017-March 2023UnknownSeparatist. Likely responsible for a number of bomb attacks throughout the peace period. [29]
National Liberation Front of Corsica-21 MayFronte di Liberazione Naziunale di a Corsica-21 MaghjuFLNC-21M21 May 2021 – presentUnknownSeparatist. Attributed to only a few attacks. Local to the Cap Corse region. [30]
Youth Action for the Rebirth of CorsicaAzzione Ghjuventù per la Rinascita CorsaAGRC, AJRC (from the French acronym)7 April 2022 – PresentFar-leftSeparatist. First group to form after the death of Yvan Colonna. Local to the southern area of Corsica. [31]
Corsican Clandestine youthGhjuventù Clandestina CorsaGCC4 August 2022 – 19 February 2024Far-leftSeparatist. Committed a series of actions across Corsica after the death of Yvan Colonna. Dismantled by police in February 2024 when three leaders of the group were arrested. [32] [33]

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References

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  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Regionalism and Ethnic Nationalism in France: A Case Study of Corsica by John P. Loughlin (PDF)
  3. ↑ "#Corse StoriaCorsa -1973 « Les boues rouges, FPCL, premières actions clandestines revendiquées » -" (in French). 2019-08-19. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
  4. 1 2 "#Corse StoriaCorsa -1974 « FPCL, Ghjustizia Paolina, CSC, ULC » -" (in French). 2019-08-20. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
  5. ↑ Faligot, Roger (2006). Histoire Secrète de la Ve République. La Découverte.
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  7. ↑ "#corse StoriaCorsa 1993 « … » -" (in French). 2019-09-04. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
  8. ↑ "#corse StoriaCorsa 1995 « Overture du « Procès Furiani », la guerre fratricide s'amplifie… -" (in French). 2019-09-05. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
  9. ↑ "#corse StoriaCorsa 1996 « Tralonca 600 militants du FLNC canal Historique » -" (in French). 2019-09-06. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
  10. 1 2 "#corse StoriaCorsa 1997 « Répression tout'azimut contre le mouvement national » -" (in French). 2019-09-06. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
  11. 1 2 "#corse StoriaCorsa 1999 « Les Accords de paix de Migliacciaru » -" (in French). 2019-09-07. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
  12. ↑ "Enquête sur Fronte Patriottu Corsu : 4 militants de Corsica Nazione Indipendente en garde à vue". www.unita-naziunale.org. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
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  14. ↑ "#corse StoriaCorsa 2000 « Matignon I – trêve de la lutte armée, mais pas des assassinats contre des militants » -" (in French). 2019-09-08. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
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  18. ↑ "CORSE :Un nouveau groupe clandestin dénommé "Armata di liberazione naziunale" s'est manifesté, en revendiquant l'attentat à la grenade comm is le 2 août contre la gendarmerie de Sari-Solenzara" (in French). 2002-08-13. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
  19. 1 2 "#corse StoriaCorsa 2002 « Trois FLNC se positionnent sur le terrain militaire » -" (in French). 2019-09-09. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
  20. ↑ "Resistenza Corsa (RC) — France Politique". www.france-politique.fr. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
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  23. ↑ "Armata di u Populu Corsu Armée du Peuple Corse APC A.P.C". archive.wikiwix.com. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
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  25. ↑ "Un nouveau groupe revendique le mitraillage de l'Assemblée" (in French). 2006-08-15. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
  26. ↑ à 00h00, Par P. E. Le 6 mai 2008 (2008-05-05). "Le FLNC 1976 veut intimider le publicitaire Séguéla". leparisien.fr (in French). Retrieved 2024-10-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  27. ↑ "Deux membres d'un FLNC unifié revendiquent l'attentat - Corse - vescovato - l'information en direct avec Corse-Matin - corsematin.com". 2010-04-27. Archived from the original on 2010-04-27. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
  28. ↑ "Un nouveau FLNC voit le jour dans le maquis de la clandestinité | Corse-Matin". archive.wikiwix.com. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
  29. ↑ "Un commando armé se réclamant du FLNC fait irruption à un débat à Casabianca". France 3 Corse ViaStella (in French). 2020-07-15. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
  30. ↑ ""F.L.N.C. Maghju 21" : un nouveau groupe armé annonce sa création lors d'une conférence de presse clandestine". France 3 Corse ViaStella (in French). 2021-05-05. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
  31. ↑ "Pianottoli : une résidence secondaire détruite par un incendie criminel". France 3 Corse ViaStella (in French). 2022-04-13. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
  32. ↑ "Ghjuventù Clandestina Corsa: un nuovo gruppo clandestino rivendica 17 attentati – Corsica Oggi" (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-10-04.
  33. ↑ "VIDEO. En Corse, la véritable histoire de l'organisation clandestine GCC". www.corsematin.com (in French). 2024-02-19. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
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