List of artificial radiation belts

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Artificial radiation belts are radiation belts that have been created by high-altitude nuclear explosions. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

Contents

List of Artificial Radiation Belts
ExplosionLocationDate Yield (approximate)Altitude (km)Nation of Origin
Hardtack Teak Johnston Island (Pacific)1958-08-01 3.8 megatons 76.8 United States
Hardtack Orange Johnston Island (Pacific)1958-08-12 3.8 megatons 43 United States
Argus I South Atlantic 1958-08-27 1-2 kilotons 200 United States
Argus II South Atlantic 1958-08-30 1-2 kilotons 256 United States
Argus III South Atlantic 1958-09-06 1-2 kilotons 539 United States
Starfish Prime   Johnston Island (Pacific) 1962-07-09  1.4 megatons 400 United States
K-3 Kazakhstan 1962-10-22300 kilotons 290 USSR
K-4 Kazakhstan 1962-10-28300 kilotons 150 USSR
K-5 Kazakhstan 1962-11-01300 kilotons 59 USSR

The table above only lists those high-altitude nuclear explosions for which a reference exists in the open (unclassified) English-language scientific literature to persistent artificial radiation belts resulting from the explosion.

The Starfish Prime radiation belt had, by far, the greatest intensity and duration of any of the artificial radiation belts. [1]

The Starfish Prime radiation belt damaged the United Kingdom Satellite Ariel 1 and the United States satellites, Traac, Transit 4B, Injun I and Telstar I.  It also damaged the Soviet satellite Cosmos V.  All of these satellites failed completely within several months of the Starfish detonation. [1]

Telstar I lasted the longest of the satellites damaged by the Starfish Prime radiation, with its complete failure occurring on February 21, 1963. [6]

In Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory report LA-6405, Herman Hoerlin gave the following explanation of the history of the original Argus experiment and of how the nuclear detonations led to the development of artificial radiation belts. [1]

Before the discovery of the natural Van Allen belts in 1958, N. C. Christofilos had suggested in October 1957 that many observable geophysical effects could be produced by a nuclear explosion at high altitude in the upper atmosphere. This suggestion was reduced to practice with the sponsorship of the Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) of the Department of Defense and under the overall direction of Herbert York, who was then Chief Scientist of ARPA. It required only four months from the time it was decided to proceed with the tests until the first bomb was exploded. The code name of the project was Argus. Three events took place in the South Atlantic. ... Following these events, artificial belts of trapped radiation were observed.

A general description of trapped radiation is as follows. Charged particles move in spirals around magnetic-field lines. The pitch angle (the angle between the direction of the motion of the particle and direction of the field line) has a low value at the equator and increases while the particle moves down a field line in the direction where the magnetic field strength increases. When the pitch angle becomes 90 degrees, the particle must move in the other direction, up the field lines, until the process repeats itself at the other end. The particle is continuously reflected at the two mirror points — it is trapped in the field. Because of the magnetic field gradient and the centrifugal force acting on particles moving around bend field lines, the particles also drift around the earth, electrons towards the east. Thus, they form a shell around the earth similar in shape to the surface formed by a field line rotated around the magnetic dipole axis.

Illustration of the motion of a charged particle trapped in the Earth's magnetic field including its Magnetic mirror point. Art-radiationbelts.gif
Illustration of the motion of a charged particle trapped in the Earth's magnetic field including its Magnetic mirror point.

In 2010, the United States Defense Threat Reduction Agency issued a report that had been written in support of the United States Commission to Assess the Threat to the United States from Electromagnetic Pulse Attack. The report, entitled "Collateral Damage to Satellites from an EMP Attack," discusses in great detail the historical events that caused artificial radiation belts and their effects on many satellites that were then in orbit. The same report also projects the effects of one or more present-day high-altitude nuclear explosions upon the formation of artificial radiation belts and the probable resulting effects on satellites that are currently in orbit. [7]

See also

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Explorer 15</span> NASA satellite of the Explorer program

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Explorer 25</span> NASA satellite of the Explorer program

Explorer 25, was a NASA magnetically aligned satellite launched simultaneously with Explorer 24 (AD-B) using a Scout X-4 launch vehicle. This was NASA's first dual-satellite launch. The satellite's primary mission was to make measurements of the influx of energetic particles into the atmosphere of Earth and to study atmospheric heating and the increase in scale height which have been correlated with geomagnetic activity. Studies of the natural and artificial trapped Van Allen radiation belts were also conducted. A biaxial fluxgate magnetometer was used to monitor the orientation of the spacecraft with respect to the local magnetic field.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">STARAD</span> United States radiation-monitoring satellite


STARAD was a radiation-monitoring satellite used to track the artificial radiation belt created by the Starfish Prime high-altitude nuclear test.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Hoerlin, Herman (October 1976). United States High-Altitude Test Experiences: A Review Emphasizing the Impact on the Environment (PDF) (Report). Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. doi:10.2172/7122163. LA-6405. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2009-03-16. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
  2. ↑ Hess, Wilmot N. (September 1964). The Effects of High Altitude Explosions (PDF) (Technical report). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NASA TN D-2402. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
  3. ↑ Zak, Anatoly (March 2006). "The K Project: Soviet Nuclear Tests in Space". The Nonproliferation Review. 13 (1): 143–150. doi:10.1080/10736700600861418. S2CID   144900794.
  4. ↑ Operation ARGUS (Fact Sheet) (PDF) (Report). U.S. Defense Threat Reduction Agency. November 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-07. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
  5. ↑ Jones, C. B.; Doyle, M. K.; Berkhouse, L. H.; Calhoun, F. S.; Martin, E. J. (30 April 1982). Operation Argus: 1958 (PDF) (Technical report). Defense Nuclear Agency. DNA 6039F. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 January 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
  6. ↑ National Space Science Data Center. "Telstar 1". NSSDC 1962-029A. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
  7. ↑ Conrad, Edward E.; Gurtman, Gerald A.; Kweder, Glenn; Mandell, Myron J.; White, Willard W. (August 2010). Collateral Damage to Satellites from an EMP Attack (PDF) (Technical report). Defense Threat Reduction Agency. DTRA-IR-10-22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-11-12. Retrieved 2011-06-19.
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