List of dinosaur specimens with documented taphonomic histories

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This list of dinosaur specimens with documented taphonomic histories enumerates those fossil dinosaur specimens that have been subjected to focused efforts aimed at reconstructing the events following the animal's death and the processes by which its remains were preserved in the fossil record.

Contents

Ankylosaurs

Ankylosaurids

TaxonNicknameCatalogue NumberInstitutionAgeUnitCountryDescription and Taphonomic HistoryImages
Ankylosauridae indet.Not givenMPC-D 100/1359 Mongolian Palaeontological Center Late Campanian Barun Goyot Formation Mongolia Individual preserved in a resting posture with both forelimbs and hindlimbs folded and tucked underneath the torso. Feeding traces of invertebrates are also preserved on some elements. [1]
Ankylosaurid MPC-D 100 1359 specimen.png

Nodosaurids

TaxonNicknameCatalogue NumberInstitutionAgeUnitCountryDescription and Taphonomic HistoryImages
Borealopelta markmitchelli Not givenTMP 2011.033.0001 Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology Albian McMurray Formation Canada Individual preserving armor in life position, keratin sheaths, skin impressions, and stomach contents. The carcass was likely washed out to sea after death and buried in the seafloor. [2] [3]
Borealopelta Royal Tyrrell 1.jpg
Edmontonia rugosidens Not givenAMNH 5665 American Museum of Natural History Middle Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation Canada Exceptionally preserved articulated individual with skin impressions and armor in life position. The carcass was washed out to an aquatic setting, possibly a river channel, and buried. [4]
Edmontonia American Museum of Natural History.jpg

Ceratopsians

Psittacosaurids

TaxonNicknameCatalogue NumberInstitutionAgeUnitCountryDescription and Taphonomic HistoryImages
Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis Not givenWZSSM VF000011 Weihai Ziguang Shi Yan School Museum Lower Aptian Yixian Formation China Association of a P. lujiatunensis and a Repenomamus robustus locked in combat that were buried alive. [5]
WZSSM VF000011 specimen (1).png
Psittacosaurus sp.Not givenDNHM D2156 Dalian Museum of Natural History Lower Aptian Yixian Formation China Assemblage of 34 juveniles and one adult that were buried alive, possibly as a result of a collapsed burrow. [6]
Psittacosaurus nest.jpg
Psittacosaurus sp.Not givenIVPP V14341 Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Lower Aptian Yixian Formation China Assemblage of six juveniles that succumbed to a mudflow. [7] [8]
Psittacosaurus juveniles.jpg
Psittacosaurus sp.Not givenSMF R 4970 Senckenberg Museum Lower Aptian Yixian Formation China Exceptionally preserved individual with numerous soft tissue impressions and color pattern. [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] After death, its right arm was possibly scavenged by a Tianyulong . [15]
Psittacosaurus SMF R 4970.jpg

Protoceratopsids

TaxonNicknameCatalogue NumberInstitutionAgeUnitCountryDescription and Taphonomic HistoryImages
Bagaceratops indet.Not givenMPC-D 100/551B Mongolian Palaeontological Center Middle Campanian Djadokhta Formation Mongolia Crouched individual that was scavenged after death by invertebrates. [16] [17]
Bagaceratops specimen MPC-D 100 551B (cropped).png
Protoceratops andrewsi Fighting Dinosaurs MPC-D 100/512 Mongolian Palaeontological Center Middle Campanian Djadokhta Formation Mongolia Preserves Protoceratops andrewsi locked in combat with a Velociraptor mongoliensis. [18]
Fightingdinosamnh2.jpg
Protoceratops andrewsi Fox site ProtoceratopsNot givenNot givenMiddle Campanian Djadokhta Formation Mongolia Crouched individual that was extensively scavenged after death by invertebrates. [19]
Fox site Protoceratops (5).jpg
Protoceratops andrewsi Not givenMPC-D 100/526 Mongolian Palaeontological Center Middle Campanian Djadokhta Formation Mongolia Group of four juveniles buried alive by a strong sand-bearing event. Scavenging traces are present among individuals. [20]
Protoceratops specimen block MPC-D 100 526.png
Protoceratops andrewsi Not givenMPC-D 100/534 Mongolian Palaeontological Center Middle Campanian Djadokhta Formation Mongolia Two sub-adults buried alive by a strong sand-bearing event. Scavenging traces are present among individuals. [20]
Protoceratops specimen MPC-D 100 534.png
Protoceratops andrewsi Standing ProtoceratopsNot givenNot givenMiddle Campanian Djadokhta Formation Mongolia An individual preserved in an upright position, [21] possibly product of burrowing behavior. [22]
Standing Protoceratops - Tugrugeen Shireh, Gobi Desert 1971 2.jpg

Ornithopods

Hadrosaurs

TaxonNicknameCatalogue NumberInstitutionAgeUnitCountryDescription and Taphonomic HistoryImages
Brachylophosaurus canadensis LeonardoJRF 115H Judith River Foundation Middle Campanian Judith River Formation United States Exceptionally preserved individual that was rapidly covered with sediment after death. [23]
Leonardo mummified brachylophosaurus.jpg
Edmontosaurus annectens Trachodon mummy AMNH 5060 American Museum of Natural History Late Maastrichtian Lance Formation United States Well-preserved individual lying on its back with flexed limbs. After dehydration, the carcass likely was shortly buried by sediments transported by a river resulting in excellent preservation. [24] [25]
Edmontosaurus mummy.jpg
Edmontosaurus annectens Senckenberg mummy SMF R 4036 Senckenberg Museum Late Maastrichtian Lance Formation United States Individual preserved in a flexed posture. May have been quickly buried by sediments allowing exceptional preservation. [25] [26]
Edmontosaurus mummy 6756.jpg
Hadrosauridae indet. Lizzie 2000 P-02 University of Alaska Museum Middle Turonian Matanuska Formation United States Partial remains of a juvenile. After death, the carcass was washed out to sea and sank to the seafloor where it got buried. [27]
Saurolophus angustirostris Not givenMPC-D 100/764 Mongolian Palaeontological Center Late Campanian Nemegt Formation Mongolia Block of partially articulated juveniles. After an unknown case of death, the individuals decomposed during a wet summer season when they got buried by sediments transported by a river channel. [28]
Saurolophus MPC-D 100 764 block.png

Theropods

Dromaeosaurs

TaxonNicknameCatalogue NumberInstitutionAgeUnitCountryDescription and Taphonomic HistoryImages
Velociraptor mongoliensis Fighting Dinosaurs MPC-D 100/25 Mongolian Palaeontological Center Middle Campanian Djadokhta Formation Mongolia Preserves a Velociraptor mongoliensis locked in combat with a Protoceratops andrewsi . [18]
Fightingdinosamnh2.jpg

Oviraptorosaurs

TaxonNicknameCatalogue NumberInstitutionAgeUnitCountryDescription and Taphonomic HistoryImages
Citipati osmolskae Big AuntieMPC-D 100/1004 Mongolian Palaeontological Center Middle Campanian Djadokhta Formation Mongolia Brooding individual preserved on top of a nest. [29]
Citipati IGM 100 1004.jpg
Citipati osmolskae Big MamaMPC-D 100/979 Mongolian Palaeontological Center Middle Campanian Djadokhta Formation Mongolia Brooding individual preserved on top of a nest. [30]
Citipati IGM 100 979 (2).jpg
Khaan mckennai Romeo and Juliet (alternatively Sid and Nancy)MPC-D 100/1002 and 100/1127 Mongolian Palaeontological Center Middle Campanian Djadokhta Formation Mongolia Two very complete individuals preserved in close association. The pair was likely interacting when they got buried by collapsed sand dunes. [31] [32]
Khaan.jpg
Nemegtomaia barsboldi Not givenMPC-D 107/15 Mongolian Palaeontological Center Late Campanian Barun Goyot Formation Mongolia Brooding individual preserved on top of a nest. [33]
Nemegtomaia nesting.png
Oksoko avarsan Not givenMPC-D 102/110 Mongolian Palaeontological Center Late Campanian Nemegt Formation Mongolia Assemblage of three individuals buried in life positions. [34]
Oksoko holotype block pre-preparation.jpg
Oviraptor philoceratops Not givenAMNH 6517 American Museum of Natural History Middle Campanian Djadokhta Formation Mongolia Brooding individual preserved on top of a nest. [35] [36]
Oviraptor holotype.jpg
Tongtianlong limosus Not givenDYM-2013-8 Dongyang Museum Late Maastrichtian Nanxiong Formation China Individual preserved with raised head and splayed arms, possibly died while trapped in mud. [37]
Tongtianlong-2.jpg

Related Research Articles

<i>Velociraptor</i> Dromaeosaurid dinosaur genus from the Late Cretaceous

Velociraptor is a genus of small dromaeosaurid dinosaur that lived in Asia during the Late Cretaceous epoch, about 75 million to 71 million years ago. Two species are currently recognized, although others have been assigned in the past. The type species is V. mongoliensis; fossils of this species have been discovered in the Djadochta Formation, Mongolia. A second species, V. osmolskae, was named in 2008 for skull material from the Bayan Mandahu Formation, China.

<i>Oviraptor</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Oviraptor is a genus of oviraptorid dinosaur that lived in Asia during the Late Cretaceous period. The first remains were collected from the Djadokhta Formation of Mongolia in 1923 during a paleontological expedition led by Roy Chapman Andrews, and in the following year the genus and type species Oviraptor philoceratops were named by Henry Fairfield Osborn. The genus name refers to the initial thought of egg-stealing habits, and the specific name was intended to reinforce this view indicating a preference over ceratopsian eggs. Despite the fact that numerous specimens have been referred to the genus, Oviraptor is only known from a single partial skeleton regarded as the holotype, as well as a nest of about fifteen eggs and several small fragments from a juvenile.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oviraptoridae</span> Extinct family of dinosaurs

Oviraptoridae is a group of bird-like, herbivorous and omnivorous maniraptoran dinosaurs. Oviraptorids are characterized by their toothless, parrot-like beaks and, in some cases, elaborate crests. They were generally small, measuring between one and two metres long in most cases, though some possible oviraptorids were enormous. Oviraptorids are currently known only from the Late Cretaceous of Asia, with the most well-known species and complete specimens found only in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia and northwestern China.

<i>Protoceratops</i> Genus of reptiles (fossil)

Protoceratops is a genus of small protoceratopsid dinosaurs that lived in Asia during the Late Cretaceous, around 75 to 71 million years ago. The genus Protoceratops includes two species: P. andrewsi and the larger P. hellenikorhinus. The former was described in 1923 with fossils from the Mongolian Djadokhta Formation, and the latter in 2001 with fossils from the Chinese Bayan Mandahu Formation. Protoceratops was initially believed to be an ancestor of ankylosaurians and larger ceratopsians, such as Triceratops and relatives, until the discoveries of other protoceratopsids. Populations of P. andrewsi may have evolved into Bagaceratops through anagenesis.

<i>Avimimus</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

Avimimus, meaning "bird mimic", is a genus of oviraptorosaurian theropod dinosaur, named for its bird-like characteristics, that lived in the late Cretaceous in what is now Mongolia, around 85 to 70 million years ago.

<i>Psittacosaurus</i> Early Cretaceous dinosaur genus

Psittacosaurus is a genus of extinct ceratopsian dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of what is now Asia, existing between 126 and 101 million years ago. It is notable for being the most species-rich non-avian dinosaur genus. Up to 12 species are known, from across China, Mongolia, Russia, and Thailand. The species of Psittacosaurus were obligate bipeds at adulthood, with a high skull and a robust beak. One individual was found preserved with long filaments on the tail, similar to those of Tianyulong. Psittacosaurus probably had complex behaviours, based on the proportions and relative size of the brain. It may have been active for short periods of time during the day and night, and had well-developed senses of smell and vision.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Protoceratopsidae</span> Extinct family of ceratopsians

Protoceratopsidae is a family of basal (primitive) ceratopsians from the Late Cretaceous period. Although ceratopsians have been found all over the world, protoceratopsids are only definitively known from Cretaceous strata in Asia, with most specimens found in China and Mongolia. As ceratopsians, protoceratopsids were herbivorous, with constantly replacing tooth batteries made for slicing through plants and a hooked beak for grabbing them. Protoceratopsids were small ceratopsians around 1-2.5 m in length. Their bony frill and horns were much smaller than more derived members of Ceratopsia, such as ceratopsids.

<i>Bagaceratops</i> Protoceratopsid dinosaur genus from the Late Cretaceous

Bagaceratops is a genus of small protoceratopsid dinosaurs that lived in Asia during the Late Cretaceous, around 72 to 71 million years ago. Bagaceratops remains have been reported from the Barun Goyot Formation and Bayan Mandahu Formation. One specimen may argue the possible presence of Bagaceratops in the Djadochta Formation.

<i>Tylocephale</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Tylocephale is a genus of pachycephalosaurid dinosaur, a group of dome-headed, herbivorous ornithischians, that lived during the Late Campanian stage of the Late Cretaceous in what is now Mongolia. It is known from a partial skull and associated mandible that were unearthed in 1971 by a Polish-Mongolian Expedition to the Barun Goyot Formation of the Gobi Desert. The specimen was described in 1974 by Polish paleontologists Teresa Maryańska and Halszka Osmólska as a new genus and species.

<i>Tsagantegia</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Tsagantegia is a genus of medium-sized ankylosaurid thyreophoran dinosaur that lived in Asia during the Late Cretaceous period. The genus is monotypic, including only the type species, T. longicranialis. The specimen consists of a very partial individual, comprising the skull and lacking postcranial remains. Since it only preserves the skull, Tsagantegia is mainly characterized by its elongated snout and the flattened facial osteoderms, greatly differing from other ankylosaurs.

<i>Citipati</i> Genus of oviraptorid dinosaur

Citipati is a genus of oviraptorid dinosaur that lived in Asia during the Late Cretaceous period, about 75 million to 71 million years ago. It is mainly known from the Ukhaa Tolgod locality at the Djadochta Formation, where the first remains were collected during the 1990s. The genus and type species Citipati osmolskae were named and described in 2001. A second species from the adjacent Zamyn Khondt locality may also exist. Citipati is one of the best-known oviraptorids thanks to a number of well-preserved specimens, including individuals found in brooding positions atop nests of eggs, though most of them were initially referred to the related Oviraptor. These nesting specimens have helped to solidify the link between non-avian dinosaurs and birds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nemegt Formation</span> Geological formation in Mongolia

The Nemegt Formation is a geological formation in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia, dating to the Late Cretaceous. The formation consists of river channel sediments and contains fossils of fish, turtles, crocodilians, and a diverse fauna of dinosaurs, including birds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Djadochta Formation</span> Geologic formation in Mongolia

The Djadochta Formation is a highly fossiliferous geological formation situated in Central Asia, Gobi Desert, dating from the Late Cretaceous period, about 75 million to 71 million years ago. The type locality is the Bayn Dzak locality, famously known as the Flaming Cliffs. Reptile and mammal remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation.

<i>Minotaurasaurus</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Minotaurasaurus is a monospecific genus of ankylosaurid dinosaur that lived in Mongolia during the Late Cretaceous in what is now the Djadochta Formation. The type and only species, Minotaurasaurus ramachandrani, is known from two skulls, a cervical vertebra and a cervical half ring. It was named and described in 2009 by Clifford Miles and Clark Miles. The first fossils of Minotaurasaurus were illegally exported out of Mongolia.It has been suggested to be a synonym of Tarchia but more recent publications consider it as a distinct genus.

The Bayan Mandahu Formation is a geological unit of "redbeds" located near the village of Bayan Mandahu in Inner Mongolia, China Asia and dates from the late Cretaceous Period. Laid down in the Campanian, it is dated somewhat uncertainly to between 75 and 71 mya.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of ceratopsian research</span>

This timeline of ceratopsian research is a chronological listing of events in the history of paleontology focused on the ceratopsians, a group of herbivorous marginocephalian dinosaurs that evolved parrot-like beaks, bony frills, and, later, spectacular horns. The first scientifically documented ceratopsian fossils were described by Edward Drinker Cope starting in the 1870s; however, the remains were poorly preserved and their true nature was not recognized. Over the next several decades, Cope named several such genera and species. Cope's hated rival, Othniel Charles Marsh, also described ceratopsian remains. In 1887, Marsh mistook a Triceratops horn for one belonging to a new species of prehistoric Bison. Marsh also named the eponymous genus Ceratops in 1888. The next year, he named the most famous ceratopsian, Triceratops horridus. It was the discovery of Triceratops that illuminated the ceratopsian body plan, and he formally named the Ceratopsia in 1890.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Javkhlant Formation</span> Geological formation in Mongolia

The Javkhlant Formation is a geological formation in Mongolia whose strata date back to the Late Cretaceous possibly Santonian to Campanian. Ceratopsian, ornithopod and theropod remains been found in the formation. A prominent fossilized therizinosauroid nesting site is also known from the formation.

<i>Natovenator</i> Genus of dromaeosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous

Natovenator is a genus of halszkaraptorine dromaeosaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Barun Goyot Formation of Mongolia. The genus is known from a single species, N. polydontus. Natovenator is crucial to the understanding of halszkaraptorines due to it providing more support for the semi-aquatic lifestyle that has been proposed for this clade. This discovery is important as the semi-aquatic lifestyles of halszkaraptorines was contested in early 2022.

References

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  25. 1 2 Manning, Phillip Lars (2008). "Chapter four: Dinosaur Mummies". Grave secrets of dinosaurs: soft tissues and hard science. Washington, D. C.: National Geographic.
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  29. ↑ Norell, M. A.; Balanoff, A. M.; Barta, D. E.; Erickson, G. M. (2018). "A second specimen of Citipati osmolskae associated with a nest of eggs from Ukhaa Tolgod, Omnogov Aimag, Mongolia". American Museum Novitates (3899): 1–44. doi:10.1206/3899.1. hdl: 2246/6858 . S2CID   53057001.
  30. ↑ Clark, J. M.; Norell, M. A.; Chiappe, L. M. (1999). "An oviraptorid skeleton from the Late Cretaceous of Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia, preserved in an avianlike brooding position over an oviraptorid nest". American Museum Novitates (3265): 1–36. hdl: 2246/3102 .
  31. ↑ Balanoff, A. M.; Norell, M. A. (2012). "Osteology of Khaan mckennai (Oviraptorosauria, Theropoda)". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 372 (372): 1−77. doi:10.1206/803.1. hdl: 2246/6413 . OCLC   884738416. S2CID   86067306.
  32. ↑ Iv, W. S. P.; Funston, G. F.; Currie, P. J.; Norell, M. A. (2015). "A possible instance of sexual dimorphism in the tails of two oviraptorosaur dinosaurs". Scientific Reports. 5: 9472. Bibcode:2015NatSR...5E9472P. doi: 10.1038/srep09472 . PMC   4379468 . PMID   25824625.
  33. ↑ Fanti, F.; Currie, P. J.; Badamgarav, D.; Lalueza-Fox, C. (2012). "New specimens of Nemegtomaia from the Baruungoyot and Nemegt Formations (Late Cretaceous) of Mongolia". PLOS ONE. 7 (2): e31330. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...731330F. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031330 . PMC   3275628 . PMID   22347465.
  34. ↑ Funston, G. F.; Tsogtbaatar, C.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Kobayashi, Y.; Sullivan, C.; Currie, P. J. (2020). "A new two-fingered dinosaur sheds light on the radiation of Oviraptorosauria". Royal Society Open Science. 7 (10): 201184. Bibcode:2020RSOS....701184F. doi: 10.1098/rsos.201184 . PMC   7657903 . PMID   33204472.
  35. ↑ Osborn, H. F. (1924). "Three new Theropoda, Protoceratops zone, central Mongolia". American Museum Novitates (144): 1−12. hdl: 2246/3223 . OCLC   40272928.
  36. ↑ Carpener, K. (1999). "Eggs as Fossils". Eggs, Nests, and Baby Dinosaurs: A Look at Dinosaur Reproduction (Life of the Past). Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 111. ISBN   9780253334978.
  37. ↑ Lü, J.; Chen, R.; Brusatte, S. L.; Zhu, Y.; Shen, C. (2016). "A Late Cretaceous diversification of Asian oviraptorid dinosaurs: evidence from a new species preserved in an unusual posture". Scientific Reports. 6 (35780): 35780. Bibcode:2016NatSR...635780L. doi: 10.1038/srep35780 . PMC   5103654 . PMID   27831542.
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