Nanxiong Formation

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Nanxiong Formation
Stratigraphic range: Maastrichtian
66.7  Ma
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Type Geological formation
Underlies Shanghu Formation
Overlies Jurassic granite basement, Changba Formation (Nanxiong Group)
Thickness~300 m (980 ft)
Several kilometers (Nanxiong Group)
Lithology
Primary Sandstone, siltstone, mudstone
Other Limestone, conglomerate
Location
Coordinates 23°30′N114°54′E / 23.5°N 114.9°E / 23.5; 114.9
Approximate paleocoordinates 23°48′N110°30′E / 23.8°N 110.5°E / 23.8; 110.5
Region Guangdong Province
CountryFlag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China
Extent Nanxiong Basin
China edcp relief location map.jpg
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Nanxiong Formation (China)
China Guangdong rel location map.svg
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Nanxiong Formation (Guangdong)

The Nanxiong Formation (also known as Yuanpu Formation) is a Late Cretaceous geologic formation in Guangdong Province. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation.

Contents

Description

It consists of continental siliciclastic red beds, with fauna which similar to that of the Nemegt Formation. It has been dated to about 66.7 ± 0.3 million years ago. [1] It is the lowest unit of the Nanxiong Basin, a small graben created during Mesozoic rifting. [2] Buck et al. state that it overlies Jurassic granite basement, and is conformably overlain by the Shanghu Formation. [1] Alternative stratigraphic schemes for the Nanxiong basin have been proposed, [3] one of which refers to the Nanxiong succession as the Nanxiong Group, and dividing it into the Yuanfu, Zhutian and Zhenshui formations, and overlying the Albian to Turonian Changba Formation. [4]

Paleobiota of the Nanxiong Formation

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxonTaxon falsely reported as presentDubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Crocodilians

Crocodilians
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Jiangxisuchus [5] J. nankangensisNearly complete skull and mandibleA crocodyloid
Jiangxisuchus nankangensis.png

Lizards

Lizards
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Chianghsia [6] C. nankangensisA partial skull and lower jawsA monstersaurian lizard
Tianyusaurus [7] T. zhengiA skull, mandible, first eight cervical vertebrae and nearly complete pectoral girdlesA polyglyphanodontian lizard, also known from the Qiupa Formation
Tianyusaurus.jpg

Turtles

Turtles
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Jiangxichelys [8] J. ganzhouensisA complete shellA nanhsiungchelyid turtle
Nanhsiungchelys [9] N. wuchingensisA partial skeletonA nanhsiungchelyid turtle [10]
Oolithes [11] [10] O. elongatus, O. nanhsiungensis, O. rugustus and O. spheroides.Egg and egg clutches. Some of these were probably laid by Nanhsiungchelys. [11] [10] Turtle and/or theropod eggs
Oolithes spheroides (Senckenberg).jpg

Dinosaurs

Ornithischians

Hadrosaurs
Hadrosaurs of the Nanxiong Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Microhadrosaurus [11] M. nanshiungensisPartial lower jaw from a juvenile that was about 2.6 m longA nomen dubium hadrosaur taxon. [4]
Hadrosauropodus isp. [4] IndeterminateThree-toed footprints [4] A hadrosaur

Sauropods

Sauropods of the Nanxiong Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Gannansaurus [12] G. sinensisA single, nearly complete dorsal vertebra and a mid-caudal vertebraA sauropod closely related to Euhelopus
GannanosaurusScale.png
Jiangxititan [13] J. ganzhouensisThe three posteriormost cervical vertebrae with two cervical ribs, articulated with the first four dorsal vertebrae with three dorsal ribsA somphospondylan of controversial affinities; originally described as a derived lognkosaurian titanosaur, later analyses recovered a more basal, non-titanosaurian position more likely. [14]
Jiangxititan UDL.png

Theropods

Oviraptorosaurs
Oviraptorosaurs of the Nanxiong Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Banji [15] B. longNearly complete skull and lower jawAn oviraptorid
Banji long.jpg
Corythoraptor [16] C. jacobsiNearly complete skeleton including the skull and lower jawAn oviraptorid with a distinct cassowary-like crest
Corythoraptor Restoration.png
Elongatoolithidae indet.IndeterminateThree eggs with embryonic remains. [17] Oviraptorid eggs
Nanxiong Formation oviraptorid eggs (IVPP V2018).png
Ganzhousaurus [18] G. nankangensisLower jaw, leg bone, hip bone and caudal vertebraeA transitional oviraptorid with both basal and derived traits
Ganzhousaurus.jpg
Huanansaurus [19] H. ganzhouensisNearly complete skull, lower jaws, neck vertebrae, a humerus, arm fragments, lower part of the right thighbone, the upper part of the right shinbone, and parts of the right footAn oviraptorid
Huanansaurus restoration.jpg
Jiangxisaurus [20] J. ganzhouensisIncomplete skull, lower jaw, vertebrae, nearly complete pectoral girdle, the left forelimb, ribs, and a partially preserved pelvic girdleAn oviraptorid
Jiangxisaurus.jpg
Macroolithus IndeterminateFive egg clutches containing over 60 eggs. [21] Oviraptorid eggs
Nanxiong Formation egg clutches.png
IndeterminateThree eggs with embryonic remains. [22] Oviraptorid eggs Oviraptorid eggs (SMNH-20140105).png
M. yaotunensisTwo eggs with embryonic remains. [23] Oviraptorid eggs. Skeletal proportions resemble Heyuannia huangi
M. yaotunensisA nest of 24 eggs associated with an adult oviraptorid. [24] Oviraptorid eggs
Nankangia [25] N. jiangxiensisA partial lower jaw, vertebrae, both scapulocoracoids, a nearly complete right humerus, pubic bones, and some dorsal ribsAn oviraptorid
Nankangia Restoration.jpg

Oviraptoridae indet.

IndeterminateA female individual preserving the pelvic girdle, some caudals and two eggs inside the abdominal cavity. [26] A pregnant oviraptorid
IndeterminateA nesting adult over a nest of eggs, preserving cervical vertebrae, arms and the pelvic region. [24] An oviraptorid that represents the fifth nesting taxon
IndeterminateA female individual preserving a partial pelvic girdle, hindlimbs and some caudals with two eggs associated near the pelvic region. [27] A pregnant oviraptorid
Shixinggia [28] S. oblitaSparse postcranial remains lacking the skullAn oviraptorid
Tongtianlong [29] T. limosusAlmost complete skeleton, portions of the arms, right leg, and tail were destroyed by TNT blastsAn oviraptorid, the pose indicates that it may have died trying to free itself from mud
Tongtianlong-5.jpg


Therizinosaurs
Therizinosaurs of the Nanxiong Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Nanshiungosaurus N. brevispinusEleven cervical vertebrae, ten dorsal vertebrae, six sacral vertebrae and the pelvis. [11] [30] A therizinosaurid
Nanshiungosaurus Restoration.png
Tyrannosaurs
Tyrannosaurs of the Nanxiong Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages
Asiatyrannus [31] A. xuiA skull, partial legs, and fragmentary caudal vertebraeA small-bodied tyrannosaurine
Asiatyrannus xui.png
Qianzhousaurus [32] Q. sinensisA skull, lower jaw, vertebrae, both scapulocoracoids, a left femur and a left tibiaA tyrannosaurid, could represent a third species of Alioramus [33]
Qianzhousaurus sinensis by PaleoGeek.png

Tyrannosauridae indet.

IndeterminateTwo isolated teeth. [11] A tyrannosaurid
IndeterminateLarge and well-preserved tooth. [34] A tyrannosaurid
Other Theropods
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotesImages

Theropoda indet.

IndeterminateA maxillary tooth that differs from tyrannosaurid and carcharodontosaurid dentition. [34] A notably large theropod
IndeterminateIsolated dorsal vertebra. [11] A theropod

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Buck, B. J.; Hanson, A. D.; Hengst, R. A.; Shu-sheng, H. (2004). ""Tertiary Dinosaurs" in the Nanxiong Basin, Southern China, Are Reworked from the Cretaceous". The Journal of Geology. 112 (1): 111–118. Bibcode:2004JG....112..111B. doi:10.1086/379695. S2CID   12866840.
  2. ↑ Lucas, Spencer G.; Kirkland, James I.; Estep, John W. (1998). "Vertebrate biostratigraphy and biochronology of the Cretaceous of China". Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems: Bulletin 14. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. p. 14.
  3. ↑ Yan, Yi; Xia, Bin; Lin, Ge; Cui, Xuejun; Hu, Xiaoqiong; Yan, Pin; Zhang, Faqiang (April 2007). "Geochemistry of the sedimentary rocks from the Nanxiong Basin, South China and implications for provenance, paleoenvironment and paleoclimate at the K/T boundary" (PDF). Sedimentary Geology. 197 (1–2): 127–140. Bibcode:2007SedG..197..127Y. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2006.09.004. ISSN   0037-0738. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-07-21.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Xing, L.; Lockley, M. G.; Li, D.; Klein, H.; Ye, Y.; Scott Persons IV, W.; Ran, H. (2017). "Late Cretaceous ornithopod-dominated, theropod, and pterosaur track assemblages from the Nanxiong Basin, China: New discoveries, ichnotaxonomy, and paleoecology" (PDF). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 466: 303−313. Bibcode:2017PPP...466..303X. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.11.035.
  5. ↑ Chun Li; Xiao-chun Wu; Scott Rufolo (2018). "A new crocodyloid (Eusuchia: Crocodylia) from the Upper Cretaceous of China". Cretaceous Research. 94: 25–39. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.09.015. S2CID   133661294.
  6. ↑ Mo, J. Y.; Xu, X.; Evans, S. E. (2012). "A large predatory lizard (Platynota, Squamata) from the Late Cretaceous of South China". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 10 (2): 333. Bibcode:2012JSPal..10..333M. doi:10.1080/14772019.2011.588254. S2CID   85682211.
  7. ↑ Jun-chang Lü; Shu-an Ji; Zhi-ming Dong; Xiao-chun Wu (2008). "An Upper Cretaceous lizard with a lower temporal arcade". Naturwissenschaften. 95 (7): 663–669. Bibcode:2008NW.....95..663L. doi:10.1007/s00114-008-0364-1. PMID   18338150. S2CID   22544904.
  8. ↑ Haiyan Tong; Jinyou Mo (2010). "Jiangxichelys, a new nanhsiungchelyid turtle from the Late Cretaceous of Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China". Geological Magazine. 147 (6): 981–986. Bibcode:2010GeoM..147..981T. doi:10.1017/S0016756810000671. S2CID   131484464. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 14 January 2011.
  9. ↑ H.-k. Yeh. 1966. A new Cretaceous turtle of Nanhsiung, northern Kwangtung. Vertebrata PalAsiatica
  10. 1 2 3 Tong, H.; Li, L. (2019). "A revision of the holotype of Nanhsiungchelys wuchingensis, Ye, 1966 (Testudines: Cryptodira: Trionychoidae: Nanhsiungchelyidae)". Cretaceous Research. 95: 151−163. Bibcode:2019CrRes..95..151T. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.11.003. hdl:311034/9424. S2CID   133937906.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dong, Z. (1979). "Cretaceous dinosaur fossils in southern China" [Cretaceous dinosaurs of the Huanan (south China)]. In Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology; Nanjing Institute of Paleontology (eds.). Mesozoic and Cenozoic Redbeds in Southern China (in Chinese). Beijing: Science Press. pp. 342–350. Translated paper (Archived from original)
  12. ↑ Junchang Lü; Laiping Yi; Hui Zhong; Xuefang Wei (2013). "A New Somphospondylan Sauropod (Dinosauria, Titanosauriformes) from the Late Cretaceous of Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province of Southern China". Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition). 87 (3): 678–685. Bibcode:2013AcGlS..87..678L. doi:10.1111/1755-6724.12079. S2CID   140623061.
  13. ↑ Mo, Jin-You; Fu, Qiong-Yao; Yu, Yi-Lun; Xu, Xing (2023-09-21). "A New Titanosaurian Sauropod from the Upper Cretaceous of Jiangxi Province, Southern China". Historical Biology: 1–15. doi: 10.1080/08912963.2023.2259413 . ISSN   0891-2963.
  14. ↑ Han, Fenglu; Yang, Ling; Lou, Fasheng; Sullivan, Corwin; Xu, Xing; Qiu, Wenjiang; Liu, Hanfeng; Yu, Juan; Wu, Rui; Ke, Yuzheng; Xu, Mengyuan; Hu, Jinfeng (2024-01-17). "A new titanosaurian sauropod, Gandititan cavocaudatus gen. et sp. nov., from the Late Cretaceous of southern China". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 22 (1). Bibcode:2024JSPal..2293038H. doi:10.1080/14772019.2023.2293038.
  15. ↑ Xu, X.; Han, F.-L. (2010). "A new oviraptorid dinosaur (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of China". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 48 (1): 11–18.
  16. ↑ Lü, J.; Li, G; Kundrát, M.; Lee, Y.; Zhenyuan, S.; Yoshitsugu, K.; Caizhi, S.; Fangfang, T.; Hanfeng, L (2017). "High diversity of the Ganzhou Oviraptorid Fauna increased by a new "cassowary-like" crested species". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 6393. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.6393L. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05016-6. PMC   5532250 . PMID   28751667.
  17. ↑ Wang, S.; Zhang, S.; Sullivan, C.; Xu, X. (2016). "Elongatoolithid eggs containing oviraptorid (Theropoda, Oviraptorosauria) embryos from the Upper Cretaceous of Southern China". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 16 (67): 67. Bibcode:2016BMCEE..16...67W. doi: 10.1186/s12862-016-0633-0 . PMC   4807547 . PMID   27012653.
  18. ↑ Wang, S.; Sun, C.; Sullivan, C.; Xu, X. (2013). "A new oviraptorid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of southern China". Zootaxa. 3640 (2): 242–57. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3640.2.7. PMID   26000415. S2CID   28527553.
  19. ↑ Lü, Junchang; Pu, Hanyong; Kobayashi, Yoshitsugu; Xu, Li; Chang, Huali; Shang, Yuhua; Liu, Di; Lee, Yuong-Nam; Kundrát, Martin; Shen, Caizhi (2015). "A New Oviraptorid Dinosaur (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Southern China and Its Paleobiogeographical Implications". Scientific Reports. 5 (11490): 11490. Bibcode:2015NatSR...511490L. doi:10.1038/srep11490. PMC   4489096 . PMID   26133245.
  20. ↑ Wei Xuefang; Pu Hanyong; Xu Li; Liu Di; Lü Junchang (2013). "A New Oviraptorid Dinosaur (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Jiangxi Province, Southern China". Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition). 87 (4): 899–904. Bibcode:2013AcGlS..87..899W. doi:10.1111/1755-6724.12098. S2CID   129797420.
  21. ↑ Yang, T.-R.; Wiemann, J.; Xu, L.; Cheng, Y.-N.; Wu, X.-C.; Sander, P. M. (2019). "Reconstruction of oviraptorid clutches illuminates their unique nesting biology". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 466: 581−596. doi: 10.4202/app.00497.2018 .
  22. ↑ Yang, T.-R.; Engler, T.; Lallensack, J. N.; Samathi, A.; Makowska, M.; Schillinger, B. (2019). "Hatching Asynchrony in Oviraptorid Dinosaurs Sheds Light on Their Unique Nesting Biology". Integrative Organismal Biology. 1 (1): obz030. doi: 10.1093/iob/obz030 . PMC   7671163 . PMID   33791544.
  23. ↑ Cheng, Y.-N.; Ji, Q.; Wu, X.-C.; Shan, H.-Y. (2008). "Oviraptorosaurian Eggs (Dinosauria) with Embryonic Skeletons Discovered for the First Time in China". Acta Geologica Sinica. 82 (6): 1089–1094. Bibcode:2008AcGlS..82.1089Y. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2008.tb00708.x. S2CID   140202077.
  24. 1 2 Bi, S.; Amiot, R.; Peyre de Fabrègues, C.; Pittman, M.; Lamanna, M. C.; Yu, Y.; Yu, C.; Yang, T.; Zhang, S.; Zhao, Q.; Xu, X. (2020). "An oviraptorid preserved atop an embryo-bearing egg clutch sheds light on the reproductive biology of non-avialan theropod dinosaurs". Science Bulletin. 66 (9): 947–954. doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.12.018 . PMID   36654242.
  25. ↑ Lü, J.; Yi, L.; Zhong, H.; Wei, X. (2013). Dodson, Peter (ed.). "A New Oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Southern China and Its Paleoecological Implications". PLOS ONE. 8 (11): e80557. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...880557L. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080557 . PMC   3842309 . PMID   24312233.
  26. ↑ Sato, T.; Cheng, Y.-N.; Wu, X.-C.; Zelenitsky, D. K.; Hsiao, Y.-F. (2005). "A Pair of Shelled Eggs Inside A Female Dinosaur" (PDF). Science. 308 (5720): 375. doi:10.1126/science.1110578. PMID   15831749. S2CID   19470371.
  27. ↑ Jin, X.; Varricchio, D. J.; Poust, A. W.; He, T. (2020). "An oviraptorosaur adult-egg association from the Cretaceous of Jiangxi Province, China". Science. 39 (6): e1739060. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1739060. S2CID   219447073.
  28. ↑ Lü, J. C.; Zhang, B. K. (2005). "A new oviraptorid (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of the Nanxiong Basin, Guangdong Province of southern China". Acta Palaeontologica Sinica. 44: 412−422.
  29. ↑ Lü, J.; Chen, R.; Brusatte, S.L.; Zhu, Y.; Shen, C. (2016). "A Late Cretaceous diversification of Asian oviraptorid dinosaurs: evidence from a new species preserved in an unusual posture". Scientific Reports. 6: 35780. Bibcode:2016NatSR...635780L. doi:10.1038/srep35780. PMC   5103654 . PMID   27831542.
  30. ↑ Zanno, L. E. (2010). "A taxonomic and phylogenetic re-evaluation of Therizinosauria (Dinosauria: Maniraptora)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 8 (4): 503–543. Bibcode:2010JSPal...8..503Z. doi:10.1080/14772019.2010.488045. S2CID   53405097.
  31. ↑ Zheng, Wenjie; Jin, Xingsheng; Xie, Junfang; Du, Tianming (2024-07-25). "The first deep-snouted tyrannosaur from Upper Cretaceous Ganzhou City of southeastern China". Scientific Reports . 14 (1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-66278-5 . ISSN   2045-2322. PMC   11272791 .
  32. ↑ Lü, Junchang; Yi, Laiping; Brusatte, Stephen L.; Yang, Ling; Li, Hua; Chen, Liu (2014). "A new clade of Asian Late Cretaceous long-snouted tyrannosaurids". Nature Communications. 5: 3788. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.3788L. doi: 10.1038/ncomms4788 . PMID   24807588.
  33. ↑ Carr, Thomas D.; Varricchio, David J.; Sedlmayr, Jayc C.; Roberts, Eric M.; Moore, Jason R. (2017). "A new tyrannosaur with evidence for anagenesis and crocodile-like facial sensory system". Scientific Reports. 7: 44942. Bibcode:2017NatSR...744942C. doi:10.1038/srep44942. PMC   5372470 . PMID   28358353.
  34. 1 2 Mo, J.-Y.; Xu, X. (2015). "Large theropod teeth from the Upper Cretaceous of Jiangxi, southern China" (PDF). Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 53 (1): 63−72.
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