List of kings of the Cimmerian Bosporus

Bust of Sauromates II (r. AD 172–210) from the Acropolis Museum

The Bosporan kings were the rulers of the Bosporan Kingdom, an ancient Hellenistic Greco-Scythian state centered on the Kerch Strait (the Cimmerian Bosporus) and ruled from the city of Panticapaeum. Panticapaeum was founded in the 7th or 6th century BC; the earliest known king of the Bosporus is Archaeanax, who seized control of the city c. 480 BC as a usurper. ^[1] The Archaeanactid dynasty ruled the city until it was displaced by the more long-lived Spartocid dynasty in 438 BC. ^[1] After ruling for over three centuries, the Spartocids were then displaced by the Mithridatic dynasty of Pontus and then its offshoot the Tiberian-Julian dynasty. The Tiberian-Julian kings ruled as client kings of the Roman Empire until late antiquity.

After several successive periods of rule by groups such as the Sarmatians, Alans, Goths and Huns, ^[2] the remnants of the Bosporan Kingdom were finally absorbed into the Roman Empire by Justinian I in the 6th century AD following a revolt against the Hunnic ruler Gordas. ^{[3] [4]}

List of kings

Joint rulers are indicated with indentation.

Archaeanactid dynasty (c. 480–438 BC)

Main article: Archaeanactid dynasty

• Archaeanax c. 480 BC–? ^[1]

The number of successors of Archaenax and their names are not known. ^{[lower-alpha 1]} His family ruled until c. 438 BC. ^[1]

Spartocid dynasty (438–111 BC)

Main article: Spartocid dynasty

Coin of Hygiainon

Bust of a late 2nd century BC Bosporan ruler, perhaps Paerisades V

• Spartokos I 438–433 BC ^[6]
• Satyros I 433–389 BC ^[6]
  • Seleukos 433–393 BC ^[6]
• Leukon I 389–349 BC ^[6]
  • Gorgippos 389–349 BC ^[7]
• Paerisades I 349–311 BC ^[6]
  • Spartokos II 349–344 BC ^[6]
• Satyros II 311–310 BC ^[6]
• Prytanis 310–309 BC ^[6]
• Eumelos 309–304 BC ^[6]
• Spartokos III 304 BC–284 BC ^[6]
• Paerisades II 284–c. 250 BC ^[6]
• Spartokos IV c. 250–c. 240 BC ^[6]
• Leukon II c. 240–210 BC ^[6]
• Hygiainon (regent) c. 210–c. 200 BC ^[6]
• Spartokos V c. 200–c. 180 BC ^[6]
• Kamasarye (queen) c. 180–c. 160 BC ^[6]
  • Paerisades III c. 180–c. 170 BC ^[6]
• Paerisades IV c. 170–c. 150 BC (with Kamasarye and then alone) ^[6]
• Spartokos VI (?) c. 150–c. 140 BC ^[6]
• Paerisades V c. 140–111 BC ^[6]

Scythian rule (111–110 BC)

• Saumakos 111–110? BC ^[6]

Mithridatic dynasty (110 BC–AD 8)

Main article: Mithridatic dynasty

Bust of Mithridates VI Eupator of Pontus, who also ruled as Mithridates I of the Bosporus

• Mithridates I 110 BC–63 BC ^[6]
• Pharnaces 63–48 BC ^[6]
• Dynamis (queen) & Asander 48–47 BC (first reign) ^[8]
• Mithridates II 47 BC–44/43 BC ^{[8] [9]}
• Dynamis (queen) 44/43 BC–c. AD 7/8 (second reign), with husbands: ^{[6] [10] [11]}
  • Asander 44/43–c. 17 BC (second reign) ^[11]
  • Scribonius c. 15? BC ^{[6] [11]}
  • Polemon I c. 12/13–8 BC ^[10]

Tiberian-Julian dynasty (8–341)

Coin of Rhoemetalces

Coin of Rhescuporis III

• Aspurgus 8/10–38 AD ^{[6] [12]}
• Polemon II of Pontus 38–41 ^[12]
• Rhescuporis I (?) 14–42 ^[12]
• Gepaepyris ^[13] (queen)
• Mithridates III 42–46 ^[12]
• Cotys I 46–78 ^[12]
  • Incorporated as a part of the Roman Province of Moesia Inferior 63–68
• Rhescuporis II 78–93 ^[12]
• Sauromates I 93–123 ^[12]
• Cotys II 123–131 ^[12]
• Rhoemetalces 131–153 ^[12]
• Eupator 154–170 ^[12]
• Sauromates II 172–210 ^[12]
• Rhescuporis III 211–228 ^[12]
• Cotys III 228–234 ^[12]
  • Sauromates III 229–232 ^[12]
  • Rhescuporis IV 233–234 ^[12]
  • Chedosbios 233–234 (?) ^[14]
• Ininthimeus 234–239 ^[12] (possibly non-dynastic) ^[15]
• Rhescuporis V 240–276 ^[12]
  • Pharsanzes 253–254 ^[12] (possibly non-dynastic) ^[16]
• Teiranes 276–278 ^[12]
  • Sauromates IV 276 ^[12]
• Theothorses 279–309 ^[12] (possibly non-dynastic) ^[2]
• Rhadamsades 309–322 ^[17] (possibly non-dynastic) ^[2]
• Rhescuporis VI 314–341 ^{[17] [18]}

Later rulers (341–527)

The end of Rhescuporis VI's reign is believed to have marked the end of the Tiberian-Julian dynasty. Details of the Bosporan Kingdom are scant thereafter but it appears to have undergone several successive periods of rule by Sarmatians, Alans, Goths and Huns. ^[2] There was probably a continuous sequence of rulers ^[2] but few names are known. ^{[lower-alpha 2]}

• Douptounos fl. c. 483 ^[2]
• Gordas fl. 527 (Hunnic ruler) ^[4]
• Mugel c. 527 (Hunnic ruler) ^[20]

Mugel's rule in the Bosporus was brief; shortly after Gordas's death Justinian I sent an army to place the Bosporus under Roman rule. ^{[3] [4] [20]} Mugel thereafter ruled only Patria Onoguria in the north.

Family tree

This family tree covers the rulers of the Mithridatic and Tiberian-Julian dynasties. Owing to much of the sequence of Tiberian-Julian rulers being based on coinage, the relationships within the Tiberian-Julian dynasty (especially for later rulers) are largely conjectural and speculative. Conjectural and speculative lines of descent are marked with dotted lines. Though genealogical information is completely unknown for kings after Cotys III, the repeating names lead most researchers to believe that the later kings until at least 341 were part of the same continuous dynasty. ^[1]

Family tree of the Mithridatic and Tiberian-Julian dynasties

Mithridates VI Eupator [21] (Mithridates I) r. 110–63 BC Mark Antony [21] Pharnaces II [21] (Pharnaces) r. 63–48 BC Mithridates II r. 47–44/43 BC Antonia [21] Asander [21] r. 48–47; 44/43–17 BC Dynamis [21] r. 48–47; 44/43 BC–AD 7/8 Polemon I [21] r. 12/13–8 BC Pythorida [21] Antonia Tryphaena [21] Cotys III of Thrace [21] Aspurgus [21] r. 8/10–38 Gepaepyris [21] Polemon II r. 38–41 Mithridates III [21] r. 42–46 Cotys I [21] r. 46–78 Eunice [21] Rhescuporis II [21] r. 78–93 Sauromates I [21] r. 93–123 Cotys II [21] r. 123–131 Rhoemetalces [21] r. 131–153 Eupator [21] r. 154–170 Sauromates II [21] r. 172–210 Rhescuporis III [21] r. 211–228 Cotys III [21] r. 228–234 Sauromates III [21] r. 229–232 Rhescuporis IV [22] r. 233–234 Ininthimeus [22] r. 234–239 Rhescuporis V [21] r. 240–276 Teiranes [21] r. 276–278 Pharsanzes (?) [15] r. 253–254 Sauromates IV [19] r. 276 Theothorses [21] r. 279–309 Rhadamsades [21] r. 309–322 Rhescuporis VI [21] r. 314–341 Nana [21] Mirian III of Iberia [21] Kings of Iberia

See also

• Bosporan wars of expansion
• History of Ukraine

Notes

1. Peter Truhart's Regents of Nations (2000) speculatively reconstructed the Archaeanactid dynasty as follows: Archaeanax (c. 480–470 BC), Paerisades (I) (c. 470–450 BC), Leukon (I) (c. 450–440 BC) and Sagauros (c. 440–438 BC). ^[5]
2. In addition to the three certain names listed below, some authors speculate that Rhescuporis VI's immediate successors were two kings named Sauromates, i.e. Sauromates V and Sauromates VI. This is based on the writings of 10th-century emperor Constantine VII. Constantine's writings describe a post-Rhescuporis VI conflict with the Bosporans which is won by the Romans and notes that this victory meant that "the kingship of the Sauromati [was] finished". ^[19]

References

1. Schneider, Helmuth (2007). Brill's New Pauly: Chronologies of the ancient world : names, dates and dynasties. Brill. p. 112. ISBN   978-90-04-15320-2.
2. Astakhov, Ivan Alekseevich (2021). "Changes in the Ethnic Pictures and its Impact on the Internal Political Situation in the Bosporus after Rheskuporis VI". Laplage em Revista (International). 7 (3A): 245–252. doi: 10.24115/S2446-6220202173A1397p.245-252 . S2CID   239216873. Archived from the original on 2022-09-10. Retrieved 2022-05-07.
3. Frolova, N. (1999). "The Question of Continuity in the Late Classical Bosporus On the Basis of Numismatic Data". Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia. 5 (3): 179–205. doi:10.1163/157005799X00188. ISSN   0929-077X.
4. Lawler, Jennifer (2015). Encyclopedia of the Byzantine Empire. McFarland. p. 137. ISBN   978-1-4766-0929-4.
5. Truhart, Peter (2000). Regents of Nations: Antiquity worldwide. Saur. p. 378. ISBN   978-3-598-21543-8.
6. Rostovtzeff, Michael Ivanovitch (1993). Skythien und der Bosporus, Band II: wiederentdeckte Kapitel und Verwandtes (in German). Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 223. ISBN   978-3-515-06399-9.
7. Kinzl, Konrad H. (11 January 2010). A Companion to the Classical Greek World. Wiley. p. 145. ISBN   9781444334128.
8. Mayor, A., (2009), The Poison King: the life and legend of Mithradates, Rome’s deadliest enemy, Princeton University Press, p. 345
9. Barclay Head. "Ancient coins of Pontus". Digital Historia Numorum: A manual of Greek numismatics. Retrieved 2015-03-19.
10. Rostovtzeff, M., Queen Dynamis of Bosporus, JHS, pp. 100-105
11. Minns, E., H., Scythians and Greeks, A Survey of Ancient History and Archaeology p. 592
12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Mitchiner, Michael (1978). The Ancient & Classical World, 600 B.C.-A.D. 650. Hawkins Publications. p. 69. ISBN   978-0-904173-16-1.
13. Numismatic Literature. American Numismatic Society. 1979. p. 28.
14. Choref, Michael (2020). "К истории правления Хедосбия" [To the History of the Reign of Chedosbios]. Stratum Plus Journal (in Russian). 6: 231–240.
15. Yartsev, Sergey V. (2019). "The Invasion of the Borans into the Bosporus in the 3rd Century AD" (PDF). Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews. 7 (6).
16. Beydin, G. V. (2016). "Готы на Боспоре: находки монет царя Фарсанза в ареале черняховской культуры" [Goths in the Bosporus: finds of coins of King Farsanz in the area of the Chernyakhov culture]. Древности. Харьковский историко-археологический ежегодник. 13: 138–149.
17. Frolova, Nina; Ireland, Stanley (1995). "A Hoard of Bosporan Coins in the Period Third Century BC to AD 238 from Ancient Gorgippia (Anapa) 1987". The Numismatic Chronicle. 155: 21–42. ISSN   0078-2696. JSTOR   42668787.
18. Smekalova, T. N. (2018). "Evolution of the Composition of Monetary Alloys of Ancient Greek States on the Black Sea Shores Based on the Data of X-Ray Fluorescent Spectroscopy with the Example of Bosporos Cimmerian". Crystallography Reports. 63 (6): 1043–1050. doi:10.1134/S1063774518060299. ISSN   1562-689X. S2CID   104376080.
19. Nadel, Benjamin (1977). "Literary Tradition and Epigraphical Evidence : Constantine Porphyrogenitus' Information on the Bosporan Kingdom of Emperor Diocletian Reconsidered". Dialogues d'histoire ancienne. 3 (1): 87–114. doi:10.3406/dha.1977.2690.
20. Stevenson, Walter (2020). The Origins of Roman Christian Diplomacy: Constantius II and John Chrysostom as Innovators. Routledge. p. 190. ISBN   978-1-315-41500-0.
21. Settipani, Christian (2006). Continuité des élites à Byzance durant les siècles obscurs: les princes caucasiens et l'Empire du VI:e au IX:e siècle (in French). Paris: De Boccard. p. 408. ISBN   978-2-7018-0226-8.
22. "Le Bosphore Cimmérien - Suite". antikforever.com. Retrieved 2022-05-09.