List of mammals that can get H5N1

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Although a wide variety of bird species have been shown to contract and spread Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, from waterfowl to poultry and birds of prey, mammalian infections have been of particular interest to researchers due to their potential to develop mutations that increase the risk of mammal-to-mammal spread and transmission to and among humans. [1] [2] [3]

Contents

Mammals known to have been infected

Other influenza strains are common among mammals, including humans, but this list only shows those who have been proven to carry H5N1. In October 2022, farmed mink became the first detected mammal able to engage in mammal-to-mammal spread of H5N1. [3]

AnimalDate first detected (or publicized)Spread amongst themselves?Spreads to humans?Captive or wild infection?References
Alpaca May 2024Captive [4]
American black bear November 2022 [5]
Amur leopard September 2022 [5]
Arctic fox 2023Captive [6]
Asian golden cat 2009Captive [1]
Beech marten 2007Wild [1]
Bobcat May 2022 [5]
Bottlenose dolphin August 2022 [5]
Caspian seal December 2022Under InvestigationWild [7]
Avian influenza in cats 2004Both [1]
Cattle March 2024Yes [8] [9] Yes [10] [11] Captive [12]
Clouded leopard 2009Captive [1]
Coyote June 2022 [5]
Dog 2004Captive [1]
Donkey 2009 [1]
Elephant seal November 2023Wild [13]
Eurasian otter 2021Wild [14]
Fisher June 2022 [5]
Fur seal November 2023Wild [13]
Goat March 2024Captive [15]
Grey seal July 2022Wild [5]
Grizzly bear December 2022 [5]
Harbor seal July 2022Wild [5]
Human May 1997 [16]
Kodiak bear December 2022 [5]
Leopard 2003Captive [1]
Lion 2009Captive [1]
Mink October 2022Yes [2] Captive [3]
Mountain lion March 2023 [5]
Mouse June 2024Wild [5]
Owston's palm civet 2006 [1]
Pig 2004Captive [1]
Polar bear December 2023Wild [17]
Raccoon June 2022 [5]
Rat Feb 2025 [18]
Red fox May 2021Wild [19]
Sea lion November 2022Wild [20]
Sheep March 2025 [21]
Skunk August 2022 [5]
Striped skunk June 2022 [5]
Tiger 2003Captive [1]
Virginia opossum May 2022 [5]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Kaplan, Bryan; Webby, Richard (5 December 2013). "The avian and mammalian host range of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza". Virus Research. 178 (1): 3–11. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2013.09.004. PMC   3922066 . PMID   24025480.
  2. 1 2 Nuki, Paul (2 February 2023). "How worried should we be about avian flu?". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  3. 1 2 3 Pelley, Lauren (2 February 2023). "Bird flu keeps spreading beyond birds. Scientists worry it signals a growing threat to humans, too". CBC News. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  4. ↑ "Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 Detections in Alpacas". USDA. APHIS. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 "Detections of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Mammals". Avian Influenza. USDA APHIS. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
  6. ↑ Schnirring, Lisa (20 July 2023). "H5N1 avian flu strikes more Finnish fur farms, second fox species". University of Minnesota. CIDRAP. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  7. ↑ Merrick, Jane (1 February 2023). "Mass death of seals raises fears bird flu is jumping between mammals, threatening new pandemic". The i newspaper. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  8. ↑ Polansek, Tom (19 April 2024). "USDA confirms cow-to-cow transmission a factor in bird flu spread". Reuters. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  9. ↑ Burrough ER, Magstadt DR, Petersen B, Timmermans SJ, Gauger PC, Zhang J, Siepker C, Mainenti M, Li G, Thompson AC, Gorden PJ, Plummer PJ, Main R (April 2024). "Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus Infection in Domestic Dairy Cattle and Cats, United States, 2024". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 30 (7): 1335–1343. doi:10.3201/eid3007.240508. PMC   11210653 . PMID   38683888. Cow-to-cow transmission appears to have occurred because infections were observed in cattle on Michigan, Idaho, and Ohio farms where avian influenza virus-infected cows were transported.
  10. ↑ Lee CY (July 2024). "Exploring Potential Intermediates in the Cross-Species Transmission of Influenza A Virus to Humans". Viruses. 16 (7): 1129. doi: 10.3390/v16071129 . PMC   11281536 . PMID   39066291. More importantly, cow-to-human transmissions were confirmed by monitoring people exposed to the infected cows or contaminated materials including cow's milk.
  11. ↑ Martins RP, Marc D, Germon P, Trapp S, Caballero-Posadas I (January 2025). "Influenza A virus in dairy cattle: infection biology and potential mammary gland-targeted vaccines". npj Vaccines. 10 (1): 8. doi:10.1038/s41541-025-01063-7. PMC   11730657 . PMID   39805898. This threat has recently reached an unprecedented alarming level after the reports of sustained HPAIV (H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b) infections in dairy cattle and cases of cow-to-human transmission in the USA.
  12. ↑ Schnirring, Lisa (25 March 2024). "Sick cows in 2 states test positive for avian flu". University of Minnesota. CIDRAP. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  13. 1 2 Hinds, Tom (22 January 2024). "Catastrophic Mortality of Elephant Seals in Argentina Identified as Outbreak of Avian Influenza". UC Davis. Veterinary Medecine. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  14. ↑ Balla, Reemul (2 February 2023). "Bird flu found in nine otters and foxes since 2021". Sky News. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  15. ↑ Schnirring, Lisa (20 March 2024). "Avian flu detected for first time in US livestock". University of Minnesota. CIDRAP. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  16. ↑ "Past Reported Global Human Cases with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) (HPAI H5N1) by Country, 1997-2024". cdc.gov. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  17. ↑ Weston, Phoebe (2 January 2024). "Polar bear dies from bird flu as H5N1 spreads across globe". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  18. ↑ "Bird flu confirmed in rats for first time, USDA reports - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. 2025-02-20. Retrieved 2025-02-21.
  19. ↑ Rijks, Jolianne; Hesselink, Hanna; Lollinga, Pim; Wesselman, Renee; Prins, Pier; Weesendorp, Eefke; Engelsma, Marc; Heutink, Rene; Harders, Frank; Kik, Marja; Rozendaal, Harry; van den Kerkhof, Hans; Beerens, Nancy (November 2021). "Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in Wild Red Foxes, the Netherlands, 2021". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 27 (11): 2960–2962. doi:10.3201/eid2711.211281. PMC   8544991 . PMID   34670656.
  20. ↑ Prater, Erin (8 February 2023). "The spillover of bird flu to mammals must be 'monitored closely,' WHO officials warn: 'We need to be ready to face outbreaks in humans'". Fortune. Archived from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
  21. ↑ "First case of bird flu in sheep found on Yorkshire farm". www.bbc.com. 24 March 2025. Retrieved 24 March 2025.

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