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The list of people indicted in the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda includes all individuals who have been indicted on any counts of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, or contempt of the Tribunal by the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) pursuant to the Statute of the Tribunal. An individual is indicted when a Trial Chamber confirms an indictment submitted to it by the Prosecutor. The Trial Chamber may also "issue such orders and warrants for the arrest, detention, surrender or transfer of persons, and any other orders as may be required for the conduct of the trial." [1] [2] [3]
The ICTR indicted a total of 96 individuals. One individual remains at large as a fugitive and if captured will be tried before the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals (the IRMCT). The proceedings against one individual are suspended before the IRMCT. The ICTR (or the IRMCT as its successor) convicted 61 individuals: 25 of whom are currently serving sentences, 22 of whom have completed their sentences, and 14 of whom died while serving their sentences. The Tribunal acquitted 14 individuals and transferred the cases against 10 individuals to national jurisdictions. Proceedings against nine individuals ended before a final judgment was rendered: two of whom had their charges dismissed by the Tribunal, two of whom had their charges withdrawn by the Prosecutor, and five of whom died.
The list below details the counts against each individual indicted in the Tribunal and his or her current status. The column titled G lists the number of counts (if any) of the crime of genocide with which an individual has been charged. H list the number of counts of crimes against humanity, W the number of counts of war crimes and C the number of counts of contempt of the Tribunal. Note that these are the counts with which an individual was indicted, not convicted.
Name | Indicted | G | H | W | C | Transferred to the ICTR | Current status [upper-alpha 1] | Ind. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ignace Bagilishema [upper-alpha 2] | 28 November 1995 | 2 | 3 | 2 | — | 20 February 1999 | Acquitted on 7 June 2001 (released on 8 June 2001) [5] | [6] |
Clément Kayishema | 28 November 1995 | 4 | 12 | 8 | — | 26 May 1996 | Died on 29 October 2016 while serving sentence of life imprisonment [5] [7] | [8] |
Aloys Ndimbati | 28 November 1995 | 2 | 3 | 2 | — | Case referred to Rwanda on 25 June 2012 [5] [9] | [10] | |
Charles Ryandikayo | 28 November 1995 | 2 | 3 | 2 | — | Case referred to Rwanda on 20 June 2012 [5] [11] | [10] | |
Charles Sikubwabo | 28 November 1995 | 3 | 6 | 4 | — | Case referred to Rwanda on 26 March 2012 [5] [12] | [10] | |
Mikaeli Muhimana | 28 November 1995 | 2 | 2 | — | — | 8 November 1999 | Died on 26 October 2023 while serving sentence of life imprisonment [5] [13] | [14] |
Vincent Rutaganira | 28 November 1995 | 5 | 12 | 8 | — | 4 March 2002 | Completed sentence of 6 years' imprisonment on 2 March 2008 [5] [15] | [10] |
Obed Ruzindana [upper-alpha 3] | 28 November 1995 | 1 | 3 | 2 | — | 22 September 1996 | Completed commuted sentence on 28 February 2014 [5] [16] | [8] |
Jean-Paul Akayesu | 16 February 1996 | 3 | 7 | 5 | — | 26 May 1996 | Serving sentence of life imprisonment in Benin [17] [18] | [19] |
Georges Rutaganda | 16 February 1996 | 1 | 4 | 3 | — | 26 May 1996 | Died on 11 October 2010 while serving sentence of life imprisonment [20] [21] | [22] |
Ladislas Ntaganzwa | 19 June 1996 | 4 | 4 | 1 | — | Case referred to Rwanda on 8 May 2012 [23] [24] | [25] | |
Elizaphan Ntakirutimana | 20 June 1996 | 3 | 3 | 1 | — | 24 March 2000 | Completed sentence of 10 years' imprisonment on 6 December 2006 [26] [27] | [28] |
Gérard Ntakirutimana [upper-alpha 4] | 20 June 1996 | 3 | 3 | 1 | — | 30 November 1996 | Completed commuted sentence on 26 March 2014 [29] [30] | [28] |
Élie Ndayambaje | 20 June 1996 | 4 | 4 | 1 | — | 8 November 1996 | Serving sentence of 47 years' imprisonment in Senegal [31] [32] [7] | [33] |
Ferdinand Nahimana [upper-alpha 5] | 12 July 1996 | 4 | 3 | — | — | 23 January 1997 | Completed commuted sentence on 22 September 2016 [34] [35] | [36] |
Anatole Nsengiyumva | 12 July 1996 | 4 | 5 | 2 | — | 23 January 1997 | Completed sentence of 15 years imprisonment on 14 December 2011 [37] [38] | [39] |
Alfred Musema | 15 July 1996 | 3 | 4 | 2 | — | 20 May 1997 | Serving sentence of life imprisonment in Benin [40] [41] | [42] |
Eliézer Niyitegeka | 15 July 1996 | 4 | 4 | 2 | — | 11 February 1998 | Died on 28 March 2018 while serving sentence of life imprisonment [43] [44] | [45] |
Joseph Kanyabashi | 15 July 1996 | 4 | 4 | 1 | — | 8 November 1996 | Completed sentence of 20 years' imprisonment on 14 December 2015 [46] [32] | [47] |
Théoneste Bagosora | 10 August 1996 | 3 | 6 | 3 | — | 23 January 1997 | Died on 25 September 2021 while serving sentence of 35 years' imprisonment [48] [38] [49] | [50] |
André Ntagerura | 10 August 1996 | 4 | 1 | 1 | — | 23 January 1997 | Acquitted on 8 February 2006 (released on 25 February 2004) [51] | [52] |
Arsène Shalom Ntahobali | 29 May 1997 | 4 | 5 | 2 | — | 18 July 1997 | Serving sentence of 47 years' imprisonment in Senegal [53] [32] [7] | [54] |
Pauline Nyiramasuhuko | 29 May 1997 | 4 | 5 | 2 | — | 18 July 1997 | Serving sentence of 47 years' imprisonment in Senegal [53] [32] [55] | [54] |
Hassan Ngeze | 3 October 1997 | 4 | 3 | — | — | 18 July 1997 | Serving sentence of 35 years' imprisonment in Benin [56] [57] | [58] |
Georges Ruggiu [upper-alpha 6] | 9 October 1997 | 3 | 3 | — | — | 23 July 1997 | Completed commuted sentence on 21 April 2009 [60] [61] | [62] |
Emmanuel Bagambiki | 10 October 1997 | 3 | 3 | 1 | — | 10 July 1998 | Acquitted on 8 February 2006 (released on 25 February 2004) [63] | [64] |
Samuel Imanishimwe | 10 October 1997 | 3 | 4 | 1 | — | 11 August 1997 | Completed sentence of 12 years' imprisonment on 8 August 2009 [63] [65] | [64] |
Yussuf Munyakazi [upper-alpha 7] | 10 October 1997 | 1 | 1 | — | — | 7 May 2004 | Died on 12 December 2020 while serving sentence of 25 years' imprisonment [63] [66] [67] | [68] |
Gratien Kabiligi | 15 October 1997 | 3 | 5 | 2 | — | 18 July 1997 | Acquitted on 18 December 2008 [69] | [70] |
Aloys Ntabakuze | 15 October 1997 | 3 | 5 | 2 | — | 18 July 1997 | Serving sentence of 35 years' imprisonment in Benin [69] [71] [72] | [70] |
Jean Kambanda | 16 October 1997 | 4 | 2 | — | — | 18 July 1997 | Serving sentence of life imprisonment in Senegal [73] [74] | [75] |
Sylvain Nsabimana | 16 October 1997 | 4 | 4 | 1 | — | 16 July 1997 | Completed sentence of 18 years' imprisonment on 14 December 2015 [76] [32] | [77] |
Alphonse Nteziryayo [upper-alpha 8] | 16 October 1997 | 4 | 4 | 1 | — | 21 May 1998 | Completed commuted sentence on 9 March 2016 [76] [78] | [77] |
Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza | 23 October 1997 | 4 | 3 | 2 | — | 19 November 1997 | Died on 25 April 2010 while serving sentence of 32 years' imprisonment [79] | [80] |
Laurent Semanza | 23 October 1997 | 3 | 8 | 3 | — | 19 November 1997 | Serving sentence of 34 years and 6 months' imprisonment in Benin [81] [82] [83] | [84] |
Augustin Bizimana | 29 August 1998 | 2 | 6 | 5 | — | Died on 5 August 2000; proceedings terminated on 4 November 2020 [85] [86] | [87] | |
Édouard Karemera | 29 August 1998 | 4 | 5 | 1 | — | 7 October 1998 | Died on 31 August 2020 while serving sentence of life imprisonment [85] [88] [89] | [90] |
Callixte Nzabonimana | 29 August 1998 | 4 | 5 | 2 | — | 19 February 2008 | Serving sentence of life imprisonment in Benin [85] [91] [92] | [93] |
Mathieu Ngirumpatse | 29 August 1998 | 4 | 5 | 1 | — | 7 October 1998 | Serving sentence of life imprisonment in Senegal [85] [88] [7] | [90] |
Félicien Kabuga | 29 August 1998 | 3 | 3 | — | — | 26 October 2020 | Proceedings suspended [85] [94] [95] | [96] |
Juvénal Kajelijeli | 29 August 1998 | 4 | 5 | 2 | — | 10 September 1998 | Serving sentence of 45 years' imprisonment in Benin [85] | [97] |
André Rwamakuba | 29 August 1998 | 2 | 2 | — | — | 23 October 1998 | Acquitted on 20 September 2006 [85] | [98] |
Bernard Ntuyahaga | 29 August 1998 | — | 1 | — | — | 18 June 1998 | Charges withdrawn on 18 March 1999 (released on 18 March 1999) [99] [100] | [101] |
Omar Serushago [upper-alpha 9] | 29 September 1998 | 1 | 4 | — | — | 10 July 1998 | Completed commuted sentence on 12 December 2012 [102] [103] | [104] |
Jérôme Bicamumpaka | 12 May 1999 | 4 | 3 | 2 | — | 31 July 1999 | Acquitted on 30 September 2011 [105] [106] | [107] |
Casimir Bizimungu | 12 May 1999 | 4 | 3 | 2 | — | 23 February 1999 | Acquitted on 30 September 2011 [105] [106] | [107] |
Justin Mugenzi | 12 May 1999 | 4 | 3 | 2 | — | 31 July 1999 | Acquitted on 4 February 2013 [105] [108] | [107] |
Prosper Mugiraneza | 12 May 1999 | 4 | 3 | 2 | — | 31 July 1999 | Acquitted on 4 February 2013 [105] [108] | [107] |
Jean de Dieu Kamuhanda | 1 October 1999 | 3 | 4 | 2 | — | 7 March 2000 | Serving sentence of life imprisonment in Senegal [109] [110] | [111] |
Augustin Ngirabatware [upper-alpha 10] | 1 October 1999 | 4 | 4 | 2 | — | 8 October 2008 | Serving sentence of 30 years' imprisonment in Senegal [109] [112] [113] | [114] |
Augustin Bizimungu | 28 January 2000 | 3 | 3 | 2 | — | 15 August 2002 | Serving sentence of 30 years' imprisonment in Benin [115] [116] [117] | [118] |
Augustin Ndindiliyimana | 28 January 2000 | 3 | 2 | 1 | — | 25 April 2000 | Acquitted on 11 February 2014 (released on 17 May 2011) [115] [119] | [118] |
Protais Mpiranya | 28 January 2000 | 2 | 5 | 1 | — | Died on 5 October 2006; proceedings terminated on 14 September 2022 [115] [120] [121] | [122] | |
François-Xavier Nzuwonemeye | 28 January 2000 | 1 | 2 | 2 | — | 23 May 2000 | Acquitted on 11 February 2014 [115] [119] | [118] |
Innocent Sagahutu [upper-alpha 11] | 28 January 2000 | 1 | 2 | 2 | — | 24 November 2000 | Completed commuted sentence on 9 May 2014 [115] [119] [123] | [118] |
Ildephonse Hategekimana [upper-alpha 12] | 2 February 2000 | 3 | 2 | — | — | 19 February 2003 | Serving sentence of life imprisonment in Benin [124] [125] [72] | [126] |
Tharcisse Muvunyi [upper-alpha 13] | 2 February 2000 | 3 | 2 | — | — | 30 October 2000 | Completed commuted sentence on 6 March 2012 [124] [127] | [128] |
Ildéphonse Nizeyimana [upper-alpha 14] | 2 February 2000 | 4 | 4 | 2 | — | 6 October 2009 | Serving sentence of 35 years' imprisonment in Benin [124] [91] [129] | [130] |
Juvénal Rugambarara [upper-alpha 15] | 13 July 2000 | — | 1 | — | — | 13 August 2003 | Completed commuted sentence on 8 February 2012 [131] [132] | [133] |
Paul Bisengimana [upper-alpha 16] | 17 July 2000 | 4 | 5 | 3 | — | 11 March 2002 | Completed commuted sentence on 11 December 2012 [134] [135] | [136] |
Jean-Baptiste Gatete | 19 December 2000 | 3 | 3 | — | — | 13 September 2002 | Serving sentence of 40 years' imprisonment in Benin [137] [138] [139] | [140] |
Samuel Musabyimana | 31 March 2001 | 2 | 1 | — | — | 26 April 2001 | Died on 24 January 2003; proceedings terminated on 20 February 2003 [141] [142] | [143] |
Sylvestre Gacumbitsi | 20 June 2001 | 2 | 3 | — | — | 1 June 2001 | Died on 10 September 2023 while serving sentence of life imprisonment [144] [145] | [146] |
Siméon Nchamihigo | 23 June 2001 | 1 | 3 | — | — | 25 May 2001 | Serving sentence of 35 years' imprisonment in Benin [147] [72] | [148] |
Grégoire Ndahimana | 3 July 2001 | 3 | 1 | — | — | 21 September 2009 | Serving sentence of 25 years' imprisonment in Benin [149] [150] [151] | [152] |
Fulgence Kayishema | 4 July 2001 | 3 | 1 | — | — | Case referred to Rwanda on 22 February 2012 [153] [154] | [155] | |
Athanase Seromba | 4 July 2001 | 2 | 1 | — | — | 6 February 2002 | Serving sentence of life imprisonment in Benin [156] | [157] |
Simon Bikindi | 5 July 2001 | 4 | 2 | — | — | 27 March 2002 | Completed sentence of 15 years' imprisonment on 12 June 2016 [158] [159] | [160] |
Emmanuel Ndindabahizi | 5 July 2001 | 1 | 2 | — | — | 25 September 2001 | Serving sentence of life imprisonment in Benin [161] | [162] |
Hormisdas Nsengimana | 5 July 2001 | 2 | 1 | — | — | 10 April 2002 | Acquitted on 17 November 2009 [163] | [164] |
Emmanuel Rukundo [upper-alpha 17] | 5 July 2001 | 1 | 2 | — | — | 20 September 2001 | Completed commuted sentence on 15 November 2016 [165] [166] | [167] |
Protais Zigiranyirazo | 20 July 2001 | 3 | 2 | — | — | 3 October 2001 | Acquitted on 16 November 2009 [168] | [169] |
Jean Mpambara | 23 July 2001 | 2 | 1 | — | — | 23 June 2001 | Acquitted on 12 September 2006 [170] | [171] |
François Karera | 2 August 2001 | 2 | 2 | — | — | 21 October 2001 | Died on 9 May 2022 while serving sentence of life imprisonment [172] [173] | [174] |
Jean Uwinkindi [upper-alpha 18] | 21 September 2001 | 1 | 1 | — | — | 2 July 2010 | Case referred to Rwanda on 28 June 2011 (transferred on 19 April 2012) [175] [176] | [177] |
Joseph Nzabirinda | 13 December 2001 | 2 | 2 | — | — | 21 March 2002 | Completed sentence of 7 years' imprisonment on 19 December 2008 [178] [179] | [180] |
Joseph Nzirorera | 13 December 2001 | 4 | 2 | 1 | — | 10 July 1998 | Died on 1 July 2010; proceedings terminated on 1 July 2010 [181] [182] | [90] |
Aloys Simba [upper-alpha 19] | 8 January 2002 | 2 | 2 | — | — | 11 March 2002 | Died on 4 July 2023 while on parole from sentence of 25 years' imprisonment [183] [184] [185] [186] | [187] |
Gaspard Kanyarukiga | 4 March 2002 | 3 | 1 | — | — | 19 July 2004 | Serving sentence of 30 years' imprisonment in Benin [188] [189] [72] | [190] |
Phénéas Munyarugarama | 4 March 2002 | 3 | 4 | — | — | Case referred to Rwanda on 5 October 2012 [191] | [192] | |
Léonidas Rusatira | 12 April 2002 | 2 | 2 | 1 | — | Charges withdrawn on 14 August 2002 [193] | [194] | |
Tharcisse Renzaho | 15 November 2002 | 2 | 2 | 2 | — | 30 September 2002 | Serving sentence of life imprisonment in Senegal [195] [196] | [197] |
Ephrem Setako | 22 March 2004 | 2 | 2 | 2 | — | 17 November 2004 | Died on 6 November 2016 while serving sentence of 25 years' imprisonment [198] [199] [7] | [200] |
Bernard Munyagishari | 9 June 2005 | 3 | 2 | — | — | 14 June 2011 | Case referred to Rwanda on 3 May 2013 (transferred on 24 July 2013) [201] [202] | [203] |
Dominique Ntawukulilyayo [upper-alpha 20] | 13 June 2005 | 3 | — | — | — | 5 June 2008 | Serving sentence of 20 years' imprisonment in Benin [204] [205] [206] | [207] |
Juvénal Uwilingiyimana | 13 June 2005 | 4 | 1 | — | — | Died on 17 December 2005; proceedings terminated [208] [209] | [210] | |
Laurent Bucyibaruta | 17 June 2005 | 3 | 3 | — | — | Case referred to France on 20 November 2007 [211] [212] | [213] | |
Callixte Kalimanzira | 22 July 2005 | 3 | — | — | — | 8 November 2005 | Died on 1 October 2015 while serving sentence of 25 years' imprisonment [214] [7] | [215] |
Joseph Serugendo | 22 July 2005 | 3 | 2 | — | — | 23 September 2005 | Died on 22 August 2006 while serving sentence of 6 years' imprisonment [216] | [217] |
Wenceslas Munyeshyaka | 22 July 2005 | 1 | 3 | — | — | Case referred to France on 20 November 2007 [218] [219] | [220] | |
Michel Bagaragaza [upper-alpha 21] | 28 July 2005 | 3 | — | 1 | — | 15 August 2005 | Completed commuted sentence on 1 December 2011 [221] [222] | [223] |
GAA [upper-alpha 22] | 11 June 2007 | — | — | — | 6 | 1 August 2007 | Completed sentence of 9 months' imprisonment on 29 April 2008 [224] | [225] |
Léonidas Nshogoza | 4 January 2007 | — | — | — | 4 | 8 February 2008 | Completed sentence of 10 months' imprisonment on 2 July 2009 [226] | [227] |
Aphrodis Bugimgo | 12 March 2010 | — | — | — | 2 | Fugitive [228] | [229] | |
Deogratias Sebureze | 21 February 2013 | — | — | — | 2 | Summoned | Charges dismissed on 17 July 2013 [230] | [231] |
Maximilien Turinabo [upper-alpha 23] | 21 February 2013 | — | — | — | 3 | Summoned | Charges dismissed on 17 July 2013 [232] | [231] |
Notes
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The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda was an international court established in November 1994 by the United Nations Security Council in Resolution 955 in order to adjudicate people charged for the Rwandan genocide and other serious violations of international law in Rwanda, or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states, between 1 January and 31 December 1994. The court eventually convicted 61 individuals and acquitted 14.
Jean-Paul Akayesu is a former teacher, school inspector, and Republican Democratic Movement (MDR) politician from Rwanda, convicted of genocide for his role in inciting the Rwandan genocide.
Félicien Kabuga is a génocidaire and Rwandan businessman who played a major role in the run-up to the Genocide of the Rwandan Tutsis. A multimillionaire, he was closely connected to dictator Juvénal Habyarimana's Hutu nationalist MRND party and the Akazu, an informal group of Hutu extremists who helped lead the Rwandan genocide.
Ildephonse Hategekimana is a Rwandan soldier who participated in the Rwandan genocide.
Innocent Sagahutu is a former Rwandan soldier, who is chiefly known for his role in the Rwandan genocide.
The Special Court for Sierra Leone, or the "Special Court" (SCSL), also called the Sierra Leone Tribunal, was a judicial body set up by the government of Sierra Leone and the United Nations to "prosecute persons who bear the greatest responsibility for serious violations of international humanitarian law and Sierra Leonean law" committed in Sierra Leone after 30 November 1996 and during the Sierra Leone Civil War. The court's working language was English. The court listed offices in Freetown, The Hague, and New York City.
Franko "Frenki" Simatović is a Serbian former intelligence officer and commander of the elite special forces police unit Special Operations Unit (JSO) from 1991 to 1998.
Callixte Kalimanzira was the interior minister of the interim government of Rwanda during the 1994 genocide.
Grégoire Ndahimana is the former mayor of Kivumu, Rwanda. Indicted and arrested for alleged war crimes by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), Ndahimana is thought to be one of the key figures in the 1994 Rwandan genocide, and is claimed to have had up to 6,000 Tutsi killed. In 2013, he was convicted of genocide and crimes against humanity and sentenced to 25 years in prison.
The International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals, also referred to as the IRMCT or the Mechanism, is an international court established by the United Nations Security Council in 2010 to perform the remaining functions of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) following the completion of those tribunals' respective mandates.
The International Criminal Court investigation in Uganda or the situation in Uganda is an ongoing investigation by the International Criminal Court (ICC) into the Lord's Resistance Army insurgency which has been taking place in northern Uganda and neighbouring regions since 1987. The Lord's Resistance Army is a Christian-based group led by Joseph Kony that is accused of numerous human rights violations including massacres, the abduction of civilians, the use of child soldiers, sexual enslavement, torture, and pillaging. After the government of Uganda referred the matter to the ICC in December 2003, warrants of arrest were issued in 2005 for Joseph Kony, Raska Lukwiya, Okot Odhiambo, Dominic Ongwen, and Vincent Otti, who became the first people to be indicted by the Court.
The International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo or the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is an ongoing investigation by the International Criminal Court (ICC) into crimes committed in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) during the Second Congo War and its aftermath, including the Ituri and Kivu conflicts. The war started in 1998 and despite a peace agreement between combatants in 2003, conflict continued in the eastern parts of the country for several years. In April 2004 the government of the DRC formally referred the situation in the Congo to the International Criminal Court, and in June 2004, prosecutor Luis Moreno Ocampo, formally opened an investigation. To date, arrest warrants have been issued for:
Peter Robinson is an American lawyer who has defended political and military leaders at the United Nations International Criminal Tribunals. His clients include Bosnian Serb President Radovan Karadžić, Rwandan National Assembly President Joseph Nzirorera, Yugoslav Army Chief of Staff Dragoljub Ojdanic, and the lawyer for Liberian President Charles Taylor.
The partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina was discussed and attempted during the 20th century. The issue came to prominence during the Bosnian War, which also involved Bosnia and Herzegovina's largest neighbors, Croatia and Serbia. As of 2023, the country remains one state while internal political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina based on the 1995 Dayton Agreement remain in place.
Drew White (QC) is an international lawyer from Canada best known for his role in the conviction of Colonel Theoneste Bagosora, who the media dubbed "the mastermind" of the 1994 Rwanda genocide and who White referred to in his closing trial submissions as one of the "enemies of the human race".
The Kosovo Specialist Chambers (KSC) is a court of Kosovo, located in The Hague (Netherlands), hosting four Specialist Chambers and the Specialist Prosecutors Office, which may perform their activities either in the Netherlands or in Kosovo. The court is currently set up for delegating the trials of the crimes committed by members of the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), an ethnic-Albanian paramilitary organisation which sought the separation of Kosovo from Yugoslavia during the 1990s and the eventual creation of a Greater Albania. The alleged crimes concern the period 1998–2000, during and at the end of the Kosovo war and directed afterwards against "ethnic minorities and political opponents". The court was formally established in 2016. It is separate from other Kosovar institutions, and independent. It is composed of a Specialist Prosecutor's Office and four Specialist Chambers, with themselves comprising Judges' Chambers and a Registry.
Eliézer Niyitegeka was a journalist, former politician, and high level participant in the 1994 Rwandan genocide. After studying journalism in Romania, Niyitegeka became first a journalist and presenter with Radio Rwanda and subsequently a Member of Parliament, then executive in a textile company and businessman. In 1991, with the coming of multi party democracy to Rwanda, he was one of the founding members of the opposition party, the Republican Democratic Movement (MDR). MDR advocated democracy, individual freedoms, the reunion of Rwandans regardless of ethnic considerations, and the end of violence. Its motto, as shown in the party's statute, was: "Liberty, Justice and Work. From 1991 till 1994, he was President of the MDR in Kibuye prefecture. Niyitegeka also held a seat in the national political headquarters of his party.
Joseph Nzirorera was a Rwandan politician and accused génocidaires who was arrested by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) for his role in the Rwandan genocide.
While it must be recalled that possibilities exist for contempt/false testimony cases to be heard by the Tribunal in the three cases where indictments were confirmed before 1 July 2012, each could commence swiftly upon arrest and be completed quickly.