List of piezoelectric materials

This page lists properties of several commonly used piezoelectric materials.

Piezoelectric materials (PMs) can be broadly classified as either crystalline, ceramic, or polymeric. ^[1] The most commonly produced piezoelectric ceramics are lead zirconate titanate (PZT), barium titanate, and lead titanate. Gallium nitride and zinc oxide can also be regarded as a ceramic due to their relatively wide band gaps. Semiconducting PMs offer features such as compatibility with integrated circuits and semiconductor devices. Inorganic ceramic PMs offer advantages over single crystals, including ease of fabrication into a variety of shapes and sizes not constrained crystallographic directions. Organic polymer PMs, such as PVDF, have low Young's modulus compared to inorganic PMs. Piezoelectric polymers (PVDF, 240 mV-m/N) possess higher piezoelectric stress constants (g₃₃), an important parameter in sensors, than ceramics (PZT, 11 mV-m/N), which show that they can be better sensors than ceramics. Moreover, piezoelectric polymeric sensors and actuators, due to their processing flexibility, can be readily manufactured into large areas, and cut into a variety of shapes. In addition polymers also exhibit high strength, high impact resistance, low dielectric constant, low elastic stiffness, and low density, thereby a high voltage sensitivity which is a desirable characteristic along with low acoustic and mechanical impedance useful for medical and underwater applications.

Among PMs, PZT ceramics are popular as they have a high sensitivity, a high g₃₃ value. They are however brittle. Furthermore, they show low Curie temperature, leading to constraints in terms of applications in harsh environmental conditions. However, promising is the integration of ceramic disks into industrial appliances moulded from plastic. This resulted in the development of PZT-polymer composites, and the feasible integration of functional PM composites on large scale, by simple thermal welding or by conforming processes. Several approaches towards lead-free ceramic PM have been reported, such as piezoelectric single crystals (langasite), and ferroelectric ceramics with a perovskite structure and bismuth layer-structured ferroelectrics (BLSF), which have been extensively researched. Also, several ferroelectrics with perovskite-structure (BaTiO₃ [BT], (Bi_1/2Na_1/2) TiO₃ [BNT], (Bi_1/2K_1/2) TiO₃ [BKT], KNbO₃ [KN], (K, Na) NbO₃ [KNN]) have been investigated for their piezoelectric properties.

Key piezoelectric properties

The following table lists the following properties for piezoelectric materials

• The piezoelectric coefficients (d₃₃, d₃₁, d₁₅ etc.) measure the strain induced by an applied voltage (expressed as meters per volt). High d_ij coefficients indicate larger displacements which are needed for motoring transducer devices. The coefficient d₃₃ measures deformation in the same direction (polarization axis) as the induced potential, whereas d₃₁ describes the response when the force is applied perpendicular to the polarization axis. The d₁₅ coefficient measures the response when the applied mechanical stress is due to shear deformation.
• Relative permittivity (ε_r) is the ratio between the absolute permittivity of the piezoelectric material, ε, and the vacuum permittivity, ε_0.
• The electromechanical coupling factor k is an indicator of the effectiveness with which a piezoelectric material converts electrical energy into mechanical energy, or converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. The first subscript to k denotes the direction along which the electrodes are applied; the second denotes the direction along which the mechanical energy is applied, or developed.
• The mechanical quality factor Q_m is an important high-power property of piezoelectric ceramics. It is the inverse of the mechanical loss tan Φ.

Table

Single crystals
Reference	Material & heterostructure used for the characterization (electrodes/material, electrode/substrate)	Orientation	Piezoelectric coefficients, d (pC/N)	Relative permittivity, εr	Electromechanical coupling factor, k	Quality factor
Hutson 1963 [2]	AlN		d15 = -4.07per	ε33 = 11.4
			d31 = -2
			d33 = 5
Cook et al. 1963 [3]	BaTiO3		d15 = 392	ε11 = 2920	k15 = 0.57
			d31 = -34.5	ε33 = 168	k31 = 0.315
			d33 = 85.6		k33 = 0.56
Warner et al. 1967 [4]	LiNbO3 (Au-Au)	<001>	d15 = 68	ε11 = 84
			d22 = 21	ε33 = 30
			d31 = -1		k31 = 0.02
			d33 = 6		kt = 0.17
Smith et al. 1971 [5]	LiNbO3	<001>	d15 = 69.2	ε11 = 85.2
			d22 = 20.8	ε33 = 28.2
			d31 = -0.85
			d33 = 6
Yamada et al. 1967 [6]	LiNbO3 (Au-Au)	<001>	d15 = 74	ε11 = 84.6
			d22 = 21	ε33 = 28.6	k22 = 0.32
			d31 = -0.87		k31 = 0.023
			d33 = 16		k33 = 0.47
Yamada et al. 1969 [7]	LiTaO3		d15 = 26	ε11 = 53
			d22 = 8.5	ε33 = 44
			d31 = -3
			d33 = 9.2
Cao et al. 2002 [8]	PMN-PT (33%)		d15 = 146	ε11 = 1660	k15 = 0.32
			d31 = -1330	ε33 = 8200	k31 = 0.59
			d33 = 2820		k33 = 0.94
					kt = 0.64
Badel et al. 2006 [9]	PMN-25PT	<110>	d31 = -643	ε33 = 2560	k31 = -0.73	362
Kobiakov 1980 [10]	ZnO		d15 = -8.3	ε11 = 8.67	k15 = 0.199
			d31 = -5.12	ε33 = 11.26	k31 = 0.181
			d33 = 12.3		k33 = 0.466
Zgonik et al. 1994 [11]	ZnO (pure with lithium dopant)		d15 = -13.3		kr = 8.2
			d31 = -4.67
			d33 = 12.0
Zgonik et al. 1994 [12]	BaTiO3 single crystals	[001] (single domain)	d33 = 90
Zgonik et al. 1994 [12]	BaTiO3 single crystals	[111] (single domain)	d33 = 224
Zgonik et al. 1994 [12]	BaTiO3 single crystals	[111] neutral (domain size of 100 ľm)	d33 = 235	ε33 = 1984	k33 = 54.4
Zgonik et al. 1994 [12]	BaTiO3 single crystals	[111] neutral (domain size of 60 ľm)	d33 = 241	ε33 = 1959	k33 = 55.9
Zgonik et al. 1994 [12]	BaTiO3 single crystals	[111] (domain size of 22 ľm)	d33 = 256	ε33 = 2008	k33 = 64.7
Zgonik et al. 1994 [12]	BaTiO3 single crystals	[111] neutral (domain size of 15 ľm)	d33 = 274	ε33 = 2853	k33 = 66.1
Zgonik et al. 1994 [12]	BaTiO3 single crystals	[111] neutral (domain size of 14 ľm)	d33 = 289	ε33 = 1962	k33 = 66.7
Zgonik et al. 1994 [12]	BaTiO3 single crystals	[111] neutral	d33 = 331	ε33 = 2679	k33 = 65.2
[13]	LN crystal		d31 = -4.5 d33 = -0.27
Li et al. 2010 [14]	PMNT31		d33 = 2000	ε33 = 5100	k31 = 80
			d31 = -750
Zhang et al. 2002 [15]	PMNT31-A		1400	ε33 = 3600
Zhang et al. 2002 [15]	PMNT31-B		1500	ε33 = 4800
Zhang et al. 2002 [15]	PZNT4.5		d33 = 2100	ε33 = 4400	k31 = 83
			d31 = -900
Zhang et al. 2004 [16]	PZNT8		d33 = 2500	ε33 = 6000	k31 = 89
			d31 = -1300
Zhang et al. 2004 [16]	PZNT12		d33 = 576	ε33 = 870	k31 = 52
			d31 = -217
Yamashita et al. 1997 [17]	PSNT33			ε33 = 960	/
Yasuda et al. 2001 [18]	PINT28		700	ε33 = 1500	/
Guo et al. 2003 [19]	PINT34		2000	ε33 = 5000	/
Hosono et al. 2003 [20]	PIMNT		1950	ε33 = 3630	/
Zhang et al. 2002 [15]	PYNT40		d33 = 1200	ε33 = 2700	k31 = 76
			d31 = -500
Zhang et al. 2012 [21]	PYNT45		d33 = 2000	ε33 = 2000	k31 = 78
Zhang et al. 2003 [22]	BSPT57		d33 = 1200	ε33 = 3000	k31 = 77
			d31 = -560
Zhang et al. 2003 [23]	BSPT58		d33 = 1400	ε33 = 3200	k31 = 80
			d31 = -670
Zhang et al. 2004 [16]	BSPT66		d33 = 440	ε33 = 820	k31 = 52
			d31 = -162
Ye et al. 2008 [24]	BSPT57		d33 = 1150 d31 = -520	ε33 = 3000	k31 = 0.52 k33 = 0.91
Ye et al. 2008 [24]	BSPT66		d33 = 440	ε33 = 820	k31 = 0.52 k33 = 0.88
			d31 = -162
Ye et al. 2008 [24]	PZNT4.5		d33 = 2000 d31 = -970	ε33 = 5200	k31 = 0.50 k33 = 0.91
Ye et al. 2008 [24]	PZNT8		d31 = -1455	ε33 = 7700	k31 = 0.60 k33 = 0.94
Ye et al. 2008 [24]	PZNT12		d33 = 576 d31 = -217	ε33 = 870	k31 = 0.52 k33 = 0.86
Ye et al. 2008 [24]	PMNT33		d33 = 2820 d31 = -1330	ε33 = 8200	k31 = 0.59 k33 = 0.94
Matsubara et al. 2004 [25]	KCN-modified KNN		d33 = 100 d31 = -180	ε33 = 220-330	kp = 33-39	1200
Ryu et al. 2007 [26]	KZT modifiedKNN		d33 = 126	ε33 = 590	kp = 42	58
Matsubara et al. 2005 [27]	KCT modified KNN		d33 = 190	ε33 =	kp = 42	1300
Wang et al. 2007 [28]	Bi2O3 doped KNN		d33 = 127	ε33 = 1309	kp = 28.3
Jiang et al. 2009 [29]	doped KNN-0.005BF		d33 = 257	ε33 = 361	kp= 52	45

Ceramics
Reference	Material & heterostructure used for the characterization (electrodes/material, electrode/substrate)	Orientation	Piezoelectric coefficients, d (pC/N)	Relative permittivity, εr	Electromechanical coupling factor, k	Quality factor
Berlincourt et al. 1958 [30]	BaTiO3		d15 = 270	ε11 = 1440	k15 = 0.57
			d31 = -79	ε33 = 1680	k31 = 0.49
			d33 = 191		k33 = 0.47
Tang et al. 2011 [31]	BFO		d33 = 37		kt = 0.6
Zhang et al. 1999 [32]	PMN-PT		d31 = -74	ε33 = 1170	k31 = -0.312	283
[33]	PZT-5A		d31 = -171	ε33 = 1700	k31 = 0.34
			d33 = 374		k33 = 0.7
[34]	PZT-5H		d15 = 741	ε11 = 3130	k15 = 0.68	65
			d31 = -274	ε33 = 3400	k31 = 0.39
			d33 = 593		k33 = 0.75
[35]	PZT-5K		d33 = 870	ε33 = 6200	k33 = 0.75
Tanaka et al. 2009 [36]	PZN7%PT		d33 = 2400	εr = 6500	k33 = 0.94 kt = 0.55
Pang et al. 2010 [37]	ANSZ		d33 = 295	1.61	45.5	84
Park et al. 2006 [38]	KNN-BZ		d33 = 400	2	57.4	48
Cho et al. 2007 [39]	KNN-BT		d33 = 225	1.06	36.0
Park et al. 2007 [40]	KNN-ST		d33 = 220	1.45	40.0	70
Zhao et al. 2007 [41]	KNN-CT		d33 = 241	1.32	41.0
Zhang et al. 2006 [42]	LNKN		d33 = 314	~700	41.2
Saito et al. 2004 [43]	KNN-LS		d33 = 270	1.38	50.0
Saito et al. 2004 [43]	LF4		d33 = 300	1.57
Tanaka et al. 2009 [36]	Oriented LF4		d33 = 416	1.57	61.0
Pang et al. 2010 [37]	ANSZ		d33 = 295	1.61	45.5	84
Park et al. 2006 [38]	KNN-BZ		d33 = 400	2	57.4	48
Cho et al. 2007 [44]	KNN-BT		d33 = 225	1.06	36.0
Park et al. 2007 [40]	KNN-ST		d33 = 220	1.45	40.0	70
Maurya et al. 2013 [45]	KNN-CT		d33 = 241	1.32	41.0
Maurya et al. 2013 [45]	NBT-BT	(001) Textured samples	d33 = 322		...
Gao et al. 2008 [46]	NBT-BT-KBT	(001) Textured samples	d33 = 192
Zou et al. 2016 [47]	NBT-KBT	(001) Textured samples	d33 = 134		kp= 35
Saito et al. 2004 [43]	NBT-KBT	(001) Textured samples	d33 = 217		kp = 61
Chang et al. 2009 [48]	KNLNTS	(001) Textured samples	d33 = 416		kp = 64
Chang et al. 2011 [49]	KNNS	(001) Textured samples	d33 = 208		kp = 63
Hussain et al. 2013 [50]	KNLN	(001) Textured samples	d33 = 192		kp = 60
Takao et al. 2006 [51]	KNNT	(001) Textured samples	d33 = 390		kp = 54
Li et al. 2012 [52]	KNN 1 CuO	(001) Textured samples	d33 = 123		kp = 54
Cho et al. 2012 [53]	KNN-CuO	(001) Textured samples	d33 = 133		kp = 46
Hao et al. 2012 [54]	NKLNT	(001) Textured samples	d33 = 310		kp = 43
Gupta et al. 2014 [55]	KNLN	(001) Textured samples	d33 = 254
Hao et al. 2012 [54]	KNN	(001) Textured samples	d33 = 180		kp = 44
Bai et al. 2016 [56]	BCZT	(001) Textured samples	d33 = 470		kp = 47
Ye et al. 2013 [57]	BCZT	(001) Textured samples	d33 = 462		kp = 49
Schultheiß et al. 2017 [58]	BCZT-T-H	(001) Textured samples	d33 = 580
OMORI et al. 1990 [59]	BCT	(001) Textured samples	d33 = 170
Chan et al. 2008 [60]	Pz34 (doped PbTiO3)		d15 = 43.3	ε33 = 237	k31 = 4.6	700
			d31 = -5.1	ε33 = 208	k33 = 39.6
			d33 = 46		k15 = 22.8
					kp = 7.4
Lee et al. 2009 [61]	BNKLBT		d33 = 163	εr = 766	k31 = 0.188	142
				ε33 = 444.3	kt = 0.524
					kp = 0.328
Sasaki et al. 1999 [62]	KNLNTS			εr = 1156	k31 = 0.26	80
				ε33 = 746	kt = 0.32
					kp = 0.43
Takenaka et al. 1991 [63]	(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 (BNT)-based BNKT		d31 = 46	εr = 650	kp = 0.27
			d33 = 150		k31 = 0.165
Tanaka et al. 1960 [64]	(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 (BNT)-based BNBT		d31 = 40	εr = 580	k31 = 0.19
			d33 = 12.5		k33 = 0.55
Hutson 1960 [65]	CdS		d15 = -14.35
			d31 = -3.67
			d33 = 10.65
Schofield et al. 1957 [66]	CdS		d31 = -1.53
			d33 = 2.56
Egerton et al. 1959 [67]	BaCaOTi		d31 = -50		k15 = 0.19	400
			d33 = 150		k31 = 0.49
					k33 = 0.325
Ikeda et al. 1961 [68]	Nb2O6Pb		d31 = -11		kr = 0.07	11
			d33 = 80		k31 = 0.045
					k33 = 0.042
Ikeda et al. 1962 [69]	C6H17N3O10S		d23 = 84		k21 = 0.18
			d21 = 22.7		k22 = 0.18
			d25 = 22		k23 = 0.44
Brown et al. 1962 [70]	BaTiO3 (95%) BaZrO3 (5%)				k15 = 0.15	200
			d31 = -60		k31 = 0.40
			d33 = 150		k33 = 0.28
Huston 1960 [65]	BaNb2O6 (60%) Nb2O6Pb (40%)		d31 = -25		kr = 0.16
Baxter et al. 1960 [71]	BaNb2O6 (50%) Nb2O6Pb (50%)		d31= -36		kr = 0.16
Pullin 1962 [72]	BaTiO3 (97%) CaTiO3 (3%)		d31 = -53	ε33 = 1390	k15 = 0.39
			d33 = 135		k31 = 0.17
					k33 = 0.43
Berlincourt et al. 1960 [73]	BaTiO3 (95%) CaTiO3 (5%)		d15 = -257	ε33 = 1355	k15 = 0.495	500
			d31 = -58		k31 = 0.19
			d33 = 150		k33 = 0.49
					kr = 0.3
Berlincourt et al. 1960 [73]	BaTiO3 (96%) PbTiO3 (4%)		d31 = -38	ε33 = 990	k15 = 0.34
			d33 = 105		k31 = 0.14
					k33 = 0.39
Jaffe et al. 1955 [74]	PbHfO3 (50%) PbTiO3 (50%)		d31 = -54		kr = 0.38
Kell 1962 [75]	Nb2O6Pb (80%) BaNb2O6 (20%)		d31 = 25		kr = 0.20	15
Brown et al. 1962 [70]	Nb2O6Pb (70%) BaNb2O6 (30%)		d31 = -40	ε33 = 900	k31 = 0.13	350
			d33 = 100		k33 = 0.3
					kr = 0.24
Berlincourt et al. 1960 [76]	PbTiO3 (52%) PbZrO3 (48%)		d15 = 166		k15 = 0.40	1170
			d31 = -43		k31 = 0.17
			d33 = 110		k33 = 0.43
					kr = 0.28
Berlincourt et al. 1960 [77]	PbTiO3 (50%) lead Zirconate (50%)		d15 = 166		k15 = 0.504	950
			d31 = -43		k31 = 0.23
			d33 = 110		k33 = 0.546
					kr = 0.397
Egerton et al. 1959 [67]	KNbO3 (50%) NaNbO3 (50%)		d31 = -32			140
			d33 = 80		k31 = 0.21
					k33 = 0.51
Brown et al. 1962 [70]	NaNbO3 (80%) Cd2Nb2O7 (20%)		d31 = -80	ε33 = 2000	k31 = 0.17
			d33 = 200		k33 = 0.42
					kr = 0.30
Schofield et al. 1957 [66]	BaTiO3 (95%) CaTiO3 (5%) CoCO3 (0.25%)		d31 = -60	ε33 = 1605	kr = 0.33
Pullin 1962 [72]	BaTiO3 (80%) PbTiO3 (12%) CaTiO3 (8%)		d31 = -31		k31 = 0.15	1200
			d33 = 79		k33 = 0.41
					kr = 0.24
Defaÿ 2011 [78]	AlN (Pt-Mo)		d31 = -2.5
Shibata et al. 2011 [79]	KNN(Pt-Pt)	<001>	d31 = -96.3	εr = 1100
			d33 = 138.2
Sessler 1981 [80]	PVDF		d31 = 17.9		k31 = 10.3
			d32 = 0.9		k33 = 12.6
			d33 = -27.1
Ren et al. 2017 [81]	PVDF		d31 = 23	εr = 106
			d32 = 2
			d33 = -21
Tsubouchi et al. 1981 [82]	Epi AlN/Al2O3	<001>	d33 = 5.53	ε33 = 9.5	kt = 6.5	2490

Nanomaterials
Reference	Material	Structure	Piezoelectric coefficients, d (pC/N)	Characterization method	Size (nm)
Ke et al. 2008 [83]	NaNbO3	nanowire	d33 = 0.85-4.26 pm/V	PFM	d = 100
Wang et al. 2008 [84]	KNbO3	nanowire	d33 = 0.9 pm/V	PFM	d = 100
Zhang et al. 2004 [85]	PZT	nanowire		PFM	d = 45
Zhao et al. 2004 [86]	ZnO	nanobelt	d33 = 14.3-26.7 pm/V	PFM	w = 360 t = 65
Luo et al. 2003 [87]	PZT	nanoshell	d33 = 90 pm/V	PFM	d = 700 t = 90
Yun et al. 2002 [88]	BaTiO3	nanowire	d33 = 0.5 pm/V	PFM	d = 120
Lin et al. 2008 [89]	CdS	nanowire		Bending with AFM tip	d = 150
Wang et al. 2007 [90]	PZT	nanofiber	piezoelectric voltage constant~0.079 Vm/N	Bending using a tungsten probe	d = 10
Wang et al. 2007 [91]	BaTiO3	-	d33 = 45 pC/N	Direct tensile test	d ~ 280
Jeong et al. 2014 [92]	Alkaline niobate (KNLN)	film	d33 = 310 pC/N	-
Park et al. 2010 [93]	BaTiO3	Thin film	d33 = 190 pC/N
Stoppel et al. 2011 [94]	AlN	Thin film	d33 =5 pC/N	AFM
Lee et al. 2017 [95]	WSe2	2D nanosheet	d11 = 3.26 pm/V
Zhu et al. 2014 [96]	MoS2	Free standing layer	e11 = 2900pc/m	AFM
Zhong et al. 2017 [97]	PET/EVA/PET	film	d33 = 6300 pC/N

References

1. Liu, Huicong; Zhong, Junwen; Lee, Chengkuo; Lee, Seung-Wuk; Lin, Liwei (December 2018). "A comprehensive review on piezoelectric energy harvesting technology: Materials, mechanisms, and applications". Applied Physics Reviews. 5 (4): 041306. Bibcode:2018ApPRv...5d1306L. doi:10.1063/1.5074184. ISSN   1931-9401. S2CID   117451095.
2. Hutson, Andrew R. "Piezoelectric devices utilizing aluminum nitride." U.S. Patent 3,090,876, issued May 21, 1963.
3. Cook, W. R.; Berlincourt, D. A.; Scholz, F. J. (May 1963). "Thermal Expansion and Pyroelectricity in Lead Titanate Zirconate and Barium Titanate". Journal of Applied Physics. 34 (5): 1392–1398. Bibcode:1963JAP....34.1392C. doi:10.1063/1.1729587. ISSN   0021-8979.
4. Warner, A. W.; Onoe, M.; Coquin, G. A. (December 1967). "Determination of Elastic and Piezoelectric Constants for Crystals in Class (3m)". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 42 (6): 1223–1231. Bibcode:1967ASAJ...42.1223W. doi:10.1121/1.1910709. ISSN   0001-4966.
5. Smith, R. T.; Welsh, F. S. (May 1971). "Temperature Dependence of the Elastic, Piezoelectric, and Dielectric Constants of Lithium Tantalate and Lithium Niobate". Journal of Applied Physics. 42 (6): 2219–2230. Bibcode:1971JAP....42.2219S. doi:10.1063/1.1660528. ISSN   0021-8979.
6. Yamada, Tomoaki; Niizeki, Nobukazu; Toyoda, Hiroo (February 1967). "Piezoelectric and Elastic Properties of Lithium Niobate Single Crystals". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 6 (2): 151–155. Bibcode:1967JaJAP...6..151Y. doi:10.1143/jjap.6.151. ISSN   0021-4922. S2CID   122641950.
7. Yamada, Tomoaki; Iwasaki, Hiroshi; Niizeki, Nobukazu (September 1969). "Piezoelectric and Elastic Properties of LiTaO3: Temperature Characteristics". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 8 (9): 1127–1132. Bibcode:1969JaJAP...8.1127Y. doi: 10.1143/jjap.8.1127 . ISSN   0021-4922. S2CID   120188917.
8. Cao, Hu; Luo, Haosu (January 2002). "Elastic, Piezoelectric and Dielectric Properties of Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 -38%PbTiO 3 Single Crystal". Ferroelectrics. 274 (1): 309–315. Bibcode:2002Fer...274..309C. doi:10.1080/00150190213965. ISSN   0015-0193. S2CID   122744640.
9. Badel, A.; Benayad, A.; Lefeuvre, E.; Lebrun, L.; Richard, C.; Guyomar, D. (April 2006). "Single crystals and nonlinear process for outstanding vibration-powered electrical generators". IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control. 53 (4): 673–684. doi:10.1109/TUFFC.2006.1621494. ISSN   0885-3010. PMID   16615571.
10. Kobiakov, I.B. (July 1980). "Elastic, piezoelectric and dielectric properties of ZnO and CdS single crystals in a wide range of temperatures". Solid State Communications. 35 (3): 305–310. Bibcode:1980SSCom..35..305K. doi:10.1016/0038-1098(80)90502-5. ISSN   0038-1098.
11. Zgonik, M.; Bernasconi, P.; Duelli, M.; Schlesser, R.; Günter, P.; Garrett, M. H.; Rytz, D.; Zhu, Y.; Wu, X. (September 1994). "Dielectric, elastic, piezoelectric, electro-optic, and elasto-optic tensors of BaTiO3 crystals". Physical Review B. 50 (9): 5941–5949. Bibcode:1994PhRvB..50.5941Z. doi:10.1103/physrevb.50.5941. ISSN   0163-1829. PMID   9976963.
12. Zgonik, M.; Bernasconi, P.; Duelli, M.; Schlesser, R.; Günter, P.; Garrett, M. H.; Rytz, D.; Zhu, Y.; Wu, X. (September 1994). "Dielectric, elastic, piezoelectric, electro-optic, and elasto-optic tensors of BaTiO3 crystals". Physical Review B. 50 (9): 5941–5949. Bibcode:1994PhRvB..50.5941Z. doi:10.1103/physrevb.50.5941. ISSN   0163-1829. PMID   9976963.
13. "LiNbO3 Properties". unitedcrystals.com. Retrieved 2020-01-26.
14. Li, Fei; Zhang, Shujun; Xu, Zhuo; Wei, Xiaoyong; Luo, Jun; Shrout, Thomas R. (2010-04-15). "Investigation of Electromechanical Properties and Related Temperature Characteristics in Domain-Engineered Tetragonal Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 Crystals". Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 93 (9): 2731–2734. doi:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.03760.x. ISSN   0002-7820.
15. Zhang, Shujun; Laurent, Lebrun; Rhee, Sorah; Randall, Clive A.; Shrout, Thomas R. (2002-07-29). "Shear-mode piezoelectric properties of Pb(Yb1/2Nb1/2)O3–PbTiO3 single crystals". Applied Physics Letters. 81 (5): 892–894. Bibcode:2002ApPhL..81..892Z. doi:10.1063/1.1497435. ISSN   0003-6951.
16. Zhang, Shujun; Randall, Clive A.; Shrout, Thomas R. (July 2004). "Dielectric, piezoelectric and elastic properties of tetragonal BiScO3-PbTiO3 single crystal with single domain". Solid State Communications. 131 (1): 41–45. Bibcode:2004SSCom.131...41Z. doi:10.1016/j.ssc.2004.04.016. ISSN   0038-1098.
17. Yamashita, Yohachi; Harada, Kouichi (1997-09-30). "Crystal Growth and Electrical Properties of Lead Scandium Niobate-Lead Titanate Binary Single Crystals". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 36 (Part 1, No. 9B): 6039–6042. Bibcode:1997JaJAP..36.6039Y. doi:10.1143/jjap.36.6039. ISSN   0021-4922. S2CID   250802280.
18. Yasuda, N; Ohwa, H; Kume, M; Hayashi, K; Hosono, Y; Yamashita, Y (July 2001). "Crystal growth and electrical properties of lead indium niobate–lead titanate binary single crystal". Journal of Crystal Growth. 229 (1–4): 299–304. Bibcode:2001JCrGr.229..299Y. doi:10.1016/s0022-0248(01)01161-7. ISSN   0022-0248.
19. Guo, Yiping; Luo, Haosu; He, Tianhou; Pan, Xiaoming; Yin, Zhiwen (April 2003). "Electric-field-induced strain and piezoelectric properties of a high Curie temperature Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3–PbTiO3 single crystal". Materials Research Bulletin. 38 (5): 857–864. doi:10.1016/s0025-5408(03)00043-6. ISSN   0025-5408.
20. Hosono, Yasuharu; Yamashita, Yohachi; Sakamoto, Hideya; Ichinose, Noboru (2003-09-30). "Crystal Growth of Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3and Pb(Sc1/2Nb1/2)O3-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3Piezoelectric Single Crystals Using the Solution Bridgman Method". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 42 (Part 1, No. 9B): 6062–6067. Bibcode:2003JaJAP..42.6062H. doi: 10.1143/jjap.42.6062 . ISSN   0021-4922. S2CID   120150824.
21. Zhang, Shujun; Lebrun, Laurent; Randall, Clive A.; Shrout, Thomas R. (2012-04-25), "High Curie Temperature, High Performance Perovskite Single Crystals in the Pb(Yb1/2 Nb1/2 )O3 -PbTiO3 and BiScO3 -PbTiO3 Systems", Ceramic Transactions Series, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 85–93, doi:10.1002/9781118380802.ch7, ISBN   978-1-118-38080-2
22. Zhang, Shujun; Randall, Clive A.; Shrout, Thomas R. (2003-10-13). "High Curie temperature piezocrystals in the BiScO3-PbTiO3 perovskite system". Applied Physics Letters. 83 (15): 3150–3152. Bibcode:2003ApPhL..83.3150Z. doi:10.1063/1.1619207. ISSN   0003-6951.
23. Zhang, Shujun; Randall, Clive A.; Shrout, Thomas R. (October 2003). "Electromechanical Properties in Rhombohedral BiScO3-PbTiO3Single Crystals as a Function of Temperature". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 42 (Part 2, No. 10A): L1152 –L1154. Bibcode:2003JaJAP..42L1152Z. doi: 10.1143/jjap.42.l1152 . ISSN   0021-4922. S2CID   120306552.
24. Ye, Zuo-Guang; Ye, Zuo-Guang, eds. (April 2008). Handbook of Advanced Dielectric, Piezoelectric and Ferroelectric Materials. CRC Press. doi:10.1201/9781439832882 (inactive 2024-11-11). ISBN   978-1-4200-7085-9.
25. Matsubara, Masato; Yamaguchi, Toshiaki; Kikuta, Koichi; Hirano, Shin-ichi (2004-10-08). "Sinterability and Piezoelectric Properties of (K,Na)NbO3Ceramics with Novel Sintering Aid". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 43 (10): 7159–7163. Bibcode:2004JaJAP..43.7159M. doi:10.1143/jjap.43.7159. ISSN   0021-4922. S2CID   93156866.
26. Ryu, Jungho; Choi, Jong-jin; Hahn, Byung-dong; Park, Dong-soo; Yoon, Woon-ha; Kim, Kun-young (December 2007). "Sintering and piezoelectric properties of KNN ceramics doped with KZT". IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control. 54 (12): 2510–2515. doi:10.1109/tuffc.2007.569. ISSN   0885-3010. PMID   18276547. S2CID   1947693.
27. Matsubara, Masato; Yamaguchi, Toshiaki; Kikuta, Koichi; Hirano, Shin-ichi (2005-01-11). "Sintering and Piezoelectric Properties of Potassium Sodium Niobate Ceramics with Newly Developed Sintering Aid". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 44 (1A): 258–263. Bibcode:2005JaJAP..44..258M. doi:10.1143/jjap.44.258. ISSN   0021-4922. S2CID   121788834.
28. Wang, Ying; Li, Yongxiang; Kalantar-zadeh, K.; Wang, Tianbao; Wang, Dong; Yin, Qingrui (2007-09-13). "Effect of Bi3+ ion on piezoelectric properties of K x Na1−x NbO3". Journal of Electroceramics. 21 (1–4): 629–632. doi:10.1007/s10832-007-9246-8. ISSN   1385-3449. S2CID   136916970.
29. Jiang, Minhong; Liu, Xinyu; Chen, Guohua; Zhou, Changrong (June 2009). "Dielectric and piezoelectric properties of LiSbO3 doped 0.995 K0.5Na0.5NbO3–0.005BiFeO3 piezoelectric ceramics". Materials Letters. 63 (15): 1262–1265. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2009.02.066. ISSN   0167-577X.
30. Berlincourt, Don; Jaffe, Hans (1958-07-01). "Elastic and Piezoelectric Coefficients of Single-Crystal Barium Titanate". Physical Review. 111 (1): 143–148. Bibcode:1958PhRv..111..143B. doi:10.1103/physrev.111.143. ISSN   0031-899X.
31. Tang, Xianwu; Dai, Jianming; Zhu, Xuebin; Lin, Jianchao; Chang, Qing; Wu, Dajun; Song, Wenhai; Sun, Yuping (2011-11-04). "Thickness-Dependent Dielectric, Ferroelectric, and Magnetodielectric Properties of BiFeO3 Thin Films Derived by Chemical Solution Deposition". Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 95 (2): 538–544. doi:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2011.04920.x. ISSN   0002-7820.
32. Zhang, Q.M.; Jianzhong Zhao (November 1999). "Electromechanical properties of lead zirconate titanate piezoceramics under the influence of mechanical stresses". IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control. 46 (6): 1518–1526. doi:10.1109/58.808876. ISSN   0885-3010. PMID   18244349. S2CID   22968703.
33. "Future of Ferroelectric Devices", Ferroelectric Devices 2nd Edition, CRC Press, 2009-11-04, pp. 297–338, doi:10.1201/b15852-12 (inactive 2024-11-11), ISBN   978-1-4398-0375-2
34. "Your Partner in Smart Solutions". CTS. Retrieved 2020-01-26.
35. Morgan Electroceramics Co., Ltd (http://www.morganelectroceramics.com )
36. Tanaka, Daisuke; Tsukada, Takeo; Furukawa, Masahito; Wada, Satoshi; Kuroiwa, Yoshihiro (2009-09-24). "Thermal Reliability of Alkaline Niobate-Based Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramics". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 48 (9): 09KD08. Bibcode:2009JaJAP..48iKD08T. doi:10.1143/jjap.48.09kd08. ISSN   0021-4922. S2CID   120110825.
37. Pang, Xuming; Qiu, Jinhao; Zhu, Kongjun (2010-10-07). "Morphotropic Phase Boundary of Sodium-Potassium Niobate Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramics". Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 94 (3): 796–801. doi:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.04143.x. ISSN   0002-7820.
38. Park, Hwi-Yeol; Ahn, Cheol-Woo; Song, Hyun-Cheol; Lee, Jong-Heun; Nahm, Sahn; Uchino, Kenji; Lee, Hyeung-Gyu; Lee, Hwack-Joo (2006-08-07). "Microstructure and piezoelectric properties of 0.95(Na_0.5K_0.5)NbO₃–0.05BaTiO₃ ceramics". Applied Physics Letters. 89 (6): 062906. Bibcode:2006ApPhL..89f2906P. doi:10.1063/1.2335816. ISSN   0003-6951.
39. Cho, Kyung-Hoon; Park, Hwi-Yeol; Ahn, Cheol-Woo; Nahm, Sahn; Uchino, Kenji; Park, Seung-Ho; Lee, Hyeung-Gyu; Lee, Hwack-Joo (June 2007). "Microstructure and Piezoelectric Properties of 0.95(Na0.5K0.5)NbO3?0.05SrTiO3Ceramics". Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 90 (6): 1946–1949. doi:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2007.01715.x. ISSN   0002-7820.
40. Park, Hwi-Yeol; Cho, Kyung-Hoon; Paik, Dong-Soo; Nahm, Sahn; Lee, Hyeung-Gyu; Kim, Duk-Hee (2007-12-15). "Microstructure and piezoelectric properties of lead-free (1−x)(Na0.5K0.5)NbO3-xCaTiO3 ceramics". Journal of Applied Physics. 102 (12): 124101–124101–5. Bibcode:2007JAP...102l4101P. doi:10.1063/1.2822334. ISSN   0021-8979.
41. Zhao, Pei; Zhang, Bo-Ping; Li, Jing-Feng (2007-06-11). "High piezoelectric d33 coefficient in Li-modified lead-free (Na,K)NbO3 ceramics sintered at optimal temperature". Applied Physics Letters. 90 (24): 242909. Bibcode:2007ApPhL..90x2909Z. doi:10.1063/1.2748088. ISSN   0003-6951.
42. Zhang, Shujun; Xia, Ru; Shrout, Thomas R.; Zang, Guozhong; Wang, Jinfeng (2006-11-15). "Piezoelectric properties in perovskite 0.948(K0.5Na0.5)NbO3–0.052LiSbO3 lead-free ceramics". Journal of Applied Physics. 100 (10): 104108–104108–6. Bibcode:2006JAP...100j4108Z. doi:10.1063/1.2382348. ISSN   0021-8979.
43. Saito, Yasuyoshi; Takao, Hisaaki; Tani, Toshihiko; Nonoyama, Tatsuhiko; Takatori, Kazumasa; Homma, Takahiko; Nagaya, Toshiatsu; Nakamura, Masaya (2004-10-31). "Lead-free piezoceramics". Nature. 432 (7013): 84–87. Bibcode:2004Natur.432...84S. doi:10.1038/nature03028. ISSN   0028-0836. PMID   15516921. S2CID   4352954.
44. Cho, Kyung-Hoon; Park, Hwi-Yeol; Ahn, Cheol-Woo; Nahm, Sahn; Uchino, Kenji; Park, Seung-Ho; Lee, Hyeung-Gyu; Lee, Hwack-Joo (June 2007). "Microstructure and Piezoelectric Properties of 0.95(Na0.5K0.5)NbO3?0.05SrTiO3Ceramics". Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 90 (6): 1946–1949. doi:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2007.01715.x. ISSN   0002-7820.
45. Maurya, Deepam; Zhou, Yuan; Yan, Yongke; Priya, Shashank (2013). "Synthesis mechanism of grain-oriented lead-free piezoelectric Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3–BaTiO3 ceramics with giant piezoelectric response". Journal of Materials Chemistry C. 1 (11): 2102. doi:10.1039/c3tc00619k. ISSN   2050-7526.
46. Gao, Feng; Liu, Xiang-Chun; Zhang, Chang-Song; Cheng, Li-Hong; Tian, Chang-Sheng (March 2008). "Fabrication and electrical properties of textured (Na,K)0.5Bi0.5TiO3 ceramics by reactive-templated grain growth". Ceramics International. 34 (2): 403–408. doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2006.10.017. ISSN   0272-8842.
47. Zou, Hua; Sui, Yongxing; Zhu, Xiaoqing; Liu, Bo; Xue, Jianzhong; Zhang, Jianhao (December 2016). "Texture development and enhanced electromechanical properties in <00l>-textured BNT-based materials". Materials Letters. 184: 139–142. Bibcode:2016MatL..184..139Z. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2016.08.039 . ISSN   0167-577X.
48. Chang, Yunfei; Poterala, Stephen F.; Yang, Zupei; Trolier-McKinstry, Susan; Messing, Gary L. (2009-12-07). "⟨001⟩ textured (K0.5Na0.5)(Nb0.97Sb0.03)O3 piezoelectric ceramics with high electromechanical coupling over a broad temperature range". Applied Physics Letters. 95 (23): 232905. doi: 10.1063/1.3271682 . ISSN   0003-6951.
49. Chang, Yunfei; Poterala, Stephen; Yang, Zupei; Messing, Gary L. (2011-03-24). "Enhanced Electromechanical Properties and Temperature Stability of Textured (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3-Based Piezoelectric Ceramics". Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 94 (8): 2494–2498. doi:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2011.04393.x. ISSN   0002-7820.
50. Hussain, Ali; Kim, Jin Soo; Song, Tae Kwon; Kim, Myong Ho; Kim, Won Jong; Kim, Sang Su (August 2013). "Fabrication of textured KNNT ceramics by reactive template grain growth using NN templates". Current Applied Physics. 13 (6): 1055–1059. Bibcode:2013CAP....13.1055H. doi:10.1016/j.cap.2013.02.013. ISSN   1567-1739.
51. Takao, Hisaaki; Saito, Yasuyoshi; Aoki, Yoshifumi; Horibuchi, Kayo (August 2006). "Microstructural Evolution of Crystalline-Oriented (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 Piezoelectric Ceramics with a Sintering Aid of CuO". Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 89 (6): 1951–1956. doi:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2006.01042.x. ISSN   0002-7820.
52. Li, Yali; Hui, Chun; Wu, Mengjia; Li, Yongxiang; Wang, Youliang (January 2012). "Textured (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 ceramics prepared by screen-printing multilayer grain growth technique". Ceramics International. 38: S283 –S286. doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2011.04.102. ISSN   0272-8842.
53. Cho, H. J.; Kim, M.-H.; Song, T. K.; Lee, J. S.; Jeon, J.-H. (2012-04-13). "Piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties of textured (Na0.50K0.47Li0.03)(Nb0.8Ta0.2)O3 ceramics by using template grain growth method". Journal of Electroceramics. 30 (1–2): 72–76. doi:10.1007/s10832-012-9721-8. ISSN   1385-3449. S2CID   138436905.
54. Hao, Jigong; Ye, Chenggen; Shen, Bo; Zhai, Jiwei (2012-04-25). "Enhanced piezoelectric properties of 〈001〉 textured lead-free (KxNa1 − x)0.946Li0.054NbO3 ceramics with large strain". Physica Status Solidi A. 209 (7): 1343–1349. doi:10.1002/pssa.201127747. ISSN   1862-6300. S2CID   121548719.
55. Gupta, Shashaank; Belianinov, Alexei; Baris Okatan, Mahmut; Jesse, Stephen; Kalinin, Sergei V.; Priya, Shashank (2014-04-28). "Fundamental limitation to the magnitude of piezoelectric response of ⟨001⟩pc textured K0.5Na0.5NbO3 ceramic". Applied Physics Letters. 104 (17): 172902. Bibcode:2014ApPhL.104q2902G. doi:10.1063/1.4874648. ISSN   0003-6951.
56. Bai, Wangfeng; Chen, Daqin; Li, Peng; Shen, Bo; Zhai, Jiwei; Ji, Zhenguo (February 2016). "Enhanced electromechanical properties in <00l>-textured (Ba 0.85 Ca 0.15 )(Zr 0.1 Ti 0.9 )O 3 lead-free piezoceramics". Ceramics International. 42 (2): 3429–3436. doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.10.139. ISSN   0272-8842.
57. Ye, Shukai; Fuh, Jerry; Lu, Li; Chang, Ya-lin; Yang, Jer-Ren (2013). "Structure and properties of hot-pressed lead-free (Ba0.85Ca0.15)(Zr0.1Ti0.9)O3 piezoelectric ceramics". RSC Advances. 3 (43): 20693. Bibcode:2013RSCAd...320693Y. doi:10.1039/c3ra43429j. ISSN   2046-2069.
58. Schultheiß, Jan; Clemens, Oliver; Zhukov, Sergey; von Seggern, Heinz; Sakamoto, Wataru; Koruza, Jurij (2017-03-03). "Effect of degree of crystallographic texture on ferro- and piezoelectric properties of Ba0.85 Ca0.15 TiO3 piezoceramics". Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 100 (5): 2098–2107. doi:10.1111/jace.14749. ISSN   0002-7820.
59. Omori, T.; Suzuki, H.; Sampei, T.; Yako, K.; Kanero, T. (1990). "High performance soft magnetic material "Ferroperm"". Bulletin of the Japan Institute of Metals. 29 (5): 364–366. doi: 10.2320/materia1962.29.364 . ISSN   0021-4426.
60. Chan et al., 2008
61. Lee et al., 2009
62. Sasaki, Atsushi; Chiba, Tatsuya; Mamiya, Youichi; Otsuki, Etsuo (1999-09-30). "Dielectric and Piezoelectric Properties of (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3–(Bi0.5K0.5)TiO3Systems". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 38 (Part 1, No. 9B): 5564–5567. Bibcode:1999JaJAP..38.5564S. doi:10.1143/jjap.38.5564. ISSN   0021-4922. S2CID   118366580.
63. Takenaka, Tadashi; Maruyama, Kei-ichi; Sakata, Koichiro (1991-09-30). "(Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3-BaTiO3System for Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramics". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 30 (Part 1, No. 9B): 2236–2239. Bibcode:1991JaJAP..30.2236T. doi:10.1143/jjap.30.2236. ISSN   0021-4922. S2CID   124093028.
64. Tanaka, Toshio; Tanaka, Shoji (1960-04-15). "Measurement of Piezoelectric Constants of a CdS Crystal". Journal of the Physical Society of Japan. 15 (4): 726. Bibcode:1960JPSJ...15..726T. doi:10.1143/jpsj.15.726. ISSN   0031-9015.
65. Hutson, A. R. (1960-05-15). "Piezoelectricity and Conductivity in ZnO and CdS". Physical Review Letters. 4 (10): 505–507. Bibcode:1960PhRvL...4..505H. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.4.505. ISSN   0031-9007.
66. Schofield, D.; Brown, R. F. (1957-05-01). "An Investigation of Some Barium Titanate Compositions for Transducer Applications". Canadian Journal of Physics. 35 (5): 594–607. Bibcode:1957CaJPh..35..594S. doi:10.1139/p57-067. ISSN   0008-4204.
67. EGERTON, L.; DILLON, DOLORES M. (September 1959). "Piezoelectric and Dielectric Properties of Ceramics in the System Potassium-Sodium Niobate". Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 42 (9): 438–442. doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1959.tb12971.x. ISSN   0002-7820.
68. Ikeda, Takuro; Tanaka, Yoichi; Toyoda, Hiroo (1961-12-15). "Piezoelectric Properties of Triglycine Sulphate". Journal of the Physical Society of Japan. 16 (12): 2593–2594. Bibcode:1961JPSJ...16.2593I. doi:10.1143/jpsj.16.2593. ISSN   0031-9015.
69. Ikeda, Takuro; Tanaka, Yoichi; Toyoda, Hiroo (January 1962). "Piezoelectric Properties of Triglycine-Sulphate". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 1 (1): 13–21. Bibcode:1962JaJAP...1...13I. doi:10.1143/jjap.1.13. ISSN   0021-4922. S2CID   250862299.
70. Brown, C.S.; Kell, R.C.; Taylor, R.; Thomas, L.A. (1962). "Piezo-electric materials". Proceedings of the IEE - Part B: Electronic and Communication Engineering. 109 (43): 99. doi:10.1049/pi-b-2.1962.0169. ISSN   0369-8890.
71. BAXTER, P.; HELLICAR, N. J. (November 1960). "Electrical Properties of Lead-Barium Niobates and Associated Materials". Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 43 (11): 578–583. doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1960.tb13619.x. ISSN   0002-7820.
72. Pullin, A.D.E. (August 1962). "Statistical mechanics Norman Davidson. McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., London: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 1962. pp. ix + 540. £5.12.6". Talanta. 9 (8): 747. doi:10.1016/0039-9140(62)80173-8. ISSN   0039-9140.
73. Berlincourt, D.; Jaffe, B.; Jaffe, H.; Krueger, H.H.A. (February 1960). "Transducer Properties of Lead Titanate Zirconate Ceramics". IRE Transactions on Ultrasonic Engineering. 7 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1109/t-pgue.1960.29253. ISSN   0096-1019. S2CID   51638579.
74. Jaffe, B.; Roth, R.S.; Marzullo, S. (November 1955). "Properties of piezoelectric ceramics in the solid-solution series lead titanate-lead zirconate-lead oxide: Tin oxide and lead titanate-lead hafnate". Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards. 55 (5): 239. doi: 10.6028/jres.055.028 . ISSN   0091-0635.
75. Kell, R.C. (1962). "Properties of niobate high-temperature piezo-electric ceramics". Proceedings of the IEE - Part B: Electronic and Communication Engineering. 109 (22S): 369–373. doi:10.1049/pi-b-2.1962.0065. ISSN   2054-0418.
76. Berlincourt, D.; Cmolik, C.; Jaffe, H. (February 1960). "Piezoelectric Properties of Polycrystalline Lead Titanate Zirconate Compositions". Proceedings of the IRE. 48 (2): 220–229. doi:10.1109/jrproc.1960.287467. ISSN   0096-8390. S2CID   51673445.
77. Berlincourt, D.; Cmolik, C.; Jaffe, H. (February 1960). "Piezoelectric Properties of Polycrystalline Lead Titanate Zirconate Compositions". Proceedings of the IRE. 48 (2): 220–229. doi:10.1109/jrproc.1960.287467. ISSN   0096-8390. S2CID   51673445.
78. Defaÿ, Emmanuel (2011-03-14). Integration of Ferroelectric and Piezoelectric Thin Films. doi:10.1002/9781118616635. ISBN   9781118616635.
79. Shibata, Kenji; Suenaga, Kazufumi; Watanabe, Kazutoshi; Horikiri, Fumimasa; Nomoto, Akira; Mishima, Tomoyoshi (2011-04-20). "Improvement of Piezoelectric Properties of (K,Na)NbO3Films Deposited by Sputtering". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 50 (4): 041503. Bibcode:2011JaJAP..50d1503S. doi:10.1143/jjap.50.041503. ISSN   0021-4922. S2CID   97530996.
80. Sessler, G. M. (December 1981). "Piezoelectricity in polyvinylidenefluoride". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 70 (6): 1596–1608. Bibcode:1981ASAJ...70.1596S. doi:10.1121/1.387225. ISSN   0001-4966.
81. Ren, Baiyang; Cho, Hwanjeong; Lissenden, Cliff (2017-03-01). "A Guided Wave Sensor Enabling Simultaneous Wavenumber-Frequency Analysis for Both Lamb and Shear-Horizontal Waves". Sensors. 17 (3): 488. Bibcode:2017Senso..17..488R. doi: 10.3390/s17030488 . ISSN   1424-8220. PMC   5375774 . PMID   28257065.
82. Tsubouchi, K.; Sugai, K.; Mikoshiba, N. (1981). "AlN Material Constants Evaluation and SAW Properties on AlN/Al₂O₃and AlN/Si". 1981 Ultrasonics Symposium. IEEE. pp. 375–380. doi:10.1109/ultsym.1981.197646.
83. Ke, Tsung-Ying; Chen, Hsiang-An; Sheu, Hwo-Shuenn; Yeh, Jien-Wei; Lin, Heh-Nan; Lee, Chi-Young; Chiu, Hsin-Tien (2008-05-27). "Sodium Niobate Nanowire and Its Piezoelectricity". The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 112 (24): 8827–8831. doi:10.1021/jp711598j. ISSN   1932-7447.
84. Wang, J.; Stampfer, C.; Roman, C.; Ma, W. H.; Setter, N.; Hierold, C. (December 2008). "Piezoresponse force microscopy on doubly clamped KNbO3 nanowires". Applied Physics Letters. 93 (22): 223101. Bibcode:2008ApPhL..93v3101W. doi:10.1063/1.3000385. ISSN   0003-6951.
85. Zhang, X. Y.; Zhao, X.; Lai, C. W.; Wang, J.; Tang, X. G.; Dai, J. Y. (November 2004). "Synthesis and piezoresponse of highly ordered Pb(Zr0.53Ti0.47)O3 nanowire arrays". Applied Physics Letters. 85 (18): 4190–4192. Bibcode:2004ApPhL..85.4190Z. doi:10.1063/1.1814427. hdl: 10397/4241 . ISSN   0003-6951.
86. Zhao, Min-Hua; Wang, Zhong-Lin; Mao, Scott X. (April 2004). "Piezoelectric Characterization of Individual Zinc Oxide Nanobelt Probed by Piezoresponse Force Microscope". Nano Letters. 4 (4): 587–590. Bibcode:2004NanoL...4..587Z. doi:10.1021/nl035198a. ISSN   1530-6984.
87. Luo, Yun; Szafraniak, Izabela; Zakharov, Nikolai D.; Nagarajan, Valanoor; Steinhart, Martin; Wehrspohn, Ralf B.; Wendorff, Joachim H.; Ramesh, Ramamoorthy; Alexe, Marin (2003-07-21). "Nanoshell tubes of ferroelectric lead zirconate titanate and barium titanate". Applied Physics Letters. 83 (3): 440–442. Bibcode:2003ApPhL..83..440L. doi:10.1063/1.1592013. ISSN   0003-6951. S2CID   123413166.
88. Yun, Wan Soo; Urban, Jeffrey J.; Gu, Qian; Park, Hongkun (May 2002). "Ferroelectric Properties of Individual Barium Titanate Nanowires Investigated by Scanned Probe Microscopy". Nano Letters. 2 (5): 447–450. Bibcode:2002NanoL...2..447Y. doi:10.1021/nl015702g. ISSN   1530-6984.
89. Lin, Yi-Feng; Song, Jinhui; Ding, Yong; Lu, Shih-Yuan; Wang, Zhong Lin (2008-01-14). "Piezoelectric nanogenerator using CdS nanowires". Applied Physics Letters. 92 (2): 022105. Bibcode:2008ApPhL..92b2105L. doi:10.1063/1.2831901. hdl: 1853/27469 . ISSN   0003-6951. S2CID   123588080.
90. Wang, J.; Sandu, C. S.; Colla, E.; Wang, Y.; Ma, W.; Gysel, R.; Trodahl, H. J.; Setter, N.; Kuball, M. (2007-03-26). "Ferroelectric domains and piezoelectricity in monocrystalline Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 nanowires". Applied Physics Letters. 90 (13): 133107. Bibcode:2007ApPhL..90m3107W. doi:10.1063/1.2716842. ISSN   0003-6951. S2CID   123121473.
91. Wang, Zhaoyu; Hu, Jie; Suryavanshi, Abhijit P.; Yum, Kyungsuk; Yu, Min-Feng (October 2007). "Voltage Generation from Individual BaTiO3Nanowires under Periodic Tensile Mechanical Load". Nano Letters. 7 (10): 2966–2969. Bibcode:2007NanoL...7.2966W. doi:10.1021/nl070814e. ISSN   1530-6984. PMID   17894515.
92. Jeong, Chang Kyu; Park, Kwi-Il; Ryu, Jungho; Hwang, Geon-Tae; Lee, Keon Jae (May 2014). "Nanogenerators: Large-Area and Flexible Lead-Free Nanocomposite Generator Using Alkaline Niobate Particles and Metal Nanorod Filler (Adv. Funct. Mater. 18/2014)". Advanced Functional Materials. 24 (18): 2565. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201470112 . ISSN   1616-301X.
93. Park, Kwi-Il; Xu, Sheng; Liu, Ying; Hwang, Geon-Tae; Kang, Suk-Joong L.; Wang, Zhong Lin; Lee, Keon Jae (2010-12-08). "Piezoelectric BaTiO3Thin Film Nanogenerator on Plastic Substrates". Nano Letters. 10 (12): 4939–4943. Bibcode:2010NanoL..10.4939P. doi:10.1021/nl102959k. ISSN   1530-6984. PMID   21050010.
94. Stoppel, F.; Schröder, C.; Senger, F.; Wagner, B.; Benecke, W. (2011). "AlN-based piezoelectric micropower generator for low ambient vibration energy harvesting". Procedia Engineering. 25: 721–724. doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2011.12.178 . ISSN   1877-7058.
95. Lee, Ju-Hyuck; Park, Jae Young; Cho, Eun Bi; Kim, Tae Yun; Han, Sang A.; Kim, Tae-Ho; Liu, Yanan; Kim, Sung Kyun; Roh, Chang Jae; Yoon, Hong-Joon; Ryu, Hanjun (2017-06-06). "Reliable Piezoelectricity in Bilayer WSe2 for Piezoelectric Nanogenerators". Advanced Materials. 29 (29): 1606667. Bibcode:2017AdM....2906667L. doi:10.1002/adma.201606667. ISSN   0935-9648. PMID   28585262. S2CID   5516996.
96. Zhu, Hanyu; Wang, Yuan; Xiao, Jun; Liu, Ming; Xiong, Shaomin; Wong, Zi Jing; Ye, Ziliang; Ye, Yu; Yin, Xiaobo; Zhang, Xiang (2014-12-22). "Observation of piezoelectricity in free-standing monolayer MoS2". Nature Nanotechnology. 10 (2): 151–155. doi:10.1038/nnano.2014.309. ISSN   1748-3387. PMID   25531085.
97. Zhong, Junwen; Zhong, Qize; Zang, Xining; Wu, Nan; Li, Wenbo; Chu, Yao; Lin, Liwei (July 2017). "Flexible PET/EVA-based piezoelectret generator for energy harvesting in harsh environments". Nano Energy. 37: 268–274. Bibcode:2017NEne...37..268Z. doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.05.034. hdl: 10356/83115 . ISSN   2211-2855.