Related Research Articles
Baron Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim was a Finnish military leader and statesman. He served as the military leader of the Whites in the Finnish Civil War (1918), as Regent of Finland (1918–1919), as commander-in-chief of the Finnish Defence Forces during the period of World War II (1939–1945), and as the sixth president of Finland (1944–1946). He became Finland's only field marshal in 1933 and was appointed honorary Marshal of Finland in 1942.
Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg was a Finnish jurist and academic who was one of the most important pioneers of republicanism in the country. He was the first president of Finland (1919–1925) and a liberal nationalist.
The Governor of a province of Finland headed the activities of the State Provincial Office until the end of 2009, when the provinces were abolished. The governors were appointed by the President. Many former ministers including but not limited to Kaarlo Hillilä, Martti Miettunen, Hannele Pokka and Anneli Taina served as governors, since the post was regarded as prestigious enough for a retiring minister, but still politically neutral. The title of maaherra was also considered a personal title, such that once appointed, the title maaherra remained for life.
The Hietaniemi cemetery is located mainly in the Lapinlahti quarter and partly in the Etu-Töölö district of Helsinki, the capital of Finland. It is the location for Finnish state funeral services and is owned by the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland.
The Order of the Cross of Liberty is one of three official state orders in Finland, along with the Order of the White Rose of Finland and the Order of the Lion of Finland.
The Kingdom of Finland was a failed attempt to establish a monarchy in Finland in the aftermath of the Finnish Declaration of Independence from Russia in December 1917 and the Finnish Civil War from January–May 1918. The victorious Whites in the Parliament of Finland began the process of turning Finland into a kingdom and creating a monarchy. Although the country was legally a kingdom headed by a regent for over a year, the king-elect Friedrich Karl never reigned nor came to Finland following Germany's defeat in World War I. Republican victories in subsequent elections resulted in the country becoming a republic.
In the Finnish Defence Forces, Field Marshal is officially not an active military rank but an honorary rank that can be bestowed upon 'especially distinguished generals'. So far the only holder of this title has been Baron Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, then Chairman of the Defence Council, who received it on 19 May 1933 by the decision of the State Council. Baron Gustaf Mannerheim (1867–1951) served as Regent (1918–1919) and President of the Republic (1944–1946).
Karl Fredrik Wilkama, born Wilkman, was a Finnish General of the Infantry. He was the supreme commander of the Finnish Defence Forces.
Aarne Sihvo was a Finnish general and politician.
Lieutenant General Count Wilhelm Archibald Douglas was a senior Swedish Army officer and nobleman. Douglas had a remarkable career marked by military achievements and high-ranking positions. Commissioned as an officer in 1903, he quickly rose through the ranks, attaining the rank of lieutenant in the Life Regiment Dragoons in 1906. During World War I, he served as a general staff officer in the 1st Army Division, and in 1918, he played a significant role in the Finnish Civil War, becoming captain and lieutenant colonel in the Finnish Army and participating in key battles.
The Gold Sword for Bravery was a Russian award for bravery. It was set up with two grades on 27 July 1720 by Peter the Great, reclassified as a public order in 1807 and abolished in 1917. From 1913 to 1917 it was renamed the Saint George Sword and considered one of the grades of the Order of St. George.
General Carl Gustaf Valdemar Hammarskjöld was a Swedish Army officer and conservative politician.
Martin Wetzer was a Finnish jurist and general. He fought in World War I and during the Finnish Civil War fought on the side of the White movement. He also commanded Finnish volunteers in the Estonian War of Independence. He retired with the rank of lieutenant general and was promoted to general of the infantry in retirement.
Lieutenant General Karl Osvald Toll was a Swedish Army officer. Toll's senior commands include commanding officer of the 4th Army Division and the position of Commandant General in Stockholm. Toll laid down a sacrificial work on the development of the landstorm organization.
The White Guard Affair was a 1921 conflict between the government of Finland and the leadership of the White Guard. It followed from an article written by Paul von Gerich, which caused outrage in various European nations, and the Finnish government to order that he be fired from his position as the chief of the Helsinki White Guard District. The conflict resulted in a reorganization of the White Guard leadership and the suicide of General Major Karl Emil Berg. Von Gerich was later implicated in the February 1922 murder of politician Heikki Ritavuori, who was involved in selecting the new White Guard leadership and had voiced concerns that elements in the White Guard had been planning a rebellion.