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The Romani, also spelled Romany or Rromani and colloquially known as the Roma, are an ethnic group of Indo-Aryan origin who traditionally lived a nomadic, itinerant lifestyle. Linguistic and genetic evidence suggests that the Romani originated in the Indian subcontinent, in particular the region of present-day Rajasthan. Their subsequent westward migration, possibly in waves, is now believed by historians to have occurred c. 1000 CE. Their original name is from the Sanskrit word डोम, ḍoma and means a member of the Dom caste of travelling musicians and dancers. The Roma population moved west into the Ghaznavid Empire and later into the Byzantine Empire. The Roma are thought to have arrived in Europe around the 13th to 14th century. Although they are widely dispersed, their most concentrated populations are located in Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Spain, and Turkey.
Beyond the official Romanian language, multiple other languages are spoken in Romania. Laws regarding the rights of minority languages are in place, and some of them have co-official status at a local level. Although having no native speakers, French language is also a historically important language in Romania, and the country is a member of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie.
About 9.3% of Romania's population is represented by minorities, and 13% unknown or undisclosed according to 2021 census. The principal minorities in Romania are Hungarians and Romani people, with a declining German population and smaller numbers of Poles in Bukovina, Serbs, Croats, Slovaks and Banat Bulgarians, Ukrainians, Greeks, Jews, Turks and Tatars, Armenians, Russians, Afro-Romanians, and others.
Budești is a small provincial town in Călărași County, Muntenia, Romania. Three villages are administered by the town: Aprozi, Buciumeni, and Gruiu. It officially became a town in 1989, as a result of the Romanian rural systematization program.
Roma, traditionally Țigani, constitute one of Romania's largest minorities. According to the 2011 census, their number was 621,573 people or 3.3% of the total population, being the second-largest ethnic minority in Romania after Hungarians. There are different estimates about the size of the total population of people with Romani ancestry in Romania, varying from 4.6 per cent to over 10 percent of the population, because many people of Romani descent do not declare themselves Roma. For example, in 2007 the Council of Europe estimated that approximately 1.85 million Roma lived in Romania, based on an average between the lowest estimate and the highest estimate available at the time. This figure is equivalent to 8.32% of the population.
Bolintin-Vale is a town in Giurgiu County, Muntenia, Romania with a population of 12,806 as of 2021. The town administers three villages: Crivina, Malu Spart, and Suseni. It is the second largest city in the county; proximity to the capital, Bucharest, has helped the local economy. It officially became a town in 1989, as a result of the Romanian rural systematization program.
Bonțida is a commune in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of four villages: Bonțida, Coasta (Gyulatelke), Răscruci (Válaszút), and Tăușeni (Marokháza).
Pălatca is a commune in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of five villages: Băgaciu (Kisbogács), Mureșenii de Câmpie, Pălatca, Petea (Magyarpete), and Sava (Mezőszava).
Panticeu is a commune in the northern part of Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of five villages: Cătălina (Szentkatolnadorna), Cubleșu Someșan (Magyarköblös), Dârja (Magyarderzse), Panticeu, and Sărata (Szótelke).
Săcuieu is a commune in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of three villages: Rogojel (Havasrogoz), Săcuieu, and Vișagu (Viság).
Sânmartin is a commune in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of eight villages: Ceaba (Bálványoscsaba), Cutca (Kötke), Diviciorii Mari (Nagydevecser), Diviciorii Mici (Kisdevecser), Măhal (Mohaly), Sâmboieni (Erdőszombattelke), Sânmartin, and Târgușor (Kékesvásárhely).
Ulmeni is a town in Maramureș County, Crișana, Romania. It was declared a town in 2004. The town administers seven villages: Arduzel (Szamosardó), Chelința (Kelence), Mânău (Monó), Someș-Uileac (Szilágyújlak), Tohat (Szamostóhát), Țicău (Szamoscikó), and Vicea (Vicsa).
Romani people in Bulgaria constitute Europe's densest Roma minority. The Romani people in Bulgaria may speak Bulgarian, Turkish or Romani, depending on the region.
Romani CRISS is a Romanian non-government organisation which seeks to protect the rights of the country's Romani minority and to prevent discrimination against the Roma, who officially make up 3.3% of the country's population as of 2011, with an unofficial 2002 estimate of between 1.5 and 2 million, representing at least 8-9% of the population. It also conducts a series of projects in order to improve the situation of the Roma in education and health care. Romani CRISS was founded on April 4, 1993, and its executive director 2005-2012 was Margareta Matache. Its current executive director is Marian Mandache.
Anti-Romani sentiment is a form of bigotry which consists of hostility, prejudice, discrimination, racism and xenophobia which is specifically directed at Romani people. Non-Romani itinerant groups in Europe such as the Yenish, Irish and Highland Travellers are frequently given the name "gypsy" and as a result, they are frequently confused with the Romani people. As a result, sentiments which were originally directed at the Romani people are also directed at other traveler groups and they are frequently referred to as "antigypsy" sentiments.
The Romani people have several distinct populations, the largest being the Roma and the Calé, who reached Anatolia and the Balkans in the early 12th century, from a migration out of the Indian subcontinent beginning about 1st century – 2nd century AD. They settled in the areas of present-day Turkey, Greece, Serbia, Romania, Croatia, Moldova, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Hungary, Albania, Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Czech Republic, Slovenia and Slovakia, by order of volume, and Spain. From the Balkans, they migrated throughout Europe and, in the nineteenth and later centuries, to the Americas. The Roma population in the United States is estimated at more than one million.
Voivodeni is a commune in Mureș County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of two villages, Toldal (Toldalag) and Voivodeni. The former village is much less populated than the latter.
Romani people, or Roma, are the fourth largest ethnic group in Serbia, numbering 131,936 (1.98%) according to the 2022 census. However, due to a legacy of poor birth registration and some other factors, this official number is likely underestimated. Estimates that correct for undercounting suggest that Serbia is one of countries with the most significant populations of Roma people in Europe at 250,000-500,000. Anywhere between 46,000 to 97,000 Roma are internally displaced from Kosovo after 1999.
There have been Romani people in Croatia for more than 600 years and they are concentrated mostly in the northern regions of the country.
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