Patiala Kingdom (1762-1809)
| Conflict | Patiala and Allies | Opponent(s) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maratha-Patiala clashes (1785–1798) |  Patiala |  Maratha Confederacy | Inconclusive |
List of wars involving Punjab refers to list of known wars/conflicts and operations by Historical Kingdoms and states based in the region of Punjab.
| Conflict | Punjab and Allies | Opponent(s) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Banda Singh's conquest of Mughal Punjab (1709–1710) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Victory
|
| Bahudar Shah I's capture of Lohgarh (16 December 1710) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Defeat
|
| Banda Singh's conquest of Hill States (1710) | First Sikh State | Hill States | Victory |
| Banda Singh's conquest of Jammu (1712) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Defeat |
| Banda Singh's reconquest of lost territories (1712–1714) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Victory |
| Fall of the First Sikh State (1715) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Defeat
|
| Conflict | Patiala and Allies | Opponent(s) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maratha-Patiala clashes (1785–1798) | Patiala | Maratha Confederacy | Inconclusive |
| Conflict | Punjab and Allies | Opponent(s) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Third Afghan Campaign of Punjab (1800) |  Sikh Empire |  Durrani Empire | Victory [1] |
| Sikh annexation of Sial (1807) | Sikh Empire | Sial State | Victory [2] |
| Nepal-Sikh War (March 1809 – August 1809) | Sikh Empire |  Nepal | Victory [3]
|
| Ranjit Singh's campaign of Afghanistan (1818–1837)
| Sikh Empire | Durrani Empire (till 1819)
| Victory [4] |
| Sino–Sikh War (May 1841 – August 1842) | Sikh Empire |  Qing China | Status quo ante bellum |
| First Anglo-Sikh War (11 December 1845 – 9 March 1846) | Sikh Empire |  United Kingdom | Defeat [5]
|
| Second Anglo-Sikh War (18 April 1848 – 29 March 1849) | Sikh Empire | United Kingdom | Defeat
|
| Conflict | Punjab and allies | Opponent(s) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anglo-Nepalese War (1814-1816) | United Kingdom | Nepal | Victory |
| First Anglo-Sikh War (11 December 1845 - 9 March 1848) | United Kingdom | Sikh Empire | Victory |
| TheIndian Uprising (1857-1858) | United Kingdom | Mughal Empire Maratha Confederacy (defunct)
| Victory |
| World War I (1914-1918) | Allied Powers | Central Powers | Victory |
Ranjit Singh was the founder and first maharaja of the Sikh Empire, ruling from 1801 until his death in 1839. He ruled the northwest Indian subcontinent in the early half of the 19th century. He survived smallpox in infancy but lost sight in his left eye. He fought his first battle alongside his father at age 10.
The first Anglo-Sikh war was fought between the Sikh Empire and the British East India Company in 1845 and 1846 around the Ferozepur district of Punjab. It resulted in the defeat and partial subjugation of the Sikh empire and cession of Jammu & Kashmir as a separate princely state under British suzerainty.
The Sikh Empire was a regional power based in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent. It existed from 1799, when Maharaja Ranjit Singh captured Lahore, to 1849, when it was defeated and conquered by the British East India Company in the Second Anglo-Sikh War. It was forged on the foundations of the Khalsa from a collection of autonomous misls. At its peak in the 19th century, the empire extended from Gilgit and Tibet in the north to the deserts of Sindh in the south and from the Khyber Pass in the west to the Sutlej in the east as far as Oudh. It was divided into four provinces: Lahore, which became the Sikh capital; Multan; Peshawar; and Kashmir from 1799 to 1849. Religiously diverse, with an estimated population of 4.5 million in 1831, it was the last major region of the Indian subcontinent to be annexed by the British Empire.
Hari Singh Nalwa was the commander-in-chief of the Sikh Khalsa Fauj, the army of the Sikh Empire. He is known for his role in the conquests of Kasur, Sialkot, Attock, Multan, Kashmir, Peshawar and Jamrud. Hari Singh Nalwa was responsible for expanding the frontier of Sikh Empire to beyond the Indus River right up to the mouth of the Khyber Pass. At the time of his death, Jamrud constituted the western boundary of the Empire.
Maharaja Gulab Singh Jamwal (1792–1857) was the founder of Dogra dynasty and the first Maharaja of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, which was a part of Sikh Empire became the largest princely state under the British Raj, which was created after the defeat of the Sikh Empire in the First Anglo-Sikh War. During the war, Gulab Singh would later side with the British and end up becoming the Prime Minister of Sikh Empire. The Treaty of Amritsar (1846) formalised the transfer of all the lands in Kashmir that were ceded to them by the Sikhs by the Treaty of Lahore.
The Battle of Jamrud was fought between the Emirate of Afghanistan under Emir Dost Mohammad Khan and the Sikh Empire under Maharaja Ranjit Singh on 30 April 1837. Afghan forces confronted the Sikh forces at Jamrud. The garrisoned army was able to hold off the Afghans till Sikh reinforcements arrived to relieve them.
Maharani Datar Kaur (born Bibi Raj Kaur Nakai; was the queen consort of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the founder of the Sikh Empire and the mother of his successor, Maharaja Kharak Singh. She was the daughter of Sardar Ran Singh Nakai, third ruler of the Nakai Misl and Sardarni Karmo Kaur.
Diwan Mokham Chand was one of the chief commanders of the Sikh Empire. He conquered Attock from the Durrani Afghans in 1813 and subdued the Rajputs in the Hills of Himachal and in Jammu at Jasrota, Chamba, and Basroli. He also commanded one of the early Sikh expeditions to conquer Kashmir that ended in failure due to bad weather blocking the passes to the valley. Mokham Chand was born in a Hindu Khatri family.
The Battle of Nowshera was fought in Nowshera in March 1823 collectively by the Yusufzai Afghans, supported by the Peshawar sardars, alongside Azim Khan Barakzai, the Afghan governor of Peshawar, where they would face the Sikh armies led by Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Azim Khan was a half-brother of Dost Mohammad Khan, the future ruler of Kabul, and later Afghanistan. The battle was a victory for the Sikhs over Azim Khan's armies, a result which allowed the Sikhs to begin their occupation of the Peshawar Valley.
The Nakai Misl, founded by Sandhu Jats, was one of the twelve Sikh Misls that later became part of the Sikh Empire. It held territory between the Ravi and Sutlej rivers southwest of Lahore in what became Pakistan. The misl fought against the Sials, the Pathans and the Kharals before it was incorporated into the Sikh Empire of the Sukerchakia Misl by Ranjit Singh.
Kharak Singh was the second maharaja of the Sikh Empire, ruling from June 1839 until his dethronement and imprisonment in October 1839. He was the eldest son of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, founder of the Sikh Empire and his consort, Maharani Datar Kaur. Kharak was succeeded by his only son Nau Nihal Singh.
Misr Diwan Chand was a notable officer and a powerful general of Maharaja Ranjit Singh's reign. From a petty clerk he rose to the position of chief of artillery and commander-in-chief of the armies that conquered Multan and Kashmir and also served as the Commander-in-Chief of the Khalsa Army from 1816 to 1825.
Sham Singh Attariwala was a general of the Sikh Empire.
Akali Phula Singh Nihang was an Akali Nihang Sikh leader. He was a saint soldier of the Khalsa Shaheedan Misl and head of the Budha Dal in the early 19th century. He was also a senior general in the Sikh Khalsa Army and commander of the irregular Nihang of the army. He played a role in uniting Sikh misls in Amritsar. He was not afraid of the British who at many times ordered for his arrest but were not successful. During his later years he served for the Sikh Empire as a direct adviser to Maharaja Ranjit Singh. He remained an army general in many famous Sikh battles up until his martyrdom in the battle of Nowshera. He was admired by the local people and had a great influence over the land and his settlement was always open to help the poor and helpless. He was well known and was a humble unique leader and prestigious warrior with high character. He was also known for his effort to maintain the values of Gurmat and the Khalsa panth.
The Afghan–Sikh wars spanned from 1748 to 1837 in the Indian subcontinent, and saw multiple phases of fighting between the Durrani Empire and the Sikh Empire, mainly in and around Punjab region. The conflict's origins stemmed from the days of the Dal Khalsa, and continued after the Emirate of Kabul succeeded the Durrani Empire.
Maharani Mehtab Kaur was the first wife of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the founder of the Sikh Empire. She was the mother of Maharaja Sher Singh, who briefly became the ruler of the Sikh Empire from 1841 until his death in 1843.
Singhpuria Misl, also known as the Faizulpuria Misl, was founded by the Sikh warrior Nawab Kapur Singh, who was born in 1697 and later became a prominent Dal Khalsa leader. The misl took its original name from a village Faizullapur in Amritsar and then changed the name of the village to Singhpura, with the misl eventually following.
Punjabi nationalism is an ideology which emphasizes that the Punjabis are one nation and promotes the cultural unity of Punjabis around the world. The demands of the Punjabi nationalist movement are linguistic, cultural, economic and political rights.
Rani Raj Kaur was the wife of Maha Singh, the leader of the Sukerchakia Misl and the mother of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the founder of the Sikh Empire. She was affectionately known as Mai Malwain after her marriage. She is also referred to as Sardarni Raj Kaur and Rajkumari Bibiji Raj Kaur Sahiba before marriage. She was the daughter of Raja Gajpat Singh of Jind.
Diwan Bhawani Das was a high-ranking Hindu official under Durrani emperors, Zaman Shah and Shah Shujah. He later became the revenue minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, ruler of the powerful Sikh Empire.
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