Related Research Articles
Sudan,officially the Republic of the Sudan,is a country in Northeast Africa. It borders the Central African Republic to the southwest,Chad to the west,Egypt to the north,Eritrea to the northeast,Ethiopia to the southeast,Libya to the northwest,South Sudan to the south,and the Red Sea to the east. It has a population of nearly 50 million people as of 2024 and occupies 1,886,068 square kilometres,making it Africa's third-largest country by area and the third-largest by area in the Arab League. It was the largest country by area in Africa and the Arab League until the secession of South Sudan in 2011;since then both titles have been held by Algeria. Its capital and most populous city is Khartoum.
The foreign relations of Sudan are generally in line with the Muslim Arab world,but are also based on Sudan's economic ties with the People's Republic of China and Russia.
Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir is a Sudanese former military officer and politician who served as Sudan's head of state under various titles from 1989 until 2019,when he was deposed in a coup d'état. He was subsequently incarcerated,tried and convicted on multiple corruption charges. He came to power in 1989 when,as a brigadier general in the Sudanese Army,he led a group of officers in a military coup that ousted the democratically elected government of prime minister Sadiq al-Mahdi after it began negotiations with rebels in the south;he subsequently replaced President Ahmed al-Mirghani as head of state. He was elected three times as president in elections that have been under scrutiny for electoral fraud. In 1992,al-Bashir founded the National Congress Party,which remained the dominant political party in the country until 2019. In March 2009,al-Bashir became the first sitting head of state to be indicted by the International Criminal Court (ICC),for allegedly directing a campaign of mass killing,rape,and pillage against civilians in Darfur. On 11 February 2020,the Government of Sudan announced that it had agreed to hand over al-Bashir to the ICC for trial.
Gaafar Muhammad an-Nimeiry was a Sudanese military officer and politician who served as the fourth head of state of Sudan from 1969 to 1985,first as Chairman of the National Revolutionary Command Council and then as President.
Rodolphe Adada is a Congolese politician and diplomat. During the single-party rule of the Congolese Labour Party (PCT),he served in the government of Congo-Brazzaville as Minister of Mines and Energy from 1977 to 1984,as Minister of Mines and Oil from 1984 to 1989,and as Minister of Secondary and Higher Education from 1989 to 1991. Later,he was Minister of Foreign Affairs under President Denis Sassou Nguesso from 1997 to 2007 and Joint Special Representative of the United Nations and the African Union for Darfur from 2007 to 2009. He returned to the government of Congo-Brazzaville in 2009,serving as Minister of State for Industrial Development from 2009 to 2012,and as Minister of State for Transport from 2012 to 2016. He has been Ambassador to France since 2016.
This article covers the period of the history of Sudan between 1985 and 2019 when the Sudanese Defense Minister Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab seized power from Sudanese President Gaafar Nimeiry in the 1985 Sudanese coup d'état. Not long after,Lieutenant General Omar al-Bashir,backed by an Islamist political party,the National Islamic Front,overthrew the short lived government in a coup in 1989 where he ruled as President until his fall in April 2019. During Bashir's rule,also referred to as Bashirist Sudan,or as they called themselves the al-Ingaz regime,he was re-elected three times while overseeing the independence of South Sudan in 2011. His regime was criticized for human rights abuses,atrocities and genocide in Darfur and allegations of harboring and supporting terrorist groups in the region while being subjected to United Nations sanctions beginning in 1995,resulting in Sudan's isolation as an international pariah.
The War in Darfur,also nicknamed the Land Cruiser War,was a major armed conflict in the Darfur region of Sudan that began in February 2003 when the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) rebel groups began fighting against the government of Sudan,which they accused of oppressing Darfur's non-Arab population. The government responded to attacks by carrying out a campaign of ethnic cleansing against Darfur's non-Arabs. This resulted in the death of hundreds of thousands of civilians and the indictment of Sudan's president,Omar al-Bashir,for genocide,war crimes,and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court.
The Libyan–Sudanese relations refers to the long historical relations between Libya and Sudan,both are Arab countries.
The Government of Sudan is the federal provisional government created by the Constitution of Sudan having executive,parliamentary,and the judicial branches. Previously,a president was head of state,head of government,and commander-in-chief of the Sudanese Armed Forces in a de jure multi-party system. Legislative power was officially vested in both the government and in the two houses –the National Assembly (lower) and the Council of States (upper) –of the bicameral National Legislature. The judiciary is independent and obtained by the Constitutional Court. However,following the Second Sudanese Civil War and the still ongoing genocide in Darfur,Sudan was widely recognized as a totalitarian state where all effective political power was held by President Omar al-Bashir and his National Congress Party (NCP). However,al-Bashir and the NCP were ousted in a military coup on April 11,2019. The government of Sudan was then led by the Transitional Military Council (TMC). On 20 August 2019,the TMC dissolved giving its authority over to the Transitional Sovereignty Council,who were planned to govern for 39 months until 2022,in the process of transitioning to democracy. However,the Sovereignty Council and the Sudanese government were dissolved in October 2021.
While there is a consensus in the international community that ethnic groups have been targeted in Darfur and that crimes against humanity have therefore occurred,there has been debate in some quarters about whether genocide has taken place there. In May 2006,the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur organized by United Nations "concluded that the Government of the Sudan has not pursued a policy of genocide ... [though] international offences such as the crimes against humanity and war crimes that have been committed in Darfur may be more serious and heinous than genocide." Eric Reeves,a researcher and frequent commentator on Darfur,has questioned the methodology of the commission's report.
Sudan–United States relations are the bilateral relations between Sudan and the United States. The United States government has been critical of Sudan's human rights record and has dispatched a strong UN Peacekeeping force to Darfur. Relations between both countries in recent years have greatly improved,with Sudan's post-revolutionary government compensating American victims of al-Qaeda terror attacks,the removal of Sudan from the State Department's blacklist of state sponsors of terrorism and the United States Congress having reinstated Sudan's sovereign immunity in December 2020.
Sudan has a conflict in the Darfur area of western Sudan. The Khartoum government had,in the past,given sanctuary to trans-national Islamic terrorists,but,according to the 9/11 Commission Report,ousted al-Qaeda and cooperated with the US against such groups while simultaneously involving itself in human rights abuses in Darfur. There are also transborder issues between Chad and Darfur,and,to a lesser extent,with the Central African Republic.
China–Sudan relations are the bilateral relations between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Sudan. China is currently one of Sudan's largest trade partners,importing oil and exporting low cost manufactured items as well as armaments into the country. Both states enjoy a very robust and productive relationship in the fields of diplomacy,economic trade,and political strategy. They formally established diplomatic relations on February 4,1959,when Sudan formally recognized the sovereignty of the People's Republic of China and have since become close global allies,supporting each other in times of internal crises and international controversy such as during the Second Sudanese Civil War,the Darfur Crisis,and the Xinjiang Conflict. China continues to provide massive support to Sudan by developing its oil resources and supplying millions of dollars in loans,aid,foreign direct investments,and humanitarian assistance. In return,Sudan has become a reliable political and economic ally in the international arena,allowing China to maintain a significant stake in its oil sector.
Russia–Sudan relations are the bilateral relations between Russia and Sudan. Russia has an embassy in Khartoum and Sudan has an embassy in Moscow.
Sudan–United Kingdom relations are foreign relations between Sudan and the United Kingdom. Sudan has an embassy in London whilst the United Kingdom has an embassy in Khartoum. Most of the recent relations between the two countries centre on the region of Darfur.
Israel –South Sudan relations refers to the bilateral ties between the State of Israel and the Republic of South Sudan.
The responsibility to protect (R2P) is a widely endorsed and developing norm aimed at preventing humanitarian atrocities. China has been surprisingly receptive towards the development of R2P since its inception in 2001,despite China's traditional tendency to obstruct engagement in humanitarian crises. As veto-wielding Security Council member,important regional power,and major economic power,with interests in states experiencing,or vulnerable to,humanitarian crisis,including Nigeria,Zimbabwe,Angola and Sudan,the support of China for R2P is vital.
China–South Sudan relations refers to the bilateral relations between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of South Sudan. China recognized South Sudan's independence on July 9,2011.
Ali Ahmed Karti is a Sudanese politician and businessman. Karti served as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Sudan from 2010 to 2015. As of June 2021 he is the secretary general of the Sudanese Islamic Movement.
Spain–Sudan relations are the bilateral and diplomatic relations between these countries. Sudan has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Khartoum.
References
- ↑ Li Xiaorong (李晓蓉) (29 June 2021). “这个大使不一般！” 刘贵今获颁“七一勋章”. takungpao.com (in Chinese). Retrieved 1 July 2021.
- ↑ "Chinese Government's Special Representative for African Affairs Liu Guijin Visits Sudan". chinaconsulatesf.org. 9 December 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
- ↑ "Ambassador Liu Guijin, Special Representative of the Chinese Government for African Affairs, Meets with US President Barack Obama's Special Envoy to Sudan and Other Officials". nl.china-embassy.org. 21 June 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
- ↑ Zhao Man (赵曼) (29 June 2021). “七一勋章”刘贵今：年逾七旬仍为深化中非合作发挥余热. dzwww.com (in Chinese). Retrieved 1 July 2021.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Meng, Wenting (2024). Developmental Peace: Theorizing China's Approach to International Peacebuilding. Ibidem. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9783838219073.
- ↑ "Recipients of CPC's highest honor". china.org.cn. 30 June 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.