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Liuyang fireworks, a specialty of Liuyang City in Hunan Province, People's Republic of China, includes firecrackers and fireworks, with a history dating back to the Tang dynasties and Song dynasties. [1] Its production skills were selected into the first batch of China's national intangible cultural heritage representative projects list. [1]
The production of Liuyang fireworks uses traditional handcraft techniques, utilizing locally sourced materials such as paper, saltpeter, sulfur, charcoal, and red and white clay. The process involves 12 steps and 72 procedures. With advancements in modern technology, new safe, eco-friendly products have been developed, including smokeless fireworks, cold light fireworks, daytime fireworks, and indoor or stage fireworks, achieving world-class standards. Additionally, ignition methods have evolved from traditional manual lighting to remote-controlled systems, with firing sequences fully managed by computer programming. [2]
According to the *Chinese Industrial Gazetteer*, firecrackers "originated in the Tang Dynasty, flourished in the Song Dynasty, and originated in Liuyang." [3]
The original motive for the creation of fireworks was to ward off evil spirits. More than 1,300 years ago, Li Tian from Dayao, Liuyang (born on the 18th day of the 4th lunar month in 601, died on the 18th day of the 12th lunar month in 690), invented firecrackers on the 18th day of the 9th lunar month in 621. In Liuyang City, there are still traces of historical gunpowder research and development at the foot of a mountain at the banks of the Liuyang River preserved for future generations to worship. [4]
It was said that he mixed charcoal, sulfur and saltpeter, compressed the mixture in an enclosure (a bamboo tube) and the mixture exploded when it was burned. Because of Li Tian's invention, Liuyang became synonymous with fireworks and is commonly known as “the hometown for firecrackers and fireworks. [5] “Liuyang Fireworks” branded products are widely recognized in China.
During the Yongzheng reign of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), Liuyang fireworks became an article of tribute to the royal families which gave an added impetus to the developing trade. Fireworks workshops boomed, until more than nine out of ten households were engaged in the trade. Fireworks began to be exported to more than 20 countries and regions. [6]
In 1933, "Shijixiang" won an award at the Chicago International Exposition for its "Deer Bamboo" brand fireworks. [6] In 1995, Liuyang City was named the "Hometown of Fireworks in China." In 2001, a local Fireworks Culture Research Association was established. In 2004, the Liuyang fireworks brand was registered as a well-known trademark by the Trademark Office of the State Administration for Industry and Commerce. On May 20, 2007, the traditional techniques of making Liuyang fireworks were included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage listings. [1] [7]
Liuyang is the world's most concentrated fireworks production enterprises. Whether at the closing ceremony of the Qatar World Cup, the opening and closing ceremonies of the Beijing Winter Olympics, or the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Liuyang fireworks have been a prominent feature in many major celebrations both domestically and internationally. It is even said that out of every 10 fireworks set off worldwide, 6 come from Liuyang. [8]
Liuyang is a county-level city, the most populous and the easternmost county-level division of Hunan Province, China; it is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Changsha, the provincial capital. Located on the northeastern margin of Hunan, the city is bordered to the north by Pingjiang County, to the west by Changsha County and Yuhua District, to the south by Shifeng, Hetang Districts of Zhuzhou and Liling City, to the southeast and the east by Yuanzhou District of Yichun, Shangli, Wanzai and Tonggu Counties of Jiangxi. Liuyang City covers 4,997.35 km2 (1,929.49 sq mi) with registered population of 1,453,246 and resident population of 1,297,700. The city has four subdistricts, 26 towns and two townships under its jurisdiction, its jurisdiction, its administrative centre is at Guankou Subdistrict (关口街道).
Fengcheng is a county-level city in northern Jiangxi province, People's Republic of China, under the administration of Yichun, located along China National Highway 105 and on the eastern (right) bank of the Gan River about 55 kilometres (34 mi) south of Nanchang, the provincial capital. The literal translation of the name is "Abundance City", due to its importance as a major commercial hub for agricultural products. There are 26 towns and 7 sub-districts comprising a total area of 2,845 square kilometres (1,098 sq mi) and its population is around 1,370,000. The 2005 GDP was more than 9.1 billion RMB.
Dayao is a rural town under the administration of and in the south of Liuyang, Hunan, China. Dayao is well known for its firework industry. Dayao has an area of 149.3-square-kilometre (57.6 sq mi). and a population of 91,300. Yanghua Township merged to Dayao on November 18, 2015. The town is bordered to the north by Hehua Subdistrict, to the east by Chengtanjiang Town, to the south by the towns of Jingang and Litian, and to the west by Chengchong Town.
Qin'an County is a county in the east of Gansu province, China. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Tianshui. Its postal code is 741600, and in 1999 its population was 567,553 people. As of 2018, the population is 618,000 people. It is one of the poorest counties of Gansu, being appointed as one of 23 counties part of a provincial poverty alleviation project.
Luolong District is a district of the city of Luoyang, Henan province, China.
Kaifu District is one of six urban districts of the prefecture-level city of Changsha, the capital of Hunan Province, China. The district is bordered by Furong and Tianxin Districts to the south, Changsha County to the east and northeast, Wangcheng District to the north, Yuelu and Wangcheng Districts across the Xiang river to the west. Located in the central Changsha, Kaifu covers 188.73 km2 (72.87 sq mi) with population of 595,000, registered population of 452,168. The district has 16 subdistricts under its jurisdiction, the government seat is at Furongbeilu subdistrict.
Luju or Lu opera (Chinese: 庐剧; pinyin: Lú jù, formerly known as daoqixi, is a variety of Chinese opera from the east-central province of Anhui, China. Luju's name came from the former name of Hefei, Lu Zhou. In 2006, Luju was regarded as Intangible cultural heritage in China.
Guandu Town is a rural town in Liuyang City, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China. As of the 2015 census it had a population of 31,300 and an area of 106.3-square-kilometre (41.0 sq mi). It is surrounded by Dahu Town on the north, Yanxi Town on the west, Zhangfang Town on the east, and Yonghe on the south.
Guankou Subdistrict is an urban subdistrict and the seat of Liuyang City, Hunan Province, China. As of the 2015 census it had a population of 50,400 and an area of 161.8-square-kilometre (62.5 sq mi). Xijiang Township merged to Guankou subdistrict on November 18, 2015. The town is bordered to the northeast by Gugang Town, to the southeast by Gaoping Town, to the south by Hehua Subdistrict, to the west by Jiaoxi Township, to the northwest by Chunkou Town, and to the southwest by Jili Subdistrict.
Jili Subdistrict is an urban subdistrict in Liuyang City, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China. As of the 2015 census it had a population of 58,370 and an area of 153.8-square-kilometre (59.4 sq mi). Taipingqiao Town merged to Jili Subdistrict on November 18, 2015. It borders Jiaoxi Township in the north, Guankou Subdistrict in the northeast, Huaichuan Subdistrict in the southeast, Gejia Township in the west, Dongyang Town in the northwest, and Hehua Subdistrict and Chengchong Town in the south.
Puji Town is a rural town in Liuyang City, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China. As of the 2015 census it had a population of 41,900 and an area of 176.5-square-kilometre (68.1 sq mi). It borders Gejia Town in the north, Zhentou Town in the northwest, Guanqiao Town in the west, Guanzhuang Town of Liling in the south, and Chengchong Town in the east.
Sankou Town is an urban town in Liuyang City, Changsha City, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China. As of the 2000 census it had a population of 20,990 and an area of 55.5 square kilometers. Sankou merged to Gugang town on November 18, 2015
Taipingqiao Town is an urban town in Liuyang City, Changsha City, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China. As of the 2000 census it had a population of 20,129 and an area of 99.8 square kilometers. Taipingqiao town merged to Jili subdistrict on November 18, 2015.
Yonghe Town is a rural town in Liuyang City, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China. It is surrounded by the towns of Guandu and Zhangfang on the north, Yanxi Town on the northwest, Gugang Town on the west, Xiaohe Township on the east, and the towns of Gaoping and Zhonghe on the south. As of the 2015 census it had a population of 40,000 and an area of 234.5-square-kilometre (90.5 sq mi). Qibaoshan Township was merged to Yonghe town on November 18, 2015.
Liuyang Confucius Temple is a Confucian temple located in Liuyang, Hunan. It covers an area of 6,000-square-metre (65,000 sq ft).
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