The Llama llama, also spelled Llamallama or Lama lama, was probably a dance with the characteristics of a farce or a disguise game with acrobatic elements.[1] It is believed that the name of the dance came from the Aymara language,[1] which was the name the Aymara people used to describe the Urus dressed as dancing demons.
There are references to this dance in the works of Diego González Holguín and Ludovico Bertonio, Gonzáles Holguín compared this dance with the saynata and the siracusa, with the meaning of a “laughter thing”. Later Bertonio establishes a difference with the other dances, saying that the llama llama or haachuco was the mask or little, Tiny, Short, Stubby, Boring devil.[1]
This dance was performed during the Ito festivities by the representatives of the region known as Uruqulla (Urucolla), a sub-region of the south-eastern Qullasuyu located in the lake system of the Department of Oruro between the basins of the lakes Poopó and Coipasa, where the Uru civilization had the city of Oruro as their main social centre, becoming together with Nazca and Wari one of the most ancient cities in the Andean world.
Oruro or Uru Uru is a city in Bolivia with a population of 264,683, about halfway between La Paz and Sucre in the Altiplano, approximately 3,709 meters (12,169 ft) above sea level.
The Aymara or Aimara people are an indigenous people in the Andes and Altiplano regions of South America; about 2.3 million live in northwest Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru. Their ancestors lived in the region for many centuries before becoming a subject people of the Inca in the late 15th or early 16th century, and later of the Spanish in the 16th century. With the Spanish American Wars of Independence (1810–1825), the Aymaras became subjects of the new nations of Bolivia and Peru. After the War of the Pacific (1879–1883), Chile annexed territory with Aymara population.
Oruro is a department of Bolivia, with an area of 53,588 km2 (20,690 sq mi). Its capital is the city of Oruro. According to the 2012 census, the Oruro department had a population of 494,178.
Payachata or Paya Chata is a north–south trending complex of potentially active volcanos on the border of Bolivia and Chile, directly north of Chungará Lake. The complex contains two peaks, Pomerape to the north and Parinacota to the south. On the Bolivian side the volcanoes are located in the Oruro Department, Sajama Province, Curahuara de Carangas Municipality, and on the Chilean side they lie in the Arica y Parinacota Region, Parinacota Province.
Uyuni is a city in the southwest of Bolivia.
Pantaleón Dalence is a province in the eastern parts of the Bolivian Oruro Department. Its seat is Huanuni. The province was named after the jurist Pantaleón Dalence Jiménez.
The Carnival of Oruro is a religious and cultural festival in Oruro, Bolivia. It has been celebrated since the 18th century. Originally an indigenous festival, the celebration later was transformed to incorporate a Christian ritual around the Virgin of Candelaria . The carnival is one of UNESCO's Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.
The Kullawada, kullahuada, cullaguada or kullawa is a dance practiced in Bolivia and Peru and there is controversy about the origin of the dance between Bolivia and Peru. The name of the dance derives from the word kullawa, in reference to its dancers. In Bolivia, kullawada is danced mainly in the Carnaval de Oruro, the Fiesta del Gran Poder, the Festividad de la Virgen de Urkupiña and the Festividad de Chutillos. In Peru the dance is represented in the Fiesta de la Candelaria.
The Morenada is an Andean folk dance whose origins are still under debate. This dance is practiced mainly in Bolivia as well as in Peru and in recent years with Bolivian immigration in Chile, Argentina and other countries.
Poopó Municipality is the first municipal section of the Poopó Province in the Oruro Department, Bolivia. Its capital is Poopó.
The Diablada, also known as the Danza de los Diablos, is an Andean folk dance performed in the Altiplano region of South America, characterized by performers wearing masks and costumes representing the devil and other characters from pre-Columbian theology and mythology. combined with Spanish and Christian elements added during the colonial era. Many scholars have concluded that the dance is descended from the Llama llama dance in honor of the Uru god Tiw, and the Aymaran ritual to the demon Anchanchu, both originating in pre-Columbian Bolivia, though there are competing theories on the dance's origins.
The Lupaca, Lupaka, or Lupaqa people were one of the divisions of the ancestral Aymaras. The Lupaca lived for many centuries near Lake Titicaca in Peru and their lands possibly extended into Bolivia. The Lupacas and other Aymara peoples formed powerful kingdoms after the collapse of the Tiwanaku Empire in the 11th century. In the mid 15th century they were conquered by the Inca Empire and in the 1530s came under the control of the Spanish Empire.
Caracollo, Q'araqullu or Q'ara Qullu is a small town in Bolivia. It is situated in the Cercado Province of the Oruro Department. In 2010 it had an estimated population of 5,429. Located at the place where the highway from La Paz splits into two roads towards Cochabamba and Oruro, the town is a frequent starting point for long marches intended to influence the Bolivian government.
Machacamarca is a small town in the Pantaléon Dalence Province in the Oruro Department in Bolivia. It is the seat of the Machacamarca Municipality and of the Machacamarca Canton. At the time of census 2001 it had a population of 2,206. The town is situated south of Oruro near the south-eastern shore of Lake Uru Uru at the road and railway that lead to Poopó.
Machu Such'i Qhuchi or Machu Such'i Q'uchi is a mountain in the Apolobamba mountain range in the Bolivian Andes, about 5,679 metres (18,632 ft) high. It is situated near the Peruvian border in the La Paz Department, Franz Tamayo Province, Pelechuco Municipality, east of Such'i Lake.
Qala Qala is an archaeological site in Bolivia in a valley of the same name. The valley is known for its rock art. The zone where the rock paintings are found is also known as Qillqata. It is located in the Oruro Department, Cercado Province, Soracachi Municipality, southeast of Oruro. The rocks are situated about 2 km far from the village Qala Qala (Calacala), at a height of about 4,050 metres (13,287 ft).
Jach'a Jawira which later is named Q'ara Qullu and Waña Jawira is a Bolivian river in the La Paz Department and in the Oruro Department. Its waters flow towards Uru Uru Lake.
Qarwa P'iq'iña is a mountain in the Andes of southern Peru, about 5,100 metres (16,732 ft) high. It is situated in the Puno Region, El Collao Province, Santa Rosa District, and in the Chucuito Province, Pisacoma District. The peaks of Qarwa P'iq'iña lie south of Arichuwa.
Chuqi Quta is a mountain in the Andes of Peru, about 5,200 metres (17,060 ft) high. It is located in the Puno Region, El Collao Province, Santa Rosa District. It lies southwest of Jisk'a Mawruma.
Pre-Columbian Bolivia covers the historical period between 10,000 BCE, when the Upper Andes region was first populated and 1532, when Spanish conquistadors invaded Inca empire. The Andes region of Pre-Columbian South America was dominated by the Tiwanaku civilization until about 1200, when the regional kingdoms of the Aymara emerged as the most powerful of the ethnic groups living in the densely populated region surrounding Lake Titicaca. Power struggles continued until 1450, when the Incas incorporated upper Bolivia into their growing empire. Based in present-day Peru, the Incas instituted agricultural and mining practices that rivaled those put in place many years later by European conquerors. They also established a strong military force, and centralized political power. Despite their best efforts however, the Incas never completely controlled the nomadic tribes of the Bolivian lowlands, nor did they fully assimilate the Aymara kingdoms into their society. These internal divisions doomed the Inca Empire when European conquerors arrived.
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