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Language acquisition is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language,as well as to produce and use words and sentences to communicate.
Psycholinguistics or psychology of language is the study of the interrelation between linguistic factors and psychological aspects. The discipline is mainly concerned with the mechanisms by which language is processed and represented in the mind and brain;that is,the psychological and neurobiological factors that enable humans to acquire,use,comprehend,and produce language.
Baby talk is a type of speech associated with an older person speaking to a child or infant. It is also called caretaker speech,infant-directed speech (IDS),child-directed speech (CDS),child-directed language (CDL),caregiver register,parentese,or motherese.
Vocabulary development is a process by which people acquire words. Babbling shifts towards meaningful speech as infants grow and produce their first words around the age of one year. In early word learning,infants build their vocabulary slowly. By the age of 18 months,infants can typically produce about 50 words and begin to make word combinations.
Phonological awareness is an individual's awareness of the phonological structure,or sound structure,of words. Phonological awareness is an important and reliable predictor of later reading ability and has,therefore,been the focus of much research.
An interlanguage is an idiolect which has been developed by a learner of a second language (L2) which preserves some features of their first language (L1) and can overgeneralize some L2 writing and speaking rules. These two characteristics give an interlanguage its unique linguistic organization. It is idiosyncratically based on the learner's experiences with L2. An interlanguage can fossilize,or cease developing,in any of its developmental stages. It is claimed that several factors shape interlanguage rules,including L1 transfer,previous learning strategies,strategies of L2 acquisition,L2 communication strategies,and the overgeneralization of L2 language patterns.
Language development in humans is a process which starts early in life. Infants start without knowing a language,yet by 10 months,babies can distinguish speech sounds and engage in babbling. Some research has shown that the earliest learning begins in utero when the fetus starts to recognize the sounds and speech patterns of its mother's voice and differentiate them from other sounds after birth.
Bootstrapping is a term used in language acquisition in the field of linguistics. It refers to the idea that humans are born innately equipped with a mental faculty that forms the basis of language. It is this language faculty that allows children to effortlessly acquire language. As a process,bootstrapping can be divided into different domains,according to whether it involves semantic bootstrapping,syntactic bootstrapping,prosodic bootstrapping,or pragmatic bootstrapping.
Developmental linguistics is the study of the development of linguistic ability in an individual,particularly the acquisition of language in childhood. It involves research into the different stages in language acquisition,language retention,and language loss in both first and second languages,in addition to the area of bilingualism. Before infants can speak,the neural circuits in their brains are constantly being influenced by exposure to language. Developmental linguistics supports the idea that linguistic analysis is not timeless,as claimed in other approaches,but time-sensitive,and is not autonomous –social-communicative as well as bio-neurological aspects have to be taken into account in determining the causes of linguistic developments.
A sentence word is a single word that forms a full sentence.
Katherine Nelson was an American developmental psychologist,and professor.
In language acquisition,negative evidence is information concerning what is not possible in a language. Importantly,negative evidence does not show what is grammatical;that is positive evidence. In theory,negative evidence would help eliminate ungrammatical constructions by revealing what is not grammatical. Direct negative evidence refers to comments made by an adult language-user in response to a learner's ungrammatical utterance. Indirect negative evidence refers to the absence of ungrammatical sentences in the language that the child is exposed to. There is debate among linguists and psychologists about whether negative evidence can help children determine the grammar of their language. Negative evidence,if it is used,could help children rule out ungrammatical constructions in their language.
Direct negative evidence is a term used in the study of the acquisition of language. It describes the attempts of competent speakers of a language to guide the grammatical use of novice speakers,such as children.
Lois Holzman is director and co-founder of the East Side Institute in New York,New York,where she developed social therapy methods with Fred Newman. She is known for her research and work on play therapy,social therapy,and criticism of the medical model of mental health. She was instrumental in introducing the ideas of Lev Vygotsky to the fields of psychotherapy,organizational and community development. In 2014,Holzman received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Cultural-Historical Research Special Interest Group of the American Educational Research Association.
Martin Dimond Stewart Braine was a cognitive psychologist known for his research on the development of language and reasoning. He was Professor of Psychology at New York University at the time of his death.
Lauren Bernstein Adamson was a developmental psychologist known for her research on communicative development,parent-child interaction,and joint attention in infants with typical and atypical developmental trajectories. She was a Regents' Professor Emerita of Psychology at Georgia State University.
Frances Degen Horowitz was an American developmental psychologist who served as President of the Graduate Center,City University of New York from 1991 to 2005. She was instrumental in raising the stature of the institution and moving it to its current location in the B. Altman and Company Building on Fifth Avenue of New York City.
Beatrice Beebe is a clinical psychologist known for her research in attachment and early infant-parent communication. Her work helped established the importance of non-verbal communication in early child development. She is a Clinical Professor of Medical Psychology at the College of Physicians &Surgeons,Columbia University and the director of the Communications Science Lab at the New York State Psychiatric Institute (NYSPI).
Caroline F. Rowland is a British psychologist known for her work on child first language development,grammar acquisition,and the role of environment in child's language growth. Since 2016,she has been the Director of the Language Development Department at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in Nijmegen. She holds the position of Professor of First Language Acquisition by Special Appointment at Donders Centre for Cognition at Radboud University Nijmegen. She has also been an Honorary Research Associate in Psychological Sciences at University of Liverpool since 2018.
Lois Hayden Meek Stolz (1891–1984) was an American psychologist and educator in the field of child development and parent-child relations. She was a (full) professor of psychology at Stanford University and the author of several highly regarded texts.
References
- ↑ "Lois Bloom, PH.D. Edward Lee Thorndike Professor Emeritus". www.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2019-09-29.
- 1 2 "Lois Bloom, Biographical Sketch". www.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2019-10-27.
- ↑ Bloom, Lois (1976). One Word at a Time: The Use of Single Word Utterances Before Syntax. De Gruyter Mouton.
- ↑ Bloom, Lois. (1991). Language development from two to three . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-40178-X. OCLC 22275184.
- ↑ Bloom, Lois. (1978). Language development and language disorders . Lahey, Margaret, 1932-. New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-08220-1. OCLC 3168487.
- ↑ Bloom, Lois (1996). The Transition from Infancy to Language: Acquiring the Power of Expression. Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ "Eleanor Maccoby Book Award in Developmental Psychology". www.apadivisions.org. Retrieved 2022-10-22.
- ↑ "Penn State Child Study Center: Lois Bloom Lecture". csc.la.psu.edu. Retrieved 2022-10-22.
- ↑ "CURRICULUM VITAE". www.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2019-09-29.
- ↑ Bloom, Lois. (1970). Language development : form and function in emerging grammars . Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press. ISBN 0-262-02056-4. OCLC 119487.
- ↑ Blount, Ben (1973-12-01). "Linguistics: Language Development: Form and Function in Emerging Grammars. LOIS BLOOM". American Anthropologist. 75 (6): 1913–1915. doi: 10.1525/aa.1973.75.6.02a01050 . ISSN 1548-1433.
- ↑ "Honors Recipients". American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Retrieved 2019-11-25.
- ↑ "G. Stanley Hall Award for Distinguished Contribution to Developmental Psychology". www.apadivisions.org. Retrieved 2019-11-25.
- ↑ II, Ronald L. Jackson; Hogg, Michael A. (2010-06-29). Encyclopedia of Identity. SAGE. ISBN 978-1-4129-5153-1.
- ↑ Times, Israel Shenker Special to The New York (1971-08-07). "Psycholinguistics: A New Science Rises From Babble". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2019-10-29.
- ↑ "BUCLD 25 Proceedings". www.cascadilla.com. Retrieved 2019-10-27.
- ↑ Bloom, Lois; Tinker, Erin; Scholnick, Ellin Kofsky (2002). "The intentionality model and language acquisition: engagement, effort, and the essential tension in development". Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development. Washington: SRCD. 66 (4): i–viii, 1–91. doi:10.1111/1540-5834.00163. OCLC 749165916. PMID 11799833.
- ↑ Bloom, Lois; Tinker, Erin (2001). "The Intentionality Model and Language Acquisition: Engagement, Effort, and the Essential Tension in Development". Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development. Blackwell Publishers. 66 (4): i–viii, 1–91. doi:10.1111/1540-5834.00163. PMID 11799833.
- ↑ Berger, Joseph (1988-05-18). "Education; Words to Sentences, Mystery for Linguists". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2019-10-27.
