Louis Anthony Tartaglia is an American biochemist, pharmaceutical scientist, and entrepreneur. [1] As a scientist, he is known for first identifying and cloning the leptin receptor in 1995, a discovery that prompted immediate coverage in US national media given its expected clinical significance. [2] [3] He is also known for studying signaling mechanisms from the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors, and for publishing studies in the fields of obesity and diabetes which are often discussed in subject reviews. [4] [5] After moving from academia to industry in 1990, for over a decade he accompanied the growth of Millennium Pharmaceuticals, reaching top positions within the company. From executive roles he has occupied in venture capital firms, [6] and as a member of several advisory boards, [7] Tartaglia has helped start a number of therapeutics oriented companies that have found their way into the market, among them Agios, [8] Editas, [9] Rhythm, [10] and Zafgen. [11]
Tartaglia was born in Albany, New York in 1963.
In 1990, Tartaglia received his Ph.D. in biochemistry from UC Berkeley in the laboratory of professor Bruce Ames. Between 1990 and 1993, he did postdoctoral research in the lab of David Goeddel at Genentech, authoring over 10 original papers in peer-reviewed journals. [12]
In 1993, Tartaglia began his career as the first employee and scientist at Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. He led a lab that cloned and characterized several genes related to obesity and diabetes, which led to over 30 original scientific publications and over 20 patents. Promoted to Vice President of Metabolic Diseases in 1999, he led a team devoted to discovering drug candidates for the firm's pharmaceutical company partners. In 2004, he became Vice President of New Ventures at Millenium. Between 2004 and 2007, he worked in Gene Logic. In 2007, joined a new venture capital firm (Third Rock Ventures) devoted to launching new biotech companies. At this firm, he accompanied the start of companies Agios, Ablexis, Rhythm, Editas, Ember, and Zafgen. In 2016 Tartaglia joined 5AM Ventures to lead their de novo company formation where he oversaw the foundation of companies Entrada and Diagon. [7]
As a Ph.D. student under Bruce Ames at UC Berkeley in 1985, he studied the bacterial defense to oxidants and co-authored half a dozen papers, including an article in Science describing the first known transcription factor to be directly activated by oxidative stress. [13]
During his postdoctoral years at Genentech under David Goeddel, Tartaglia co-authored a dozen papers on TNF (Tumour necrosis factor) receptors, coining the term “Death Domain” to refer to the signaling of programmed cell death; [14] homologous domains were later found in many receptors and signal transduction molecules.
After joining Millennium Pharmaceuticals in 1993, his group soon cloned the receptor for the "obesity hormone" leptin. [15] [16] He published this work in 1995 in an article which was selected in 2004 by Cell among the 16 most “memorable papers” in its 30-year history. [17] Soon after publication in Cell, this discovery was announced on several national press media. [2] [3] [18]
In a collaborative effort with the Whitehead Institute, in 1999, his group identified a small intestinal protein (FA transport protein), which was found to play a key role in the uptake of dietary fat into the body. [19]
Tartaglia´s further research went on to clone and characterize mitochondrial uncoupling genes UCP2 and UCP3, in collaboration with colleagues from Prague and Beaverton, Oregon). [20] [21]
His most cited original research articles are: [4]
His most cited subject review articles are: [4]
In the industrial milieu, Tartaglia has been granted over 30 patents involving biomedical methods. These include the leptin receptor patent, [22] the screening of UCPH (UCP2) levels to monitor weight disorders, [23] and the administration of melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) agonists to certain patients, [24] an approach currently undergoing phase 3 trials, sponsored by the patent assignee, Rhythm Pharmaceuticals. [25]
Leptin is a hormone predominantly made by adipose cells and enterocytes in the small intestine that helps to regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger, which in turn diminishes fat storage in adipocytes. Leptin is coded for by the LEP gene. Leptin acts on cell receptors in the arcuate and ventromedial nuclei, as well as other parts of the hypothalamus and dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area, consequently mediating feeding.
Tumor necrosis factor is an adipokine and a cytokine. TNF is a member of the TNF superfamily, which consists of various transmembrane proteins with a homologous TNF domain.
Richard Axel is an American molecular biologist and university professor in the Department of Neuroscience at Columbia University and investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. His work on the olfactory system won him and Linda Buck, a former postdoctoral research scientist in his group, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2004.
Michael Stuart Brown ForMemRS is an American geneticist and Nobel laureate. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Joseph L. Goldstein in 1985 for describing the regulation of cholesterol metabolism.
TNF receptor-associated factor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRAF2 gene.
Tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1-associated DEATH domain protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRADD gene.
IKK-β also known as inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IKBKB gene.
Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A (TNFRSF1A) and CD120a, is a ubiquitous membrane receptor that binds tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα).
Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BIRC2 gene.
TNF receptor-associated factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRAF1 gene.
Caspase-10 is an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the CASP10 gene.
Leptin receptor, also known as LEP-R or OB-R, is a type I cytokine receptor, a protein that in humans is encoded by the LEPR gene. LEP-R functions as a receptor for the fat cell-specific hormone leptin. LEP-R has also been designated as CD295. Its location is the cell membrane, and it has extracellular, trans-membrane and intracellular sections.
TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRAF3 gene.
Orexin receptor type 2 (Ox2R or OX2), also known as hypocretin receptor type 2 (HcrtR2), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HCRTR2 gene.
Ephrin type-B receptor 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EPHB4 gene.
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 14 also known as NF-kappa-B-inducing kinase (NIK) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAP3K14 gene.
Tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2), also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1B (TNFRSF1B) and CD120b, is one of two membrane receptors that binds tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα). Like its counterpart, tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), the extracellular region of TNFR2 consists of four cysteine-rich domains which allow for binding to TNFα. TNFR1 and TNFR2 possess different functions when bound to TNFα due to differences in their intracellular structures, such as TNFR2 lacking a death domain (DD).
Adipogenesis is the formation of adipocytes from stem cells. It involves 2 phases, determination, and terminal differentiation. Determination is mesenchymal stem cells committing to the adipocyte precursor cells, also known as preadipocytes which lose the potential to differentiate to other types of cells such as chondrocytes, myocytes, and osteoblasts. Terminal differentiation is that preadipocytes differentiate into mature adipocytes. Adipocytes can arise either from preadipocytes resident in adipose tissue, or from bone-marrow derived progenitor cells that migrate to adipose tissue.
JeffreyFlier is an American physician, endocrinologist, widely cited scientist, Higginson Professor of Medicine and Physiology, and Harvard University Distinguished Service Professor at Harvard Medical School. He was the 21st Dean of the Faculty of Medicine at Harvard University from 2007 to 2016.
Rudolph Leibel is the Christopher J. Murphy Professor of Diabetes Research, Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine at Columbia University Medical Center, and Director of the Division of Molecular Genetics in the Department of Pediatrics. He is also Co-Director of the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and Executive Director of the Russell and Angelica Berrie Program in Cellular Therapy, Co-Director of the New York Obesity Research Center and the Columbia University Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Center.