Madonna Thunder Hawk

Last updated
Madonna Phillips
Madonna Thunder Hawk
Born
Madonna Phillips

1940 (age 83–84) [1]
Yankton Sioux Reservation
Nationality American Indian
Occupation(s)Grassroots activist
Water Rights activist
Years active1969–present
Organization(s) American Indian Movement
Pie Patrol [2]
Women of All Red Nations
Black Hills Alliance [3]
Wounded Knee Legal Defense Offense Committee (WKLDOC)
Known for Occupation of Alcatraz
Wounded Knee incident
We Will Remember Survival School
Lakota People's Law Project
Relatives Russell Means (first cousin) [4] Marcella Gilbert (daughter) [5]
Website Lakota People's Law Project

Madonna Thunder Hawk (born Madonna Gilbert) is a Native American civil rights activist best known as a member and leader in the American Indian Movement (AIM), co-founding Women of All Red Nations (WARN) and the Black Hills Alliance, [6] and as an organizer against the Dakota Access Pipeline. She established the Wasagiya Najin Grandmothers' Group on the Cheyenne River to help build kinship networks while also developing Simply Smiles Children Village. [6] She also serves as the Director of Grassroots Organizing for the Red Road Institute. Thunderhawk has spoken around the world as a delegate to the United Nations and is currently the Lakota People's Law Project principal and Tribal liaison. She was an international Indian Treaty Council delegate to the United Nations Human Rights Commission in Geneva. Also, a delegate to the U.N. Decade of Women Conference in Mexico City and in the 2001 to the World Conference against Racism in Durban, South Africa. [7]

Contents

Early life

Born in 1940 as Madonna Phillips, Thunder Hawk was born on the Yankton Sioux Reservation. She hails from the Feather Necklace Tiospaye (extended family) [8] and belongs to the Oohenumpa band of the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe. [3] Thunder Hawk was raised in a strict environment by her mother, who had, herself, been raised in the culturally restrictive environment within the boarding schools of the 1920s and 1930s. [1] Thunderhawk, like her mother, attended several boarding schools throughout her youth. She then later graduated with her bachelor's degree in human services. [9]

Activism

Thunderhawk is a grandmother, literally and figuratively, to great generation of Native American Activist . Her goals have always been winning justice for Native Americans, while ensuring the best future for Native children.

Thunder Hawk was an early proponent of the Red Power Movement. She took part in the 1969-1971 Occupation of Alcatraz, [10] with the goal of persuading the federal government to end its policy of termination and adopt an official policy of Indian self-determination. [11]

In 1970 and 1971, Thunder Hawk was involved in the two occupations of Mount Rushmore, a part of the Black Hills seized by the US government in 1877. [12] The occupation protested continued violations of the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie. [13]

Established the "We Will Remember Survival School" for Indian Youth. This school was established for youth whose parents were facing federal charges or who had been drop-outs from the educational system. [7]

American Indian Movement

Thunder Hawk joined the American Indian Movement in its early years and was present at AIM's occupation of the Wounded Knee. She was a member of the Pie Patrol, a group of women active in AIM, which also included Thelma Rios, Theda Nelson Clarke, [14] Lorelei DeCora Means, [10] and Mary Crow Dog (née Moore), wife of civil rights activist Leonard Crow Dog.

Wounded Knee Incident

Madonna took part in the American Indian Movement occupation of the Wounded Knee. She was a member of the Pie Patrol, a group of women active in AIM, consisting of Madonna Gilbert, Thelma Rios, Theda Nelson Clarke, [14] and Lorelei DeCora Means. [10] Mary Crow Dog (née Moore), wife of civil rights activist Leonard Crow Dog, who was also present during the siege at Wounded Knee, referred to the Pie Patrol as "loud-mouth city women, media conscious and hugging the limelight," who loved the camera and took credit for what the women of AIM were doing behind the scenes. This group of women bore particular resentment against an individual by the name of Anna Mae Pictou Aquash. [15] Anna Mae, a Mi'kmaq woman from Nova Scotia, was having an affair with Dennis Banks, founder of the American Indian Movement while he was still involved in a common-law marriage with Darlene “Kamook” Nichols. The affair did not sit well with the women of different tribal affiliations within the movement, and these women (as well as the Pie Patrol) viewed the relationship as a threat to AIM's stability. [15]

Various sources have placed Madonna in the lone medical facility operated by AIM during the 20th-century Wounded Knee Siege when Ray Robinson was brought into the facility. [16] One account details how Robinson was shot in the knee, dragged outside, beaten and taken to the Wounded Knee Medical Clinic run by Madonna Gilbert Thunderhawk and Lorelei DeCora Means, as well as several other volunteer nurses and medics. Ray was then reportedly shoved into a closet, where he died of exsanguination. [17]

Post Wounded Knee Incident

Thunder Hawk also served as director of the Wounded Knee Legal Defense Offense Committee (WKLDOC) in December 1975. [18]

Along with Lorelei De Cora, she founded and established the 'We Will Remember Survival School,' meant to provide a safe place for American Indian youth whose parents were facing federal charges or who had dropped out of the secondary education system. [3] Specifically, the school was founded for the children of defendants in the Wounded Knee trials which followed the American Indian Movement occupation of the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. This alternative model was a component of the National Federation of Native-Controlled Survival Schools that was established during the movement as a Native alternative to government-run education. [19]

In 1974, Thunder Hawk and DeCora, along with a handful of other Native American women, founded Women of All Red Nations (WARN). Following the male-dominated activism of the AIM and Red Power movements, WARN organized around women's issues in Native American activism. The group worked to address sterilization abuse, political prisoners, children and family rights, and threats to indigenous land bases.

Thunder Hawk was a co-founder and spokesperson for the Black Hills Alliance. The Black Hills Alliance was responsible for preventing the Union Carbide corporation from mining uranium on sacred Lakota land. [3] Thunder Hawk fought to preserve the land in sacred Black Hills from developers wishing to raze the area, and conducted analyses on the water supplies on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, proving the existence of dangerously high levels of radiation in the water supply. The result of her activism was the implementation of a new water system. [9]

In 2004, Thunder Hawk joined with the Romero Institute to form the Lakota People's Law Project (LPLP) with the goal of encouraging more vigilant federal enforcement and reform of the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA) to enable more Lakota children to continue living with their families or, at the least, on their ancestral homelands on the reservation. [20]

Madonna created Wasagiya Najin or, "Grandmothers' Group" to assist in preventing the unlawful extraction of children from tribal nations. [21]

[22] In 2016, Madonna joined the movement against the Dakota Access pipeline and provided an inspiring presence at a resistance camp in North Dakota. [23] Thunder Hawk is a founder of the Warrior Women Project. [24]

Filmography

Film
YearFilmRoleNotes
1992 Incident at Oglala HerselfDocumentary
1994 Lakota Women: Siege at Wounded Knee MedicDrama
1996 Crazy Horse Head SeamstressCostume and Wardrobe Department (1 Credit)
2009 William Kunstler: Disturbing the Universe HerselfDocumentary
2021 End of the Line: The Women of Standing Rock HerselfDocumentary
Television
YearTitleRoleNotes
2009 The American Experience HerselfOne Episode: We Shall Remain: Part V - Wounded Knee (PBS Documentary)
2018Warrior WomenHerselfHistory and stories of Madonna Thunder Hawk from the 1970s to today (Documentary) [25]

Legacy

Madonna has also been mentioned in numerous publications, including Blood on the Border: A Memoir of the Contra War, authored by Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, ETHNOGRAPHIES OF CONSERVATION: Environmentalism and the Distribution of Privilege, edited by David G. Anderson and Eeva Berglund, We Worry about Survival: American Indian Women, Sovereignty, and the Right to Bear and Raise Children in the 1970s, authored by Meg Devlin O'Sullivan, Timelines of American Women's History, authored by Sue Heinemann and American Nations: Encounters in Indian Country, 1850 to the Present, edited by Frederick Hoxie, Peter Mancall and James Merrell.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sioux</span> Native American and First Nations ethnic groups

The Sioux or Oceti Sakowin are groups of Native American tribes and First Nations people from the Great Plains of North America. The Sioux have two major linguistic divisions: the Dakota and Lakota peoples. Collectively, they are the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ, or "Seven Council Fires". The term "Sioux", an exonym from a French transcription ("Nadouessioux") of the Ojibwe term "Nadowessi", can refer to any ethnic group within the Great Sioux Nation or to any of the nation's many language dialects.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wounded Knee, South Dakota</span> CDP in South Dakota, United States

Wounded Knee is a census-designated place (CDP) on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in Oglala Lakota County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 364 at the 2020 census.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wounded Knee Massacre</span> 1890 South Dakota civilian killings

The Wounded Knee Massacre, also known as the Battle of Wounded Knee, was the deadliest mass shooting in American history, involving nearly three hundred Lakota people shot and killed by soldiers of the United States Army. The massacre, part of what the U.S. military called the Pine Ridge Campaign, occurred on December 29, 1890, near Wounded Knee Creek on the Lakota Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota, following a botched attempt to disarm the Lakota camp. The previous day, a detachment of the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment commanded by Major Samuel M. Whitside approached Spotted Elk's band of Miniconjou Lakota and 38 Hunkpapa Lakota near Porcupine Butte and escorted them five miles westward to Wounded Knee Creek, where they made camp. The remainder of the 7th Cavalry Regiment, led by Colonel James W. Forsyth, arrived and surrounded the encampment. The regiment was supported by a battery of four Hotchkiss mountain guns. The Army was catering to the anxiety of settlers who called the conflict the Messiah War and were worried the Ghost Dance signified a potentially dangerous Sioux resurgence. Historian Jeffrey Ostler wrote in 2004, "Wounded Knee was not made up of a series of discrete unconnected events. Instead, from the disarming to the burial of the dead, it consisted of a series of acts held together by an underlying logic of racist domination."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American Indian Movement</span> United States civil rights organization

The American Indian Movement (AIM) is an American Indian grassroots movement which was founded in Minneapolis, Minnesota in July 1968, initially centered in urban areas in order to address systemic issues of poverty, discrimination, and police brutality against American Indians. AIM soon widened its focus from urban issues to many Indigenous Tribal issues that American Indian groups have faced due to settler colonialism in the Americas. These issues have included treaty rights, high rates of unemployment, the lack of American Indian subjects in education, and the preservation of Indigenous cultures.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pine Ridge Indian Reservation</span> Indian reservation in United States, Oglala Sioux

The Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, also called Pine Ridge Agency, is an Oglala Lakota Indian reservation located in the U.S. state of South Dakota, with a small portion of it extending into Nebraska. Originally included within the territory of the Great Sioux Reservation, Pine Ridge was created by the Act of March 2, 1889, 25 Stat. 888. in the southwest corner of South Dakota on the Nebraska border. It consists of 3,468.85 sq mi (8,984 km2) of land area and is one of the largest reservations in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Russell Means</span> Oglala Lakota activist (1939–2012)

Russell Charles Means was an Oglala Lakota activist for the rights of American Indians and all oppressed First Nation Americans, libertarian political activist, actor, musician and writer. He became a prominent member of the American Indian Movement (AIM) after joining the organization in 1968 and helped organize notable events that attracted national and international media coverage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dennis Banks</span> Indigenous activist

Dennis Banks was a Native American activist, teacher, and author. He was a longtime leader of the American Indian Movement, which he co-founded in Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1968 to represent urban Indians. He was a pre-eminent spokesman for Native Americans. His protests won government concessions and created national attention and sympathy for the oppression and deplorable endemic social and economic conditions for Native Americans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clyde Bellecourt</span> Native American civil rights activist (1936–2022)

Clyde Howard Bellecourt was a Native American civil rights organizer. His Ojibwe name is Nee-gon-we-way-we-dun, which means "Thunder Before the Storm". He founded the American Indian Movement (AIM) in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in 1968 with Dennis Banks, Eddie Benton-Banai, and George Mitchell. His elder brother, Vernon Bellecourt, was also active in the movement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anna Mae Aquash</span> First Nations activist (1945–1975)

Annie Mae Aquash was a First Nations activist and Mi'kmaq tribal member from Nova Scotia, Canada. Aquash moved to Boston in the 1960s and joined other First Nations and Indigenous Americans focused on education and resistance, and police brutality against urban Indigenous peoples. She was part of the American Indian Movement, participated in several occupations, and participated in the 1973 Wounded Knee incident at the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, United States.

Mary Brave Bird, also known as Mary Brave Woman Olguin and Mary Crow Dog was a Sicangu Lakota writer and activist who was a member of the American Indian Movement during the 1970s and participated in some of their most publicized events, including the Wounded Knee Incident when she was 18 years old.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wounded Knee Occupation</span> 1973 American Indian occupation protest

The Wounded Knee Occupation, also known as Second Wounded Knee, began on February 27, 1973, when approximately 200 Oglala Lakota and followers of the American Indian Movement (AIM) seized and occupied the town of Wounded Knee, South Dakota, United States, on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. The protest followed the failure of an effort of the Oglala Sioux Civil Rights Organization (OSCRO) to use impeachment to remove tribal president Richard Wilson, whom they accused of corruption and abuse of opponents. Additionally, protesters criticized the United States government's failure to fulfill treaties with Native American people and demanded the reopening of treaty negotiations to hopefully arrive at fair and equitable treatment of Native Americans.

Richard A. Wilson was elected chairman of the Oglala Lakota of the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota, where he served from 1972–1976, following re-election in 1974.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red Power movement</span> Native American youth movement

The Red Power movement was a social movement led by Native American youth to demand self-determination for Native Americans in the United States. Organizations that were part of the Red Power Movement include the American Indian Movement (AIM) and the National Indian Youth Council (NIYC). This movement sought the rights for Native Americans to make policies and programs for themselves while maintaining and controlling their own land and resources. The Red Power movement took a confrontational and civil disobedience approach to inciting change in United States to Native American affairs compared to using negotiations and settlements, which national Native American groups such as National Congress of American Indians had before. Red Power centered around mass action, militant action, and unified action.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oglala</span> Traditional tribal grouping within the Lakota people

The Oglala are one of the seven subtribes of the Lakota people who, along with the Dakota, make up the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ. A majority of the Oglala live on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota, the eighth-largest Native American reservation in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Women of All Red Nations</span> Native American womens organization

Women of All Red Nations (WARN) was a Native American women's organization that fought for Native American civil and reproductive rights. It was established in 1974 by Lorelei DeCora Means, Madonna Thunderhawk, Phyllis Young, Janet McCloud, Marie Sanchez and others. WARN included more than 300 women from 30 different tribal communities. Many of its members had previously been active in the American Indian Movement and were participants in the 1973 Wounded Knee incident. The inaugural conference took place in Rapid City, South Dakota.

Perry Ray Robinson was an African American activist from Alabama during the civil rights movement. He had been active in Mississippi and Washington, D.C., supporting the March on Washington and the Poor People's Campaign. Robinson disappeared while participating in the 1973 American Indian Movement (AIM) resistance in the Wounded Knee incident on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota.

Lorelei DeCora Means is a Native American nurse and civil rights activist. She is best known for her role in the second siege in the town of Wounded Knee, South Dakota, on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. She was also a co-founder of the American Indian organization, Women of All Red Nations.

Wesley Bad Heart Bull was a Native American man whose murder at the hands of Darld Schmitz was the catalyst for leading to the events later known as the Wounded Knee incident.

Edgar Donroy Bear Runner was a Native American activist. He is perhaps best known for attempting to peacefully negotiate the Jumping Bull ranch incident in 1975 via parleying with American Indian Movement activists.

Theda Nelson Clarke, born Theda Rose Nelson (1924-2011), was a Native American activist. She is perhaps best known for her involvement in the Wounded Knee incident with the murder of fellow American Indian Movement activist Anna Mae Aquash.

References

  1. 1 2 Jessepe, Lorraine (14 October 2010). "Red Power activist Madonna Thunder Hawk going strong at 70". Vermonters Concerned on Native American Affairs. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  2. ↑ "Wounded Knee". Indian Country News.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  3. 1 2 3 4 Waterman Wittstock, Laura (31 October 2012). "Elizabeth Castle and Madonna Thunder Hawk". KFAI. Archived from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  4. ↑ "Lakota People's Law Project's Madonna Thunder Hawk and Daniel Sheehan Remember Russell Means". PRWeb. 29 October 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  5. ↑ Leachman, Shelly (1 November 2021). "Warrior Women". UC Santa Barbara The Current. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
  6. 1 2 "Principal, Warrior Women Project; Tribal Liaison, Lakota People's Law Project | Aspen Ideas". Aspen Ideas Festival. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  7. 1 2 "Madonna Thunder Hawk". + + + +. 2018-11-26. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  8. ↑ "Madonna Thunder Hawk to Present Cash Lecture at The U". 12 October 2007. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  9. 1 2 Noriyuki, Duane (14 October 1998). "The Women of Wounded Knee". DickShovel. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  10. 1 2 3 "An Evening with Madonna Thunderhawk A Fundraising Event for the Lakota People's Law Project". Brecht Forum. 21 April 2007. Archived from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  11. ↑ "Alcatraz is Not an Island". Indian Activism. 21 April 2007. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  12. ↑ "Forty-Fourth Congress Session II Ch. 69, 72 1877" (PDF). legisworks.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-10-05. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
  13. ↑ Rao, Sameer (August 2017). "47 Years Ago: Native Activists Occupied Mount Rushmore to Protest Treaty Violations". ColorLines.com.
  14. 1 2 O'Driscoll, Patrick (January 1997). "Annie Mae Pictou Aquash Time Line An Investigation by News From Indian Country". Dick Shovel. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  15. 1 2 Konigsberg, Eric (25 April 2014). "Who Killed Anna Mae?". The New York Times . Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  16. ↑ "Madonna Gilbert Thunder Hawk". Oneida Eye. Archived from the original on 29 September 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  17. ↑ Lammers, Dirk. "American Indian Movement & Wounded Knee". First Thoughts. Archived from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  18. ↑ Castle, Elizabeth. ""The Original Gangster”: The Life and Times of Red Power Activist Madonna Thunder Hawk." In The Hidden 1970s: Histories of Radicalism, edited by Berger, Dan, 267-84. New Brunswick, New Jersey; London: Rutgers University Press, 2010. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5hjb9s.19.
  19. ↑ "Celebrate Women's History Month at the National Museum of the American Indian". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2021-07-26.
  20. ↑ Morris, Dottie (21 April 2011). "Madonna Thunder Hawk and JJ Kent on Campus April 26". Keene State University. Archived from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  21. ↑ Castle, Dr. Elizabeth, A. "Warrior Women Project". Warrior Women Project. Retrieved October 12, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ↑ Castle, Elizabeth (October 2012). "Elizabeth Castle and Madonna Thunder Hawk". KFAI.org. Archived from the original on 2014-10-26. Retrieved 2014-10-26.
  23. ↑ "Madonna Thunder Hawk poses for a photograph while camping at a protest of the Dakota Access pipeline on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation near Cannon Ball, North Dakota". news.trust.org. Reuters. November 2016.
  24. ↑ Castle, Dr. Elizabeth A. (2018). "Warrior Women Project". Warrior Women Project. Retrieved October 12, 2019.
  25. ↑ "About". Warrior Women. Retrieved 2018-10-26.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.