Mai Bakhtawar Lashari Baloch[a] (1880 - 22 June 1947) was a peasant from the village Dodo Khan Sargani, near Roshanabad in Umerkot, Tando Bago Tehsil, Badin District in Sindh.[b][2] Growing up in rural Sindh under British rule, she faced the challenges of poverty in a deeply patriarchal society. Despite these obstacles, she courageously stood up against the injustices inflicted by local landlords. Her resistance ultimately led to her murder at the hands of a landlord and his men, marking her as a symbol of defiance against oppression.
She was the only child of Murad Khan Lashari, who named her Mai Bakhtawar, meaning 'fortunate woman' or 'lucky woman'.[3] In 1898, Mai Bakhtawar married Wali Mohammad Lashari, who worked as a peasant in the lands of a landed aristocrat.[3] The couple had four children: Dost Mohammad Khan, Lal Bakhsh, Mohammad Siddique and daughter Rasti.[citation needed] She is remembered as a courageous woman who consistently stood up against injustice throughout her life.[4] Some political agitators have posthumously invoked her legacy, portraying her as a "daughter of the soil" and a heroic figure for the Sindhi cause, using her story to further their own agendas.[5][6]
Information board about Mai Bakhtawar's life at the airport near Islamkot
The Sindh Hari Committee, founded in 1930, became one of the leading organisations for peasant rights in Sindh. Its main aim was to challenge the power of large landlords and secure fair land rights for haris (tenant farmers). After World War II, when rural poverty in Sindh deepened, Hyder Bux Jatoi resigned from the Indian Civil Service and devoted himself fully to the movement. Known as Baba-e-Sindh (Father of Sindh), he transformed the Hari Committee from a small group into a mass platform, giving thousands of peasants a political voice.[7][8]
In the 1940s, over 80% of cultivated land in Sindh was controlled by powerful Zamindars, while haris survived on unequal sharecropping arrangements. Landlords often seized most of the harvest, leaving peasants with barely enough to survive.[9] To fight this injustice, Jatoi revived the Adh batayi Movement in 1946, demanding that peasants receive half of the crop they cultivated.[7] On 20–22 June 1947, the Hari Committee held a major gathering in Judho, close to the village of Mai Bakhtawar. During this period, Bakhtawar was murdered while resisting a landlord’s men who tried to take away the crop, and her death became a rallying cry for peasants across Sindh.[4][7]
Jatoi responded by visiting her village, standing with her family, and using her sacrifice to highlight the everyday violence peasants faced. He organised rallies and protests in her name, turning her story into a symbol of resistance. This wave of activism helped build momentum for tenancy reforms, and after years of mobilisation, the Sindh Government passed the Sindh Tenancy Act, 1950, which for the first time legally recognised peasants’ rights in their crops and provided some security of tenure.[9][7][8]
Murder
The movement gained momentum, leading to regular clashes between peasants and landlords in Sindh. On 22 June 1949, while most of Mai Bakhtawar's village men and many women attended a nearby Hari conference in Jhudo, the landlord, Choudhry Saeedullah, attempted to exploit their absence.[4] Accompanied by armed men, he entered the village to seize the entire crop yield. It was then that Mai Bakhtawar courageously confronted them, refusing to allow their theft. Defying the landlord and his men, she physically stood her ground,[10] a bold act in an era and region where even men were often too fearful to challenge the landlords for their rights.
Following Mai Bakhtawar’s murder on 22 June 1947, Hyder Bux Jatoi and the Sindh Hari Committee mobilised peasants and organised protests to ensure the case was not silenced. Jatoi’s campaign pressured the authorities to prosecute the landlord responsible, leading to the conviction and imprisonment of several men. This rare act of accountability against zamindars became a symbol of justice for peasants and strengthened the demand for tenancy reform.[7][4][8] leading to regular clashes between peasants and landlords in Sindh. On 22 June 1949, while most of Mai Bakhtawar's village men and many women attended a nearby Hari conference in Jhudo, the landlord, Choudhry Saeedullah, attempted to exploit their absence.[4]
It is unclear whether Mai Bakhtawar used the famous Sindhi slogan of Sufi Shah Inayat, 'Jeko Khede So Khaey' (He who tills has the right to eat),[11] or something else.[5][3] What is clear, however, is that her bold resistance deeply angered the armed men accompanying the landlord. In a tragic turn, their fury culminated in them fatally shooting her.[c]
Her body was taken to Samaro for postmortem rites and was buried there.[citation needed]
Impact
The struggle of the Hari movement captured the public's imagination, particularly after the death of Mai Bakhtawar, who bravely fought against the powerful landed elite for her rights as a sharecropper. Her killers, Saeedullah [d] and his men, were sentenced to 20 years in prison for her murder. Mai Bakhtawar became the first woman to die in the history of peasant uprisings in Sindh.[4] Her death had a profound impact, inspiring the eventual passage of the Sind Tenancy Act. [e]
The murder, occurring amidst the broader movement, drew significant attention to the plight of Sindh's peasants, particularly from urban areas like Karachi, raising awareness of the injustices faced by rural communities.[7]
↑ She belonged to the Lashari tribe, one of the most renowned tribes of Balochistan.[1]
↑ In retrospect, many believed Mai Bakhtawar was killed by a "Punjabi zamindar," owing to landlord Saeedullah's family connections. This incident is also viewed within the broader context of labor recruitment from outside the province, primarily from Punjab, and the influx of landless East Punjabi refugees in early 1948.[9]
↑ The Act was passed by the Sindh Assembly on 4 April 1950, and signed into law by the Governor on 11 May 1950.[7] It mandated that landlords allocate half of the harvest to the farmers, ensuring a more equitable share of the yield for the peasants.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
