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Starting in the mid-1970s and 1980s, Salafism and Wahhabism — along with other Sunni interpretations of Islam favored by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and other Gulf monarchies — achieved a "preeminent position of strength in the global expression of Islam."
Following the embargo by Arab oil exporters during the Israeli-Arab October 1973 War and the vast increase in petroleum export revenue that followed, the international propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism within Sunni Islam favored by the conservative oil-exporting Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and other Gulf monarchies achieved a "preeminent position of strength in the global expression of Islam." The Saudi interpretation of Islam not only includes Salafiyya but also Islamist/revivalist Islam, and a "hybrid" of the two interpretations.
The Wahhabi movement started as a revivalist and reform movement in the Arabian Peninsula during the early 18th century, whose adherents described themselves as "Muwahhidun" (Unitarians). A young Hanbali cleric named Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab, the leader of the Muwahhidun and eponym of the Wahhabi movement, called upon his disciples to denounce certain beliefs and practices associated with cult of saints as idolatrous impurities and innovations in Islam (bid'ah). His movement emphasized adherence to the Quran and hadith, and advocated the use of ijtihad. Eventually, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab formed a pact with a local leader, Muhammad bin Saud, offering political obedience and promising that protection and propagation of the Wahhabi movement meant "power and glory" and rule of "lands and men".
Abdullah bin Muhammad Al Sheikh (1751–1829) was a Muslim scholar who served as the head of the judicial system during the First Saudi State, also known as the Emirate of Diriyah. He was a son of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, who was credited with introducing the Wahhabi sect of Islam. Abdullah developed the doctrine of this religious belief. David Commins, an American scholar on Wahhabism, argues that Abdullah was the most significant son of Muhammad.
References
- ↑ "Liberal Saudi Journalist Mansour Al-Nogaiden: True Success Lies in Living, Not Dying, for the Sake of Allah". MEMRI. Retrieved 2022-06-07.
- ↑ "Truth and Myth About Wahhabism - 2003-12-24". VOA. Retrieved 2022-06-07.
- ↑ "Moderate Saudi Voices Have Found a Home in the UAE". sultanalqassemi.com. Retrieved 2022-06-07.
- 1 2 3 4 RUBIN, ELIZABETH (March 7, 2004). "The Jihadi Who Kept Asking Why". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
- 1 2 3 4 al-Nogaidan, Mansour. "Losing My Jihadism". The Washington Post. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
- 1 2 3 4 lacey, Robert, Inside the kingdom kings, clerics, modernists, terrorists, and the struggle for Saudi Arabia, 2009:119-226.
- ↑ AL-NOGAIDAN, MANSOUR (November 28, 2003). "Telling the Truth, Facing the Whip". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
- ↑ Dorothy U. Seyler, Patterns of Reflection, seventh edition, 2009: 55-60
- ↑ Schwarzbuch Öl: Eine Geschichte von Gier, Krieg, Macht und Geld (Broschiert) von Thomas Seifert (Author), Klaus Werner (Author):140
- Barry Rubin, The long war for freedom, 4002: 193-194
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