Related Research Articles
Prenatal development includes the development of the embryo and of the fetus during a viviparous animal's gestation. Prenatal development starts with fertilization,in the germinal stage of embryonic development,and continues in fetal development until birth.
Maternal health is the health of women during pregnancy,childbirth,and the postpartum period. In most cases,maternal health encompasses the health care dimensions of family planning,preconception,prenatal,and postnatal care in order to ensure a positive and fulfilling experience. In other cases,maternal health can reduce maternal morbidity and mortality. Maternal health revolves around the health and wellness of pregnant women,particularly when they are pregnant,at the time they give birth,and during child-raising. WHO has indicated that even though motherhood has been considered as a fulfilling natural experience that is emotional to the mother,a high percentage of women develop health problems and sometimes even die. Because of this,there is a need to invest in the health of women. The investment can be achieved in different ways,among the main ones being subsidizing the healthcare cost,education on maternal health,encouraging effective family planning,and ensuring progressive check up on the health of women with children. Maternal morbidity and mortality particularly affects women of color and women living in low and lower-middle income countries.
Prenatal stress is exposure of an expectant mother to psychosocial or physical stress,which can be caused by daily life events or by environmental hardships. This psychosocial or physical stress that the expectant mother is experiencing has an effect on the fetus. According to the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD),a wide range of environmental factors a woman may experience during the perinatal period can contribute to biological impacts and changes in the fetus that then causes health risks later in the child's life.
Unintended pregnancies are pregnancies that are mistimed,unplanned or unwanted at the time of conception.
Maternal oral health has been shown to affect the well-being of both the expectant mother and her unborn fetus.
Prenatal care in the United States is a health care preventive care protocol recommended to women with the goal to provide regular check-ups that allow obstetricians-gynecologists,family medicine physicians,or midwives to detect,treat and prevent potential health problems throughout the course of pregnancy while promoting healthy lifestyles that benefit both mother and child. Patients are encouraged to attend monthly checkups during the first two trimesters and in the third trimester gradually increasing to weekly visits. Women who suspect they are pregnant can schedule pregnancy tests prior to 9 weeks gestation. Once pregnancy is confirmed an initial appointment is scheduled after 8 weeks gestation. Subsequent appointments consist of various tests ranging from blood pressure to glucose levels to check on the health of the mother and fetus. If not,appropriate treatment will then be provided to hinder any further complications.
Antenatal depression,also known as prenatal or perinatal depression,is a form of clinical depression that can affect a woman during pregnancy,and can be a precursor to postpartum depression if not properly treated. It is estimated that 7% to 20% of pregnant women are affected by this condition. Any form of prenatal stress felt by the mother can have negative effects on various aspects of fetal development,which can cause harm to the mother and child. Even after birth,a child born from a depressed or stressed mother feels the affects. The child is less active and can also experience emotional distress. Antenatal depression can be caused by the stress and worry that pregnancy can bring,but at a more severe level. Other triggers include unplanned pregnancy,difficulty becoming pregnant,history of abuse,and economic or family situations.
The fetal origins hypothesis proposes that the period of gestation has significant impacts on the developmental health and wellbeing outcomes for an individual ranging from infancy to adulthood. The effects of fetal origin are marked by three characteristics:latency,wherein effects may not be apparent until much later in life;persistency,whereby conditions resulting from a fetal effect continue to exist for a given individual;and genetic programming,which describes the 'switching on' of a specific gene due to prenatal environment. Research in the areas of economics,epidemiology,and epigenetics offer support for the hypothesis.
Maternal mortality refers to the death of a woman during her pregnancy or up to a year after her pregnancy has terminated;this metric only includes causes related to the pregnancy,and does not include accidental causes. Some sources will define maternal mortality as the death of a woman up to 42 days after the pregnancy has ended,instead of one year. In 1986,the CDC began tracking pregnancy-related deaths to gather information and determine what was causing these deaths by creating the Pregnancy-Related Mortality Surveillance System. According to a 2010-2011 report although the United States was spending more on healthcare than any other country in the world,more than two women died during childbirth every day,making maternal mortality in the United States the highest when compared to 49 other countries in the developed world.
Evolutionary approaches to postpartum depression examine the syndrome from the framework of evolutionary theory.
Suparna Rajaram, SUNY Distinguished Professor of Psychology at Stony Brook University,is an Indian-born cognitive psychologist and expert on memory and amnesia. Rajaram served as Chair of the Governing Board of the Psychonomic Society (2008) and as president of the Association for Psychological Science (2017-2018). Along with Judith Kroll and Randi Martin,Rajaram co-founded the organization Women in Cognitive Science in 2001,with the aim of improving the visibility of contributions of women to cognitive science. In 2019,she was an inaugural recipient of Psychonomic Society's Clifford T. Morgan Distinguished Leadership Award for significant contributions and sustained leadership in the discipline of cognitive psychology.
Gestational weight gain is defined as the amount of weight gain a woman experiences between conception and birth of an infant.
Hendrée E. Jones is a researcher on women's substance abuse disorders and its impact on children. She is a professor in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine,and adjunct professor in the University of North Carolina College of Arts &Sciences Department of Psychology and Neuroscience. Jones is the executive director of the UNC Horizons Program,which is a comprehensive drug treatment program for mothers and their drug-exposed children. She is a consultant for the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration,the United Nations,and the World Health Organization.
Jeannette R. Ickovics is an American health and social psychologist. She is the inaugural Samuel and Liselotte Herman Professor of Social and Behavioral Sciences at the Yale School of Public Health and Professor of Psychology at the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences at Yale University. She was the Founding Chair of the Social and Behavioral Sciences at the Yale School of Public Health and the Founding Director of Community Alliance for Research and Engagement (CARE). She served as the Dean of Faculty at Yale-NUS College in Singapore from 2018 to 2021.
Camille B. Wortman is a clinical health psychologist and expert on grief and coping in response to traumatic events and loss. She is an Emeritus Professor of Psychology at Stony Brook University.
Black maternal mortality in the United States refers to the death of women,specifically those who identify as Black or African American,during or after child delivery. In general,maternal death can be due to a myriad of factors,such as how the nature of the pregnancy or the delivery itself,but is not associated with unintentional or secondary causes. In the United States,around 700 women die from pregnancy-related illnesses or complications per year. This number does not include the approximately 50,000 women who experience life-threatening complications during childbirth,resulting in lifelong disabilities and complications. However,there are stark differences in maternal mortality rates for Black American women versus Indigenous American,Alaska Native,and White American women.
Joanne Davila is a clinical psychologist known for her research on the romantic relationships and mental health of adolescents and adults,including the impact of social media use on relationships and well being. She is a Professor and Associate Director of Clinical Training int the Department of Psychology,at Stony Brook University.
Darby Saxbe is a clinical psychologist and professor of psychology at the University of Southern California,who researches stress within the context of relationships.
Pregnancy-related anxiety is a distinct anxiety contextualized by pregnancy specific fears,worries,and concerns. Pregnancy-related anxiety is characterized by increased concerns or excessive fears and worries about their unborn baby,childbirth,body image,and impending motherhood. This anxiety is also known as pregnancy-specific anxiety,pregnancy anxiety,pregnancy distress,or pregnancy concerns and was first identified in 1956 when women were observed to be anxious about different aspects of their pregnancy. However,it was not until conventional measures of anxiety and depression were shown to not adequately capture this anxiety that the first empirical evidence was provided. Subsequent studies have provided further support for the distinctiveness of pregnancy-related anxiety from state and trait anxiety,depression and anxiety disorder symptomology.
References
- 1 2 "Perspective | Pregnant women are urged to avoid stress. What happens when a pandemic makes that impossible?". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286 . Retrieved 2022-11-20.
- ↑ "Marci Lobel | Department of Psychology". www.stonybrook.edu. Retrieved 2022-11-20.
- ↑ Communications, Stony Brook Office of. "Marci Lobel | Experts at Stony Brook University, New York". www.stonybrook.edu. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
- ↑ Collins, Nancy L.; Dunkel-Schetter, Christine; Lobel, Marci; Scrimshaw, Susan C. (1993). "Social support in pregnancy: Psychosocial correlates of birth outcomes and postpartum depression". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 65 (6): 1243–1258. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.6.1243. ISSN 1939-1315. PMID 8295121.
- ↑ Lobel, Marci; Dunkel-Schetter, Christine; Scrimshaw, Susan C. (1992). "Prenatal maternal stress and prematurity: A prospective study of socioeconomically disadvantaged women". Health Psychology. 11 (1): 32–40. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.11.1.32. ISSN 1930-7810. PMID 1559532.
- ↑ "Psychological reactions to infertility". scholar.google.com. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
- ↑ Taylor, Shelley E.; Lobel, Marci (1989). "Social comparison activity under threat: Downward evaluation and upward contacts". Psychological Review. 96 (4): 569–575. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.96.4.569. ISSN 1939-1471. PMID 2678204.
- ↑ "Stony Brook University Social and Health Psychology Faculty and Students in the News" (PDF).
- ↑ "Congratulations Award Winners". www.apa.org. Retrieved 2022-10-24.
- ↑ "Committee on Women in Psychology Leadership Award Recipients". www.apa.org. Retrieved 2022-11-20.
- ↑ "2021 Awards presented by the Society for Health Psychology (Division 38)". Society for Health Psychology. Retrieved 2022-11-20.
- 1 2 "Psychology Professor Marci Lobel Receives Leadership Award from APA – Stony Brook Matters". sbmatters.stonybrook.edu. Retrieved 2022-10-13.
- ↑ Rosenthal, Lisa; Lobel, Marci (2011-03-01). "Explaining racial disparities in adverse birth outcomes: Unique sources of stress for Black American women". Social Science & Medicine. 72 (6): 977–983. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.01.013. ISSN 0277-9536. PMID 21345565.
- ↑ Nicoloro-SantaBarbara, Jennifer; Busso, Cheyanne; Moyer, Anne; Lobel, Marci (2018-09-01). "Just relax and you'll get pregnant? Meta-analysis examining women's emotional distress and the outcome of assisted reproductive technology". Social Science & Medicine. 213: 54–62. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.06.033. ISSN 0277-9536. PMID 30056327. S2CID 51892258.
- ↑ Dunaief, Daniel. "SBU's Marci Lobel studies pregnancy stress during the pandemic | TBR News Media" . Retrieved 2022-11-20.
- ↑ "Senior Researchers – STAR Lab". you.stonybrook.edu. Retrieved 2022-10-27.
- ↑ "Current Research Projects – STAR Lab". you.stonybrook.edu. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
