Mark Monmonier (born February 2, 1943) is a geographer with a long track record of publications that have been influential to the discipline. In 2023, the American Association of Geographers awarded Monmonier a lifetime achievement award, with prominent mention of his publication track record, specifically stating, "Monmonier’s works are timeless and have transformed how people see, analyze, and interact with maps." [1] Monmonier stands out from other academics in that he published several books aimed at the general population. [2] His most famous book, How to Lie with Maps has been referred to as the "bible for cartographers" by Steven Bernard of the Financial Times and ""the closest thing to a religious text we have in cartography" in Spatial Literacy in Public Health: Faculty-Librarian Teaching Collaborations. [3] [4] His publication Maximum-Difference Barriers : An Alternative Numerical Regiodization Method lead to what is now referred to as the "Monmonier Algorithm." [5] [6]
Title | Date | Publisher | Identifier | Citation(s) | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maps, Distortion, and Meaning | 1977 | Association of American Geographers | ISBN 0-89291-120-4 | ||
Computer-assisted Cartography: Principles and Prospects | 1982 | Prentice-Hall | ISBN 0-13-165308-3 | [7] [8] [9] | |
Technological Transition in Cartography | 1985 | University of Wisconsin Press | ISBN 0-299-10070-7 | [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] | |
Maps with the News: the Development of American Journalistic Cartography | 1989 | University of Chicago Press | ISBN 0-226-53413-8 | [19] | |
How to Lie with Maps | 1991, 1996, 2018 | University of Chicago Press | ISBN 978-0-226-43592-3 | [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [3] [26] | |
Mapping It Out: Expository Cartography for the Humanities and Social Sciences | 1993 | University of Chicago Press | ISBN 0-226-53417-0 | [27] | |
Drawing the Line: Tales of Maps and Cartocontroversy | 1995 | Henry Holt | ISBN 0-8050-2581-2 | [28] | |
Cartographies of Danger: Mapping Hazards in America | 1997 | University of Chicago Press | ISBN 0-226-53419-7 | [29] | |
Air Apparent: How Meteorologists Learned to Map, Predict, and Dramatize Weather | 1999 | University of Chicago Press | ISBN 0-226-53422-7 | [30] | |
Bushmanders & Bullwinkles: How Politicians Manipulate Electronic Maps and Census Data to Win Elections | 2001 | University of Chicago Press | ISBN 0-226-53424-3 | [31] | |
Spying with Maps: Surveillance Technologies and the Future of Privacy | 2002 | University of Chicago Press | ISBN 0-226-53427-8 | [32] [31] | |
Rhumb Lines and Map Wars: a Social History of the Mercator Projection | 2004 | University of Chicago Press | ISBN 0-226-53431-6 | [33] [34] [35] | |
From Squaw Tit to Whorehouse Meadow: How Maps Name, Claim, and Inflame | 2006 | University of Chicago Press | ISBN 0-226-53465-0 | [30] | |
Coast Lines: How Mapmakers Frame the World and Chart Environmental Change | 2008 | University of Chicago Press | ISBN 0-226-53403-0 | [36] [37] | |
No Dig, No Fly, No Go: How Maps Restrict and Control | 2010 | University of Chicago Press | ISBN 978-0-226-53467-1 | [38] [39] [40] | |
Lake Effect: Tales of Large Lakes, Arctic Winds, and Recurrent Snows | 2012 | Syracuse University Press | ISBN 978-0-8156-1004-5 | [41] [42] [43] | |
Adventures in Academic Cartography: A Memoir | 2014, 2016 | Syracuse, NY: Bar Scale Press | ISBN 9781523254316 | [30] | |
Patents and Cartographic Inventions: A New Perspective for Map History | 2017 | Palgrave Macmillan | ISBN 978-3-319-51039-2 | [44] | |
Connections and Content: Reflections on Networks and the History of Cartography | 2019 | Esri Press, | ISBN 978-1-58948-559-4 | [45] [46] [47] | |
Clock and Compass: How John Byron Plato Gave Farmers a Real Address | 2022 | University Of Iowa Press | ISBN 978-1609388218 | [2] [48] | |
Title | Co-author(s) | Date | Publisher | Identifier | Citation(s) | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The Study of Population: Elements, Patterns, Processes | George A. Schnell | 1983 | Charles E. Merrill Publishing Co | ISBN 0-675-20046-6 | ||
The History of Cartography: Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies | George A. Schnell | 1983 | Charles E. Merrill Publishing Co | ISBN 0-675-20046-6 | ||
Map Appreciation | George A. Schnell | 1988 | Prentice-Hall | ISBN 0-13-556052-7 | ||
Volume Six of the History of Cartography:Cartography in the Twentieth Century | 2015 | University of Chicago Press | ISBN 9780226534695 | [Note 1] | ||
A Directory of Cartographic Inventors: Clever People Awarded a US Patent for a Map-Related Device or Method | Adrienne Atterberry, Kayla Fermin, Gabrielle Marzolf, Madeline Hamlin | 2018 | Bar Scale Press | ISBN 978-1-985690-22-6 | [49] | |
Chapter Title | Book title | Co-author(s) | Date | Publisher | Identifier | Citation(s) | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The Three R's of Gis-Based Site Selection: Representation, Resistance, and Ridicule | Policy issues in modern Cartography | 1998 | Elsevier | doi : 10.1016/S1363-0814(98)80014-2 | |||
Thematic Maps in Geography | International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences | 2001 | Elsevier | doi : 10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/02533-X | |||
Chapter 6 - The Internet, Cartographic Surveillance, and Locational Privacy | Maps and the Internet | 2003 | Wiley-Blackwell | doi : 10.1016/B978-008044201-3/50008-6 | |||
Chapter 26 Cartography | Geography in America at the Dawn of the 21st Century | Robert B McMaster | 2004 | Oxford University Press | doi : 10.1093/oso/9780198233923.003.0038 | ||
Cartography | The Social Science Encyclopedia | 2004 | Taylor and Francis | ISBN 1134450842 | |||
Chapter 2 POMP and circumstance: Plain old map products in a cybercartographic world | Modern Cartography Series | 2005 | Elsevier | doi : 10.1016/S1363-0814(05)80005-X | |||
Geolocation and Locational Privacy: The “Inside” Story on Geospatial Tracking | Privacy and Technologies of Identity | 2006 | Springer | doi : 10.1007/0-387-28222-X_5 | |||
High-Resolution Coastal Elevation Data: The Key to Planning for Storm Surge and Sea Level Rise | Geospatial Technologies and Homeland Security | 2008 | Springer | doi : 10.1007/978-1-4020-8507-9_11 | |||
Web Cartography and the Dissemination of Cartographic Information about Coastal Inundation and Sea Level Rise | International perspectives on maps and the Internet | 2008 | Springer | doi : 10.1007/978-3-540-72029-4_4 | |||
A Century of Cartographic Change | The Map Reader: Theories of Mapping Practice and Cartographic Representation | 2010 | Wiley-Blackwell | ISBN 978-0470742839 | [Note 2] | ||
Strategies for the Visualization of Geographic Time-Series Data | The Map Reader: Theories of Mapping Practice and Cartographic Representation | 2010 | Wiley-Blackwell | ISBN 978-0470742839 | [Note 3] | ||
Strategies for the Visualization of Geographic Time-Series Data | Classics in Cartography: Reflections on Influential Articles from Cartographica | 2011 | John Wiley & Sons, Ltd | doi : 10.1002/9780470669488.ch6 | [Note 3] | ||
Reflection Essay: Strategies for the Visualization of Geographic Time-Series Data | Classics in Cartography: Reflections on Influential Articles from Cartographica | 2011 | John Wiley & Sons, Ltd | doi : 10.1002/9780470669488.ch7 | |||
Maps that Say "No!": The Rise of Prohibitive Cartography | Geography and Social Justice in the Classroom | 2013 | Routledge | ISBN 9781138108707 | |||
Innovation and Inertia in Atmospheric and Census Cartography in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century America | Visible Numbers | 2016 | Routledge | ISBN 9781315084275 | |||
Cartography | International Encyclopedia of Geography: People, the Earth, Environment and Technology | 2017 | John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. | doi : 10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0359 | |||
Hunches and hopes | The Routledge Handbook of Mapping and Cartography | 2017 | Routledge | ISBN 9781315736822 | |||
‘Change-of-State’ in the History of Cartography | Motion in Maps, Maps in Motion | 2020 | Amsterdam University Press | doi : 10.1515/9789048542956-010 | |||
Title | Date | Journal/Publication | Identifier | Citation(s) | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
The production of shaded maps on the digital computer | 1965 | The Professional Geographer | doi : 10.1111/j.0033-0124.1965.013_r.x | ||
Computer mapping with the digital increment plotter | 1968 | The Professional Geographer | doi : 10.1111/j.0033-0124.1968.00408.x | ||
Computer mapping with the digital increment plotter | 1968 | The Professional Geographer | doi : 10.1111/j.0033-0124.1968.00408.x | ||
Shaded area symbols for the digital increment plotter | 1970 | Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie | doi : 10.1111/j.1467-9663.1970.tb00487.x | ||
A Spatially-Controlled Principal Components Analysis | 1970 | Geographical Analysis | doi : 10.1111/j.1538-4632.1970.tb00156.x | ||
Digitized map measurement and correlation applied to an example in crop ecology | 1971 | Geographical Review | doi : 10.2307/213367 | ||
Upland adjustment to regional drainage in central Pennsylvania: an application of trend surface analysis | 1971 | Journal of Geography | doi : 10.1080/00221347108981657 | ||
Comparison of quantitative regionalization methods | 1972 | Geographical Review | |||
Flow‐linkage construction for spatial trend recognition | 1972 | Geographical Analysis | doi : 10.1111/j.1538-4632.1972.tb00484.x | ||
Maximum-Difference Barriers : An Alternative Numerical Regiodization Method* | 1973 | Geographical Analysis | doi : 10.1111/j.1538-4632.1973.tb01011.x | [6] [5] | [Note 4] |
Measures of Pattern Complexity for Choroplethic Maps | 1974 | The American Cartographer | doi : 10.1559/152304074784107728 | ||
Maximizing the information content of maps of spatial-temporal disease distributions | 1974 | Cartographica | doi : 10.3138/R304-4605-34XX-5W00 | ||
Internally-stored Scan-lines for Line-printer Mapping | 1975 | The American Cartographer | doi : 10.1559/152304075784313232 | ||
Class Intervals to Enhance the Visual Correlation of Choroplethic Maps | 1975 | Cartographica | doi : 10.3138/B588-2228-2H14-U7X5 | ||
Jacques M. May | 1976 | The Professional Geographer | doi : 10.1111/j.0033-0124.1976.00093.x | ||
Modifying objective functions and constraints for maximizing visual correspondence of choroplethic maps | 1976 | Cartographica | doi : 10.1111/j.0033-0124.1976.00093.x | ||
Regression-based Scaling to Facilitate the Cross-correlation of Graduated Circle Maps | 1977 | The Cartographic Journal | doi : 10.1179/caj.1977.14.2.89 | ||
The significance and symbolization of trend direction | 1977 | The Cartographic Journal | doi : 10.3138/5634-37V5-45KX-G687 | ||
Viewing Azimuth and Map Clarity | 1978 | Annals of the Association of American Geographers | doi : 10.3138/5634-37V5-45KX-G687 | ||
Estimates of trend direction/ vagueness and bias in map reading | 1979 | Canadian Cartography | |||
Modelling the Effect of Reproduction Noise on Continuous-tone Area Symbols | 1979 | The Cartographic Journal | doi : 10.1179/caj.1979.16.2.86 | ||
The hopeless pursuit of purification in cartographic communication: A comparison of graphic-arts and perceptual distortions of graytone symbols | 1980 | Cartographica | doi : 10.3138/YN3W-XL03-6218-0558 | ||
Automated Techniques in Support of Planning for the National Atlas | 1981 | The American Cartographer | doi : 10.1559/152304081784447390 | ||
Trends in atlas development | 1981 | Cartographica | doi : 10.3138/1572-LG43-R75T-5455 | ||
Street Maps And Private-Sector Map Making/A Case Study Of Two Firms | 1981 | Cartographica | doi : 10.3138/U644-7V56-5731-8443 | ||
Map-text coordination in geographic writing | 1981 | The Professional Geographer | doi : 10.1111/j.0033-0124.1981.00406.x | ||
Flat Laxity, Optimization, And Rounding In The Selection Of Class Intervals | 1982 | Cartographica | doi : 10.3138/E553-4G4L-28P1-8741 | ||
Cartography and Mapping | 1982 | Progress in Human Geography | doi : 10.3138/E553-4G4L-28P1-8741 | ||
Cartography, geographic information, and public policy | 1982 | Progress in Human Geography | doi : 10.1080/03098268208708847 | ||
Comments on “Automated Geography” | 1983 | Progress in Human Geography | doi : 10.1111/j.0033-0124.1983.00346.x | ||
Cartography, mapping and geographic information | 1983 | Progress in Human Geography | doi : 10.1177/03091325830070030 | ||
Raster-mode area generalization for land use and land cover maps | 1983 | Cartographica | doi : 10.3138/X572-0327-4670-1573 | ||
More on mapping | 1984 | Journal of Geography in Higher Education | doi : 10.1080/03098268408708903 | ||
Geographic Information and Cartography | 1984 | Progress in Human Geography | doi : 10.1177/030913258400800303 | ||
Former Editor Protests Censorship | 1985 | The American Cartographer | doi : 10.1177/030913258400800303 | ||
The rise of map use by elite newspapers in England, Canada, and the United States | 1987 | Imago Mundi | doi : 10.1080/03085698608592604 | ||
Displacement in vector-and raster-mode graphics | 1987 | Cartographica | doi : 10.3138/FW8R-2122-PT42-53M2 | ||
Telegraphy, iconography, and the weather map: Cartographic weather reports by the United States Weather Bureau, 1870–1935 | 1988 | Imago Mundi | doi : 10.1080/03085698808592636 | ||
Geographic brushing: Enhancing exploratory analysis of the scatterplot matrix | 1989 | Geographical analysis | doi : 10.1111/j.1538-4632.1989.tb00879.x | ||
Regionalizing and matching features for interpolated displacement in the automated generalization of digital cartographic databases | 1989 | Cartographica | doi : 10.3138/5T71-3231-7N24-P0J8 | ||
Interpolated Generalization: Cartographic Theory For Expert guided Feature Displacement | 1989 | Cartographica | doi : 10.3138/V700-H680-077Q-6503 | ||
Strategies for the visualization of geographic time-series data | 1990 | Cartographica | doi : 10.3138/U558-H737-6577-8U31 | ||
Graphically encoded knowledge bases for expert-guided feature generalization in cartographic display systems | 1990 | International Journal of Expert Systems | |||
Cartography at Syracuse University | 1991 | Cartography and Geographic Information Systems | doi : 10.1559/152304091783786943 | ||
Ethics and map design: Six strategies for confronting the traditional one-map solution | 1991 | Cartographic Perspectives | doi : 10.14714/CP10.1052 | ||
Authoring Graphic Scripts: Experiences and Principles | 1992 | Cartography and Geographic Information Systems | doi : 10.1559/152304092783721240 | ||
Summary Graphics for Integrated Visualization in Dynamic Cartography | 1992 | Cartography and Geographic Information Systems | doi : 10.1559/152304092783786681 | ||
Exploring the Quality of Enumeration-Area Data with Graphic Scripts | 1993 | Cartographica | doi : 10.3138/K633-0844-JX85-8PN1 | ||
What a Friend We Have in GIS | 1993 | The Professional Geographer | doi : 10.1111/j.0033-0124.1993.00448.x | ||
The Rise of the National Atlas | 1994 | Cartographica | doi : 10.3138/T3NN-QL75-753L-25G7 | ||
Temporal Generalization for Dynamic Maps | 1996 | Cartography and Geographic Information Systems | doi : 10.1559/152304096782562118 | ||
Geography And Cartography In The Twenty-First Century | 1996 | Cartographic Perspectives | doi : 10.14714/CP23.773 | ||
Civil War Newspaper Maps: A Historical Atlas | 1996 | Imago Mundi | doi : 10.14714/CP23.773 | ||
Anatomy of a Cartographic Surrogate: the Portrayal of Complex Electoral Boundaries in the Congressional District Atlas | 2000 | Cartographic Perspectives | doi : 10.14714/CP35.837 | ||
Hook, Line, and Gerrymander | 2000 | Mercator's World | |||
Webcams, Interactive Index Maps, and Our Brave New World’s Brave New Globe | 2000 | Cartographic Perspectives | doi : 10.14714/CP37.809 | ||
My Favorite Map | 2000 | Mercator's World | |||
Simple Rules, Useful Maps | 2000 | Mercator's World | |||
The dearth of modern projects | 2001 | Mercator's World | |||
Orthophotos and orthophotoquad maps | 2001 | Mercator's World | |||
Perfectly Flat | 2001 | Mercator's World | |||
The changing landscape of cartographic copyright | 2001 | Mercator's World | |||
Where Should Map History End? | 2001 | Mercator's World | |||
Map Traps | 2001 | Mercator's World | |||
Originality Bites | 2001 | Mercator's World | |||
Current and seamless: the US geological survey's national map project.(All Over The Map) | 2001 | Mercator's World | |||
Current and seamless: the US geological survey's national map project.(All Over The Map) | 2001 | Mercator's World | |||
The earth moved: datums and detail on topographic maps.(All Over the Map} | 2002 | Mercator's World | |||
Faith-based cartography: it's back: the Peters world view.(All Over The Map) | 2002 | Mercator's World | |||
Wright on: density maps, symbolic landscapes, and the cartographic insight of John Kirtland Wright.(All Over The Map) | 2002 | Mercator's World | |||
Aerial Photography at the Agricultural Adjustment Administration: Acreage Controls, Conservation Benefits, and Overhead Surveillance in the 1930s | 2002 | Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing | |||
Cartography: distortions, world-views and creative solutions | 2005 | Progress in Human Geography | doi : 10.1191/0309132505ph540pr | ||
Lying with Maps | 2005 | Statistical Science | doi : 10.1214/088342305000000241 | ||
Critic, Deconstruct Thyself: A Rejoinder to Koch's Nonsense of Snow | 2005 | Cartographica | doi : 10.3138/N2Q6-0582-0254-7157 | ||
Cartography: uncertainty, interventions, and dynamic display | 2006 | Progress in Human Geography | doi : 10.1191/0309132506ph612pr | ||
Cartography: the multidisciplinary pluralism of cartographic art, geospatial technology, and empirical scholarship | 2007 | Progress in Human Geography | doi : 10.1177/0309132507077089 | ||
History, Jargon, Privacy and Multiple Vulnerabilities | 2013 | The Cartographic Journal | doi : 10.1179/0008704113Z.00000000084 | ||
Twentieth-Century Themes for the Progressive Map Collection | 2015 | Cartographic Perspectives | doi : 10.14714/CP81.1334 | ||
Motives for Patenting a Map Projection: Did Fame Trump Fortune? | 2018 | The Cartographic Journal | doi : 10.1080/00087041.2018.1448563 | ||
Waldo R. Tobler (1930–2018) | 2019 | Imago Mundi | doi : 10.1080/03085694.2019.1529916 | ||
Title | Co-author(s) | Date | Journal/Publication | Identifier | Citation(s) | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Improving the interpretation of geographical canonical correlation models | Fay Evanko Finn | 1973 | The Professional Geographer | |||
Interstate Migration of Physicians in the United States: the Case of 1955–1959 Graduates | George A Schnell | 1976 | The Professional Geographer | doi : 10.1111/j.0033-0124.1976.00029.x | ||
U.S. Population Change 1960–70: Simplification, Meaning, And Mapping | George A Schnell | 1976 | Journal of Geography | doi : 10.1080/00221347608980364 | ||
Maps in Minds: Reflections on Cognitive Mapping | Roger M. Downs, David Stea | 1976 | Geographical Review | doi : 10.2307/215060 | ||
The mortality-fertility ratio: a useful measure for describing demographic change in the United States, 1940-1975. | George A Schnell | 1979 | Geographical survey | doi : 10.2307/215060 | ||
Population change: components, measurements and effects of scale(northwestern United States) | George A Schnell | 1979 | Ecumene | |||
Focus Groups for Design Improvement in Dynamic Cartography | Myke Gluck | 1979 | Cartography and Geographic Information Systems | doi : 10.1559/152304094782563948 | ||
GIS in New York State county emergency management offices: User assessment | Alberto Giordano | 1998 | Applied Geographic Studies | doi : 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6319(199822)2:2<95::AID-AGS2>3.0.CO;2-M | ||
Municipal boundaries and the idea of place | G. A. Schnell | 1998 | Pennsylvania Geographer | |||
The Exploratory Essays Initiative: Background and Overview | David Woodward | 2002 | Cartography and Geographic Information Science | doi : 10.1559/152304002782008477 | ||
Title | Date | Journal/Publication | Identifier | Citation(s) | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Review work: Medical Geography: Techniques and Field Studies | 1972 | Annals of the American Association of Geographers | doi : 10.1111/j.1467-8306.1973.tb00923.x | ||
Reviewed Work: Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography D. R. Fraser Taylor | 1984 | Geographical Review | doi : 10.2307/214769 | ||
Reviewed Work: Mapping Information: The Graphic Display of Quantitative Information Howard T. Fisher | 1984 | Annals of the American Association of Geographers | |||
Reviewed Works: Semiology of Graphics: Diagrams, Networks, Maps by Jacques Bertin, William J. Berg; The Visual Display of Quantitative Information Edward R. Tufte | 1985 | Annals of the American Association of Geographers | |||
Education and training in contemporary cartography: A review | 1985 | Journal of Geography in Higher Education | doi : 10.1080/03098268708709010 | ||
Reviewed Work: Monarchs, Ministers, and Maps: The Emergence of Cartography as a Tool of Government in Early Modern Europe David Buisseret | 1993 | Annals of the American Association of Geographers | doi : 10.1080/03098268708709010 | ||
Reviewed Work: Picturing Knowledge: Historical and Philosophical Problems concerning the Use of Art in Science Brian S. Baigrie | 1997 | Geographical Review | doi : 10.2307/216046 | ||
Book Review: Framework for the world. | 1999 | Progress in Human Geography | doi : 10.1191/030913299672250859 | ||
Reviewed Work: South Carolina Atlas of Environmental Risks and Hazards by Susan L. Cutter, Deborah S. K. Thomas, Micah E. Cutler, Jerry T. Mitchell, Michael S. Scott | 2000 | Annals of the American Association of Geographers | |||
Review: The New Nature of Maps: Essays in the History of Cartography | 2001 | Cartographic Perspectives | doi : 10.14714/CP40.598 | ||
A Review of “Putting “America” on the Map: The Story of the Most Important Graphic Document in the History of the United States” | 2009 | The Professional Geographer | doi : 10.1080/00330120902743621 | ||
On the Edge: Mapping North America’s Coasts by Roger M. McCoy (review) | 2009 | Cartographica | |||
Cartographic Japan: A History in Maps | 2017 | The AAG Review of Books | doi : 10.1080/2325548X.2017.1257267 | ||
Dark spaces on the map | 2021 | Technology Review | |||
Review of Emma Willard: Maps of History | 2023 | Cartographic Perspectives | doi : 10.14714/CP101.1829 | ||
Cartography is the study and practice of making and using maps. Combining science, aesthetics and technique, cartography builds on the premise that reality can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial information effectively.
The Gall–Peters projection is a rectangular, equal-area map projection. Like all equal-area projections, it distorts most shapes. It is a cylindrical equal-area projection with latitudes 45° north and south as the regions on the map that have no distortion. The projection is named after James Gall and Arno Peters.
The Mercator projection is a conformal cylindrical map projection first presented by Flemish geographer and mapmaker Gerardus Mercator in 1569. In the 18th century, it became the standard map projection for navigation due to its property of representing rhumb lines as straight lines. When applied to world maps, the Mercator projection inflates the size of lands the further they are from the equator. Therefore, landmasses such as Greenland and Antarctica appear far larger than they actually are relative to landmasses near the equator. Nowadays the Mercator projection is widely used because, aside from marine navigation, it is well suited for internet web maps.
Waldo Rudolph Tobler was an American-Swiss geographer and cartographer. Tobler is regarded as one of the most influential geographers and cartographers of the late 20th century and early 21st century. He is most well known for coining what has come to be referred to as Tobler's first law of geography. He also coined what has come to be referred to as Tobler's second law of geography.
Health geography is the application of geographical information, perspectives, and methods to the study of health, disease, and health care. Medical geography, a sub-discipline of, or sister field of health geography, focuses on understanding spatial patterns of health and disease in relation to the natural and social environment. Conventionally, there are two primary areas of research within medical geography: the first deals with the spatial distribution and determinants of morbidity and mortality, while the second deals with health planning, help-seeking behavior, and the provision of health services.
Mark Stephen Monmonier is a Distinguished Professor of Geography and the Environment at the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs of Syracuse University. He specializes in geography, geographic information systems, toponymy, and the history of cartography.
Geography is the study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of Earth. Geography is an all-encompassing discipline that seeks an understanding of Earth and its human and natural complexities—not merely where objects are, but also how they have changed and come to be. While geography is specific to Earth, many concepts can be applied more broadly to other celestial bodies in the field of planetary science. Geography has been called "a bridge between natural science and social science disciplines."
Computer cartography is the art, science, and technology of making and using maps with a computer. This technology represents a paradigm shift in how maps are produced, but is still fundamentally a subset of traditional cartography. The primary function of this technology is to produce maps, including creation of accurate representations of a particular area such as, detailing major road arteries and other points of interest for navigation, and in the creation of thematic maps. Computer cartography is one of the main functions of geographic information systems (GIS), however, GIS is not necessary to facilitate computer cartography and has functions beyond just making maps. The first peer-reviewed publications on using computers to help in the cartographic process predate the introduction of full GIS by several years.
Cartographic propaganda is a map created with the goal of achieving a result similar to traditional propaganda. The map can be outright falsified, or created using subjectivity with the goal of persuasion. The idea that maps are subjective is not new; cartographers refer to maps as a human-subjective product and some view cartography as an "industry, which packages and markets spatial knowledge" or as a communicative device distorted by human subjectivity. However, cartographic propaganda is widely successful because maps are often presented as a miniature model of reality, and it is a rare occurrence that a map is referred to as a distorted model, which sometimes can "lie" and contain items that are completely different from reality. Because the word propaganda has become a pejorative, it has been suggested that mapmaking of this kind should be described as "persuasive cartography", defined as maps intended primarily to influence opinions or beliefs – to send a message – rather than to communicate geographic information.
The Mercator world map of 1569 is titled Nova et Aucta Orbis Terrae Descriptio ad Usum Navigantium Emendate Accommodata. The title shows that Gerardus Mercator aimed to present contemporary knowledge of the geography of the world and at the same time 'correct' the chart to be more useful to sailors. This 'correction', whereby constant bearing sailing courses on the sphere are mapped to straight lines on the plane map, characterizes the Mercator projection. While the map's geography has been superseded by modern knowledge, its projection proved to be one of the most significant advances in the history of cartography, inspiring the 19th century map historian Adolf Nordenskiöld to write "The master of Rupelmonde stands unsurpassed in the history of cartography since the time of Ptolemy." The projection heralded a new era in the evolution of navigation maps and charts and it is still their basis.
Cynthia Ann Brewer is an American cartographer, author, and professor of geography at Pennsylvania State University. Brewer's specialty relates to visibility and color theory in cartography. In 2023, she was awarded the International Cartographic Society's highest honor, the Carl Mannerfelt Gold Medal, for her distinguished contribution to the field.
Susan Lynn Cutter is an American geographer and disaster researcher who is a Carolina Distinguished Professor of Geography and director of the Hazards and Vulnerability Research Institute at the University of South Carolina. She is the author or editor of many books on disasters and disaster recovery. Her areas of expertise include the factors that make people and places susceptible to disasters, how people recover from disasters, and how to map disasters and disaster hazards. She chaired a committee of the National Research Council that in 2012 recommended more open data in disaster-monitoring systems, more research into disaster-resistant building techniques, and a greater emphasis on the ability of communities to recover from future disasters.
Richard Edes Harrison was an American scientific illustrator and cartographer. He was the house cartographer of Fortune and a consultant at Life for almost two decades. He played a key role in "challenging cartographic perspectives and attempting to change spatial thinking on the everyday level during America’s rise to superpower status". Susan Schulten considers Harrison's maps "critical to the history of American cartography."
Technical geography is the branch of geography that involves using, studying, and creating tools to obtain, analyze, interpret, understand, and communicate spatial information.
Internet GIS, or Internet geographic information system (GIS), is a term that refers to a broad set of technologies and applications that employ the Internet to access, analyze, visualize, and distribute spatial data. Internet GIS is an outgrowth of traditional GIS, and represents a shift from conducting GIS on an individual computer to working with remotely distributed data and functions. Two major issues in GIS are accessing and distributing spatial data and GIS outputs. Internet GIS helps to solve that problem by allowing users to access vast databases impossible to store on a single desktop computer, and by allowing rapid dissemination of both maps and raw data to others. These methods include both file sharing and email. This has enabled the general public to participate in map creation and make use of GIS technology.
Web GIS, or Web Geographic Information Systems, are GIS that employ the World Wide Web to facilitate the storage, visualization, analysis, and distribution of spatial information over the Internet. The World Wide Web, or the Web, is an information system that uses the internet to host, share, and distribute documents, images, and other data. Web GIS involves using the World Wide Web to facilitate GIS tasks traditionally done on a desktop computer, as well as enabling the sharing of maps and spatial data. While Web GIS and Internet GIS are sometimes used interchangeably, they are different concepts. Web GIS is a subset of Internet GIS, which is itself a subset of distributed GIS, which itself is a subset of broader Geographic information system. The most common application of Web GIS is Web mapping, so much so that the two terms are often used interchangeably in much the same way as Digital mapping and GIS. However, Web GIS and web mapping are distinct concepts, with web mapping not necessarily requiring a Web GIS.
George Frederick Jenks was an American geographer known for his significant contributions to cartography and geographic information systems (GIS). With a career spanning over three decades, Jenks played a vital role in advancing map-making technologies, was instrumental in enhancing the visualization of spatial data, and played foundational roles in developing modern cartographic curricula. The Jenks natural breaks optimization, based on his work, is still widely used in the creation of thematic maps, such as choropleth maps.
Waldo Tobler's publications span between 1957 and 2017, with his most productive year being 1973. Despite retirement in 1994, he continued to be involved with research for the remainder of his life. Most of his publications consist of peer-reviewed journals, without single-issue textbooks or monographs, and the quantity of publications is noted as being unremarkable compared to modern geographers. Many of his works are foundational to modern geography and cartography, and still frequently cited in modern publications, including the first paper on using computers in cartography, the establishment of analytical cartography, and coining Tobler's first and second laws of geography. His work covered a wide range of topics, with many of his papers considered to be "cartographic classics", that serve as required reading for both graduate and undergraduate students.
How to Lie with Maps is a nonfiction book written by Mark Monmonier detailing issues with cartographic representation and targeted at the general public. First published in 1991 by the University of Chicago Press, it explores the various ways in which maps can be manipulated and how these distortions influence the general public's perceptions and understanding of the world. The book highlights the subjectivity involved in map-making and the potential for misuse of cartographic techniques, with a goal to "promote a healthy skepticism about maps."
Technological Transition in Cartography is a seminal book by Mark Monmonier, first published in 1985. The book explores the impact of technological advancements on the evolution of the field of cartography, examining how innovations in technology have transformed the methods and practices of mapmaking. The book was created to target cartography students of the time, and sought to demonstrate the importance of viewing cartography as a method of delivering geographic information, rather than using the technology.
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