Marta Ruedas is a United Nations civil servant who has worked in many countries around the world, initially with the United Nations Development Programme, including Bolivia, Kyrgyzstan, the Republic of Georgia, Nepal, Mongolia and Mexico, as well as at its headquarters in New York. The organization assists countries in reaching their targets in economic and social development. In 2015 she was the Country Director of the UNDP in Kabul, Afghanistan. [1]
In 2016, Ruedas was the United Nations Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator for Sudan, [2] [3] [4] and, in 2018, she became the United Nations Deputy Special Representative and UN Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator in Iraq.
Ruedas has a Bachelor of Arts from Cornell University, a Master of International Affairs degree from Columbia University, and a diploma in Russian studies from the Pushkin Institute in Moscow.
Ruedas served as UN Resident Coordinator/UNDP Resident Representative in Sao Tomé and Príncipe, beginning in 1999. She was then assigned to the same post in Bulgaria in 2001, [5] at the end of which she was awarded the country's state medal, the Stara Planina Order, [6] by former Bulgarian President Georgi Parvanov. [7] While in Bulgaria, she helped to organize a UN project which provided assistance to the Government of Bulgaria in identifying and destroying surpluses of weapons and ammunition. [8]
In 2003, Ruedas became the Deputy Regional Director of the UN's Regional Bureau for Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States in New York. She left this post in 2007 when she was assigned as the UN's Deputy Special Coordinator/ Resident Coordinator and UNDP Resident Representative in Lebanon, [9] [10] where she was once again in charge of promoting economic and social development projects. [11] [12]
From 2011 to 2014, Ruedas worked for the recovery of crisis-affected communities around the world during her post as Deputy Assistant Administrator and Deputy Director for UNDP's Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery, arranging public-private partnerships [13] to accelerate recovery.
On 31 August 2014, Ruedas was appointed Country Director of the United Nations Development Programme in Kabul, Afghanistan, where she coordinated UNDP projects, including the construction of bridges, provision of water access to communities in remote areas of Afghanistan, [14] and participation in the Afghanistan Peace and Reintegration Programme.
From 2015 to 2017, she was the UN Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator in Sudan. [15] [16] [17] [18] In February of that year, she traveled to a refugee camp at Tawilla, where 86,000 refugees had gathered, [19] [20] and, in 2017, she met with Sudanese president Omar al-Bashir [21] and visited a camp in Darfur. [22] In 2018, at the close of her mission, Ruedas was presented with Sudan's First-Class Order of the Two Niles by Omar al-Bashir who was indicted by International Criminal Court for Darfur genocide. [23] [24] The move was labelled "scandalous," [25] [26] and complicit. [27]
In 2018, Ruedas was assigned as the UN's Deputy Special Representative and Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator in Iraq. [28]
An internally displaced person (IDP) is someone who is forced to leave their home but who remains within their country's borders. They are often referred to as refugees, although they do not fall within the legal definitions of a refugee.
The Justice and Equality Movement is an opposition group in Sudan founded by Khalil Ibrahim. Gibril Ibrahim has led the group since January 2012 after the death of Khalil, his brother, in December 2011. JEM's political agenda includes issues such as: radical and comprehensive constitutional reform to grant Sudan's regions a greater share of power in ruling the country, the replacement of social injustice and political tyranny with justice and equality, and basic services for every Sudanese.
al-Fashir is the capital city of North Darfur, Sudan. It is a large town in the Darfur region of northwestern Sudan, 195 kilometres (121 mi) northeast of Nyala, Sudan. A historical caravan post, Al-Fashir is located at an elevation of about 700 metres (2,300 ft). The town serves as an agricultural marketing point for the cereals and fruits grown in the surrounding region. Al-Fashir is linked by road with both Geneina and Umm Keddada. Al-Fashir had 264,734 residents as of 2006, an increase from 2001, when the population was estimated to be 178,500.
The War in Darfur, also nicknamed the Land Cruiser War, was a major armed conflict in the Darfur region of Sudan that began in February 2003 when the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) rebel groups began fighting against the government of Sudan, which they accused of oppressing Darfur's non-Arab population. The government responded to attacks by carrying out a campaign of ethnic cleansing against Darfur's non-Arabs. This resulted in the death of hundreds of thousands of civilians and the indictment of Sudan's president, Omar al-Bashir, for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court.
Mukesh Kapila M.D. CBE is an author, medical doctor, professor and senior humanitarian.
Ahmed Mohammed Haroun is one of five Sudanese men wanted by the International Criminal Court (ICC) for war crimes and crimes against humanity in Darfur. Despite international pressure on the government of Sudan to surrender him to the ICC, Haroun served as Sudan's Minister of State for Humanitarian Affairs until May 2009, when he was appointed to the governorship of South Kordofan. In September 2007, he was appointed to lead an investigation into human rights violations in Darfur. In July 2013 he resigned as Governor of South Kordofan, and was reappointed by Omar al-Bashir as Governor of North Kordofan. On 1 March 2019, President Omar al-Bashir handed over the running of the country's leading political party, the National Congress, to him. He was arrested in April 2019 by local authorities in Sudan following a coup which overthrew al-Bashir.
The Darfur Peace Agreement may refer to one of three peace agreements that were signed by the Government of Sudan and Darfur-based rebel groups in 2006, 2011 and 2020 with the intention of ending the Darfur Conflict.
Bo Asplund served as United Nations Secretary-General’s Deputy Special Representative for Afghanistan, the United Nations Resident Coordinator and the Humanitarian Coordinator in Afghanistan. He was appointed to the position by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon in August 2007.
Ross Stewart Mountain has spent most of his career in the service of the United Nations working on humanitarian, recovery, development and peacekeeping operations in Asia, Africa, the Middle East, the Caribbean, and the Pacific as well as assignments based in Geneva, Switzerland promoting non-governmental action and managing UN humanitarian operations.
The Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile was an armed conflict in the Sudanese southern states of South Kordofan and Blue Nile between the Sudanese Army (SAF) and Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North (SPLM-N), a northern affiliate of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) in South Sudan. After some years of relative calm following the 2005 agreement which ended the second Sudanese civil war between the Sudanese government and SPLM rebels, fighting broke out again in the lead-up to South Sudan independence on 9 July 2011, starting in South Kordofan on 5 June and spreading to the neighboring Blue Nile state in September. SPLM-N, splitting from newly independent SPLM, took up arms against the inclusion of the two southern states in Sudan with no popular consultation and against the lack of democratic elections. The conflict is intertwined with the War in Darfur, since in November 2011 SPLM-N established a loose alliance with Darfuri rebels, called Sudan Revolutionary Front (SRF).
Al Fashir University is a public university in al-Fashir, the capital city of North Darfur, Sudan.
The International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur or the situation in Darfur is an ongoing investigation by the International Criminal Court (ICC) into criminal acts committed during the War in Darfur. Although Sudan is not a state party to the Rome Statute, the treaty which created the ICC, the situation in Darfur was referred to the ICC's Prosecutor by the United Nations Security Council in 2005. As of June 2019, five suspects remained under indictment by the court: Ahmed Haroun, Ali Kushayb, Omar al-Bashir, Abdallah Banda and Abdel Rahim Mohammed Hussein. Charges against Bahar Abu Garda were dropped on the basis of insufficient evidence in 2010 and those against Saleh Jerbo were dropped following his death in 2013. In mid-April 2019, Haroun, al-Bashir and Hussein were imprisoned in Sudan as a result of the 2019 Sudanese coup d'état. In early November 2019, the Forces of Freedom and Change (FFC) and Sudanese Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok stated that al-Bashir would be transferred to the ICC. One of the demands of the displaced people of Darfur visited by Hamdok prior to Hamdok's statement was that "Omar Al Bashir and the other wanted persons" had to be surrendered to the ICC.
Toby Lanzer, a national of the United Kingdom, is a former assistant secretary-general of the United Nations who recently served as Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary-General in the UN's political office in Afghanistan, UNAMA. Secretary-General António Guterres appointed Lanzer to this position in January 2017, before which he served the United Nations in various peacekeeping, humanitarian and development roles:
Philippe Lazzarini is a national of Switzerland and Italy who has been serving as Commissioner-General of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) since 2020.
Lise Grande is an American who became the president of the United States Institute of Peace on December 1, 2020. She previously served abroad in several positions for the United Nations managing operations including in South Sudan, India, Iraq and Yemen.
The Darfur genocide is the systematic killing of ethnic Darfuri people which has occurred during the ongoing conflict in Western Sudan. It has become known as the first genocide of the 21st century. The genocide, which is being carried out against the Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa ethnic groups, has led the International Criminal Court (ICC) to indict several people for crimes against humanity, rape, forced transfer and torture. According to Eric Reeves, more than one million children have been "killed, raped, wounded, displaced, traumatized, or endured the loss of parents and families". An estimated 200,000 people were killed between 2003 to 2005.
Alain Noudéhou is a Beninese diplomat who has been serving as Deputy Special Representative for the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) and Resident Coordinator in Mali since 2021, serving alongside Special Representative Mahamat Saleh Annadif. He was previously the Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Resident Coordinator, and Humanitarian Coordinator in South Sudan.
The Sudanese peace process consists of meetings, written agreements and actions that aim to resolve the War in Darfur, the Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile, and armed conflicts in central, northern and eastern Sudan.
The 2019–2022 Sudanese protests were street protests in Sudan which began in mid-September 2019, during Sudan's transition to democracy, about issues which included the nomination of a new Chief Justice and Attorney General, the killing of civilians by the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), the toxic effects of cyanide and mercury from gold mining in Northern state and South Kordofan, opposition to a state governor in el-Gadarif and to show trials of Sudanese Professionals Association (SPA) coordinators, and advocating the dismissal of previous-government officials in Red Sea, White Nile, and South Darfur. The protests follow the Sudanese Revolution's street protests and civil disobedience of the early September 2019 transfer of executive power to the country's Sovereignty Council, civilian prime minister Abdalla Hamdok, and his cabinet of ministers. Hamdok described the 39-month transition period as defined by the aims of the revolution.
Anita Kiki Gbeho is a Ghanaian United Nations official who has been the Deputy Special Envoy for the United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNSOM) since 2020.