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Antisemitism is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against Jews. This sentiment is a form of racism, and a person who harbours it is called an antisemite. Primarily, antisemitic tendencies may be motivated by negative sentiment towards Jews as a people or by negative sentiment towards Jews with regard to Judaism. In the former case, usually presented as racial antisemitism, a person's hostility is driven by the belief that Jews constitute a distinct race with inherent traits or characteristics that are repulsive or inferior to the preferred traits or characteristics within that person's society. In the latter case, known as religious antisemitism, a person's hostility is driven by their religion's perception of Jews and Judaism, typically encompassing doctrines of supersession that expect or demand Jews to turn away from Judaism and submit to the religion presenting itself as Judaism's successor faith—this is a common theme within the other Abrahamic religions. The development of racial and religious antisemitism has historically been encouraged by the concept of anti-Judaism, which is distinct from antisemitism itself.
Antisemitism has increased greatly in the Arab world since the beginning of the 20th century, for several reasons: the dissolution and breakdown of the Ottoman Empire and traditional Islamic society; European influence, brought about by Western imperialism and Arab Christians; Nazi propaganda and relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world; resentment over Jewish nationalism; the rise of Arab nationalism; and the widespread proliferation of anti-Jewish and anti-Zionist conspiracy theories.
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The history of the Jews in France deals with Jews and Jewish communities in France since at least the Early Middle Ages. France was a centre of Jewish learning in the Middle Ages, but persecution increased over time, including multiple expulsions and returns. During the French Revolution in the late 18th century, on the other hand, France was the first European country to emancipate its Jewish population. Antisemitism still occurred in cycles and reached a high in the 1890s, as shown during the Dreyfus affair, and in the 1940s, under Nazi occupation and the Vichy regime.
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The Yale Program for the Study of Antisemitism (YPSA) is an interdisciplinary center at Yale University in New Haven, CT devoted to the study of both historical and contemporary forms of antisemitism. Housed at the Whitney Humanities Center, YPSA sponsors lectures and conferences, produces videos, and provides research grants to Yale faculty and students. It was founded amid controversy in 2011, following the decision by the Yale administration to shut down YIISA, the Yale Initiative for the Interdisciplinary Study of Antisemitism. The current director of YPSA is Maurice Samuels, Betty Jane Anlyan Professor of French at Yale University.
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References
- ↑ Samuels, Maurice (2019-08-06). The Betrayal of the Duchess. Basic Books. ISBN 9781541645455.
- ↑ Rosbottom, Ronald C., "'Alfred Dreyfus' Review: A Nation on Trial", The Wall Street Journal, February 23, 2024.
- ↑ "Welcome | Yale Program for the Study of Antisemitism". Ypsa.yale.edu. Retrieved 2016-04-01.
- ↑ "Maurice Samuels Awarded Gaddis Smith International Book Prize by The MacMillan Center | The MacMillan Center". Macmillan.yale.edu. 2007-05-16. Retrieved 2016-04-01.
- ↑ "Aldo and Jeanne Scaglione Prize for French and Francophone Studies Winners". Mla.org. Retrieved 2019-11-06.
- ↑ "John Simon Guggenheim Foundation | Maurice Samuels". Gf.org. 2014-06-20. Retrieved 2016-04-01.
