McCarthy 91 function

The McCarthy 91 function is a recursive function, defined by the computer scientist John McCarthy as a test case for formal verification within computer science.

The McCarthy 91 function is defined as

${\displaystyle M(n)={\begin{cases}n-10,&{\mbox{if }}n>100{\mbox{ }}\\M(M(n+11)),&{\mbox{if }}n\leq 100{\mbox{ }}\end{cases}}}$

The results of evaluating the function are given by M(n) = 91 for all integer arguments n ≤ 100, and M(n) = n − 10 for n> 100. Indeed, the result of M(101) is also 91 (101 - 10 = 91). All results of M(n) after n = 101 are continually increasing by 1, e.g. M(102) = 92, M(103) = 93.

History

The 91 function was introduced in papers published by Zohar Manna, Amir Pnueli and John McCarthy in 1970. These papers represented early developments towards the application of formal methods to program verification. The 91 function was chosen for being nested-recursive (contrasted with single recursion, such as defining ${\displaystyle f(n)}$ by means of ${\displaystyle f(n-1)}$). The example was popularized by Manna's book, Mathematical Theory of Computation (1974). As the field of Formal Methods advanced, this example appeared repeatedly in the research literature. In particular, it is viewed as a "challenge problem" for automated program verification.

It is easier to reason about tail-recursive control flow, this is an equivalent (extensionally equal) definition:

${\displaystyle M_{t}(n)=M_{t}'(n,1)}$

${\displaystyle M_{t}'(n,c)={\begin{cases}n,&{\mbox{if }}c=0\\M_{t}'(n-10,c-1),&{\mbox{if }}n>100{\mbox{ and }}c\neq 0\\M_{t}'(n+11,c+1),&{\mbox{if }}n\leq 100{\mbox{ and }}c\neq 0\end{cases}}}$

As one of the examples used to demonstrate such reasoning, Manna's book includes a tail-recursive algorithm equivalent to the nested-recursive 91 function. Many of the papers that report an "automated verification" (or termination proof) of the 91 function only handle the tail-recursive version.

This is an equivalent mutually tail-recursive definition:

${\displaystyle M_{mt}(n)=M_{mt}'(n,0)}$

${\displaystyle M_{mt}'(n,c)={\begin{cases}M_{mt}''(n-10,c),&{\mbox{if }}n>100{\mbox{ }}\\M_{mt}'(n+11,c+1),&{\mbox{if }}n\leq 100{\mbox{ }}\end{cases}}}$

${\displaystyle M_{mt}''(n,c)={\begin{cases}n,&{\mbox{if }}c=0{\mbox{ }}\\M_{mt}'(n,c-1),&{\mbox{if }}c\neq 0{\mbox{ }}\end{cases}}}$

A formal derivation of the mutually tail-recursive version from the nested-recursive one was given in a 1980 article by Mitchell Wand, based on the use of continuations.

Examples

Example A:

M(99) = M(M(110)) since 99 ≤ 100       = M(100)    since 110 > 100       = M(M(111)) since 100 ≤ 100       = M(101)    since 111 > 100       = 91        since 101 > 100

Example B:

M(87) = M(M(98))       = M(M(M(109)))       = M(M(99))       = M(M(M(110)))       = M(M(100))       = M(M(M(111)))       = M(M(101))       = M(91)       = M(M(102))       = M(92)       = M(M(103))       = M(93)    .... Pattern continues increasing till M(99), M(100) and M(101), exactly as we saw on the example A)       = M(101)    since 111 > 100       = 91        since 101 > 100

Code

Here is an implementation of the nested-recursive algorithm in Lisp:

(defunmc91(n)(cond((<=n100)(mc91(mc91(+n11))))(t(-n10))))

Here is an implementation of the nested-recursive algorithm in Haskell:

mc91n|n>100=n-10|otherwise=mc91$mc91$n+11

Here is an implementation of the nested-recursive algorithm in OCaml:

letrecmc91n=ifn>100thenn-10elsemc91(mc91(n+11))

Here is an implementation of the tail-recursive algorithm in OCaml:

letmc91n=letrecauxnc=ifc=0thennelseifn>100thenaux(n-10)(c-1)elseaux(n+11)(c+1)inauxn1

Here is an implementation of the nested-recursive algorithm in Python:

defmc91(n:int)->int:"""McCarthy 91 function."""ifn>100:returnn-10else:returnmc91(mc91(n+11))

Here is an implementation of the nested-recursive algorithm in C:

intmc91(intn){if(n>100){returnn-10;}else{returnmc91(mc91(n+11));}}

Here is an implementation of the tail-recursive algorithm in C:

intmc91(intn){returnmc91taux(n,1);}intmc91taux(intn,intc){if(c!=0){if(n>100){returnmc91taux(n-10,c-1);}else{returnmc91taux(n+11,c+1);}}else{returnn;}}

Proof

Here is a proof that the McCarthy 91 function ${\displaystyle M}$ is equivalent to the non-recursive algorithm ${\displaystyle M'}$defined as:

${\displaystyle M'(n)={\begin{cases}n-10,&{\mbox{if }}n>100{\mbox{ }}\\91,&{\mbox{if }}n\leq 100{\mbox{ }}\end{cases}}}$

For n> 100, the definitions of ${\displaystyle M'}$ and ${\displaystyle M}$ are the same. The equality therefore follows from the definition of ${\displaystyle M}$.

For n ≤ 100, a strong induction downward from 100 can be used:

For 90 ≤ n ≤ 100,

M(n) = M(M(n + 11)), by definition      = M(n + 11 - 10), since n + 11 > 100      = M(n + 1)

This can be used to show M(n) = M(101) = 91 for 90 ≤ n ≤ 100:

M(90) = M(91), M(n) = M(n + 1) was proven above       = …       = M(101), by definition       = 101 − 10       = 91

M(n) = M(101) = 91 for 90 ≤ n ≤ 100 can be used as the base case of the induction.

For the downward induction step, let n ≤ 89 and assume M(i) = 91 for all n<i ≤ 100, then

M(n) = M(M(n + 11)), by definition      = M(91), by hypothesis, since n < n + 11 ≤ 100      = 91, by the base case.

This proves M(n) = 91 for all n ≤ 100, including negative values.

Knuth's generalization

Donald Knuth generalized the 91 function to include additional parameters. ^[1] John Cowles developed a formal proof that Knuth's generalized function was total, using the ACL2 theorem prover. ^[2]

References

1. Knuth, Donald E. (1991). "Textbook Examples of Recursion". Artificial Intelligence and Mathematical Theory of Computation: 207–229. arXiv: cs/9301113 . Bibcode:1993cs........1113K. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-450010-5.50018-9. ISBN   9780124500105. S2CID   6411737.
2. Cowles, John (2013) [2000]. "Knuth's generalization of McCarthy's 91 function". In Kaufmann, M.; Manolios, P.; Strother Moore, J (eds.). Computer-Aided reasoning: ACL2 case studies. Kluwer Academic. pp. 283–299. ISBN   9781475731880.

• Manna, Zohar; Pnueli, Amir (July 1970). "Formalization of Properties of Functional Programs". Journal of the ACM. 17 (3): 555–569. doi: 10.1145/321592.321606 . S2CID   5924829.
• Manna, Zohar; McCarthy, John (1970). "Properties of programs and partial function logic". Machine Intelligence. 5. OCLC   35422131.
• Manna, Zohar (1974). Mathematical Theory of Computation (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN   9780070399105.
• Wand, Mitchell (January 1980). "Continuation-Based Program Transformation Strategies". Journal of the ACM. 27 (1): 164–180. doi: 10.1145/322169.322183 . S2CID   16015891.