Mesotherapy

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Mesotherapy (from Greek mesos, "middle", and therapy from Greek therapeia) is a form of alternative medicine which involves intradermal or subcutaneous injections of pharmaceutical preparations, enzymes, hormones, plant extracts, vitamins, and/or other ingredients such as hyaluronic acid. It has no proven clinical efficacy and poor scientific backing. Mesotherapy injections allegedly target adipose fat cells, apparently by inducing lipolysis, rupture and cell death among adipocytes. [1] The stated aim of mesotherapy is to provide the skin with essential nutrients, hydration, and other beneficial compounds to rejuvenate and revitalize its appearance.

Contents

The effects of the treatment may vary depending on the individual. [2]

Pressurized mesotherapy is a needle-free method that uses an accelerated jet of air to insert the ingredients into the skin tissue. [3] A study on the effect of using a lipolytic substance inserted with needles compared to pressurized injection showed significant fat layer reduction for both methods but even better results with the pressurized injection system. [4]

Usage

In the United States, deoxycholic acid, under the brand name Kybella, is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for reducing moderate-to-severe fat below the chin. [5] [6] When injected into submental fat, deoxycholic acid helps destroy adipocytes (fat cells), which are metabolized by the body over the course of several months. [6] Deoxycholic acid has not been approved for injection elsewhere in the body.

There is no conclusive research proof that any chemical compounds work to target adipose (fat cells) specifically. Cell lysis, resulting from the detergent action of deoxycholic acid, may account for any clinical effect. [7]

History

Michel Pistor (1924–2003) performed clinical research and founded the field of mesotherapy.

The French press coined the term mesotherapy in 1958. The French Académie Nationale de Médecine recognized mesotherapy as a specialty of medicine in 1987. The French Society of Mesotherapy recognizes its use as treatment for various conditions but makes no mention of its use in plastic surgery. [8] Popular throughout European countries and South America, mesotherapy is practiced by approximately 18,000 physicians worldwide.[ citation needed ]

Criticism

Physicians have expressed concern over the efficacy of mesotherapy, arguing that the treatment hasn't been studied enough to make a determination. Mesotherapy for the treatment of cosmetic conditions hasn't been the subject of standard clinical trials; however, the procedure has been studied for pain relief for several ailments, such as tendonitis, tendon calcification, dental procedures, cancer, cervicobrachialgia, arthritis, lymphedema, and venous stasis. [7]

Despite the lack of clinical trials, there have been case studies and medical papers written on mesotherapy as a cosmetic treatment. [7]

Rod Rohrich, M.D., chairman of the Department of Plastic Surgery at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center is quoted as saying: "There is simply no data, no science and no information, to my knowledge, that mesotherapy works." The American Society of Plastic Surgeons issued a position statement not endorsing mesotherapy.[ citation needed ]

In the United States, the FDA cannot control the act of practitioners injecting various mixtures into patient's bodies, because this practice falls under the jurisdiction of state medical boards.

Robin Ashinoff, speaking for the American Academy of Dermatology, wrote "A simple injection is giving people false hope. Everybody's looking for a quick fix. But there is no quick fix for fat or fat deposits or for cellulite." The American Society for Dermatologic Surgery informed its members in February 2005 that "further study is warranted before this technique can be endorsed." [9]

"No one says exactly what they put into the (syringe)," said Naomi Lawrence, a derma-surgeon at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey. "One drug they often use, phosphatidylcholine, is unpredictable and causes extreme inflammation and swelling where injected. It is not a benign drug." [10]

Mesotherapy is currently banned in a number of South American countries. Even Brazil, which tends to be less strict than the US in drug approvals, has banned the drug for these purposes. [10]

In Australia, an alternative therapy salon was investigated by the Health Department after several clients developed skin abscesses on the calves, buttocks, thighs, abdomen, shoulders, face and neck after undergoing mesotherapy, with one patient also developing a mycobacterial infection. [11]

Following undesirable effects observed on several patients of a French practitioner, an official ratification was published in France in April 2011 to ban mesotherapy as a method for removing fat deposits. This ban was canceled in June 2011 by the French Council of State because the investigation proved that these undesirable effects weren't due to mesotherapy itself, but were due to unhygienic conditions. [12]

Clinical studies

In a prospective study, 10 patients underwent four sessions of facial mesotherapy using multivitamins at monthly intervals. This study found that there was no clinically relevant benefit for skin rejuvenation. [13]

Deoxycholic acid received FDA approval as an injectable to dissolve submental fat June 2015. [6] This was based on the results of a phase III randomized trial of 2600 patients in which 68.2% of patients showed a response by measurement of the fat deposit; 81% had mild temporary adverse reactions of bruising, swelling, pain, numbness, erythema, and firmness around the treated area. [14]

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Aesthetic medicine is a branch of modern medicine that focuses on altering cosmetic appearance through the treatment of conditions including scars, skin laxity, wrinkles, moles, liver spots, excess fat, cellulite, unwanted hair, skin discoloration, and spider veins. Traditionally, it includes dermatology, oral and maxillofacial surgery, reconstructive surgery and plastic surgery, surgical procedures, non-surgical procedures, and a combination of both. Aesthetic medicine procedures are usually elective. There is a long history of aesthetic medicine procedures, dating back to many notable cases in the 19th century, though techniques have developed much since then.

Non-surgical rhinoplasty is a medical aesthetic procedure in which injectable fillers, most commonly hyaluronic acid ones like Restylane and Juvederm or calcium hydroxyapatite (Radiesse), are used to alter and shape a person's nose without a surgery. The procedure fills in depressed areas on the nose, lifting the angle of the tip or smoothing the appearance of bumps on the bridge. Non surgical rhinoplasty is an augmentation procedure, so it cannot reduce the size of someone's nose. The cosmetic procedure carries the risk of causing serious skin damage or distant complications like blindness. If the filler product is injected into an artery, filler can travel in the arteries and blocks smaller size arteries like ophthalmic artery and cause blindness. If blood vessels of the skin is blocked, skin necrosis can develop. Hyaluronic acid based fillers can be reversed even if injected into a blood vessel with an enzyme called hyaluronidase, which can be also injected like fillers.

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Facial Autologous Muscular Injection is also known as Fat Autograft Muscular Injection, as Autologous Fat Injection, as Micro-lipoinjection, as Fat Transfer and as Facial Autologous Mesenchymal Integration, abbreviated as FAMI. The technique is a non-incisional pan-facial rejuvenation procedure using the patient'own stem cells from fat deposits. FAMI is an Adult stem cell procedure used to address the loss of volume in the face due to aging or surgery repair in restoring facial muscles, bone surfaces and very deep fat pads. The procedure involves removing adult stem cells of fatty tissue from lower body, and refining it to be able to re-inject living adipose stem cells into specific areas of the face without incision. FAMI is an outpatient procedure and an alternative to artificial fillers, blepharoplasty or various face lifts. The procedure does not require general anesthesia and risks of an allergic reaction are minimal due to the use of the patient's own tissue used as the facial injection.

Fat removal procedures are used mostly in cosmetic surgery with the intention of removing unwanted adipose tissue. The procedure may be invasive, as with liposuction, or noninvasive using laser therapy, radiofrequency, ultrasound or cold to reduce fat, sometimes in combination with injections.

References

  1. ↑ Rittes, PG; Rittes, JC; Carriel, Amary MF (2006). "Injection of phosphatidylcholine in fat tissue: experimental study of local action in rabbits". Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 30 (4): 474–8. doi:10.1007/s00266-005-0170-5. PMID   16858660. S2CID   21533809.
  2. ↑ "Things to Pay Attention to After Mesotherapy Injections". Fillercloud. 2021-10-14. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
  3. ↑ da Silva RL, de Oliveira FA, Medeiros RG, Cunha SV, de Morais Gouveia GP (2021). "What is the physical-mechanical mechanism of pressurized mesotherapy?". Medical Hypotheses. 152: 110617. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110617. PMID   34082278. S2CID   235334561.
  4. ↑ Maia RR, da Silva RM, Meyer PF, de Morais Carreiro E, dos Santos Borges F, Rodriguez J, Farias SL, de Oliveira Varela GT (2021). "Comparative study of Intradermotherapy with pressurized injection system and needles". The American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery. 38 (3): 171–180. doi:10.1177/0748806821990167. S2CID   234020649.
  5. ↑ "Kybella- deoxycholic acid injection, solution". DailyMed. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
  6. 1 2 3 "FDA approves treatment for fat below the chin". Food and Drug Administration. April 29, 2015. Archived from the original on May 1, 2015. Retrieved December 16, 2019.
  7. 1 2 3 Rotunda, Adam; Kolodney, Michael (April 2006). "Mesotherapy and Phosphatidylcholine Injections: Historical Clarification and Review" (PDF). Dermatologic Surgery. 32 (4): 465–480. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.506.2372 . doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2006.32100.x. PMID   16681654. S2CID   9994696. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 28, 2012.
  8. ↑ "French Society of Mesotherapy : What's that ?". Archived from the original on 2015-07-15. Retrieved 2015-07-15.
  9. ↑ Matarasso, Seth; Butterwick, Kimberly; Goldberg, David; Lawrence, Naomi; Mandy, Stephen; Sadick, Neil; Wexler, Patricia; Rotunda, Adam (January 2006). "Technology report: Mesotherapy". American Society for Dermatological Surgery. Archived from the original on January 9, 2015. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
  10. 1 2 Puente, Maria (August 4, 2004). "Critics say mesotherapy offers slim chance". USA Today . Retrieved February 27, 2012.
  11. ↑ "Cellulite therapy under investigation". ABC News. 2008-06-26.
  12. ↑ Conseil d'État : Ordonnance du 17 juin 2011, SARL Cellusonic et autres, Madame Valérie A. et autres Archived 2012-02-16 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ↑ Amin S, Phelps R, Goldberg D (2006). "Mesotherapy for facial skin rejuvenation: a clinical, histologic, and electron microscopic evaluation". Dermatologic Surgery. 32 (12): 1467–72. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2006.32353.x. PMID   17199654. S2CID   20652180.
  14. ↑ "Deoxycholic acid injectable for submental Fat dissolution". The Dermatologist. 23 (5): 8. 2015.
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