Michael E. Stone

Last updated

Michael E. Stone
Professor Michael Stone.jpg
Born (1938-10-22) 22 October 1938 (age 85)
Leeds, United Kingdom
Nationality English, Australian, Israeli
OccupationProfessor (retired)
Known for Armenian Studies, Second Temple Period Studies

Michael Edward Stone (born 22 October 1938) is a professor emeritus of Armenian Studies and of Comparative Religion at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. His research deals with Armenian studies and with Jewish literature and thought of the Second Temple period. He is also a published poet.

Contents

Biography

Early life and education, UK and Australia

Michael Stone was born in Leeds, England in 1938. In 1941 his family moved to Sydney, Australia, where he was raised. He attended North Sydney Boys High School where he studied Latin, Hebrew and Greek (First Class Honours). [1] He earned a bachelor's degree from the University of Melbourne in Semitic Studies and the Classics during the years 1956–1960. His father, Julius Stone, was a professor of International Law at the University of Sydney and the first chairman of the Truman Institute at the Hebrew University.

Professional life in Israel, the US, etc.

He immigrated to Israel in 1960. After a year-long acclimation program at the Hebrew University (1960–61), Stone transferred to Harvard University in the United States and there completed a doctorate under Professor Frank M. Cross in the Department of Near Eastern Languages during the years 1961–65. His doctorate addressed the conception of eschatology in 4 Ezra. Afterwards he became a lecturer in Comparative Religion at the University of California, Santa Barbara. In 1966 he returned to Israel, became a lecturer in Comparative Religion at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and in the following year became an associate professor. In 1980 he became a full professor of Armenian Studies and was named as the Gail Levin de Nur Professor of Religious Studies. In 2007 he retired from the Hebrew University, where he continues his research and lecturing as a professor emeritus.

Stone held many visiting research and professorial positions at academic institutions worldwide. He was (according to chronology) assistant professor of religious studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara (1965–66), lecturer in Jewish studies and Armenian studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (1966–69), senior lecturer in the same (1969–76), visiting research fellow at Harvard University (1971–72), George Scott Fellow at Ormond College of the University of Melbourne (summer of 1974), visiting member of the Theological Faculty at Leiden University (summer of 1975), associate professor at the Hebrew University (1976–80), the Berg Professor of Judaic Studies (1977–78) and the Tarzian Adjunct Professor of Armenian History and Culture at the University of Pennsylvania (1977–83), fellow-in-residence (1980–81) and visiting scholar (autumn of 1984) at the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Studies, distinguished visiting professor at the University of Pennsylvania (summer 1985), visiting scholar at the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Studies (summer of 1986), distinguished visiting fellow at Ormond College of the University of Melbourne (spring of 1988), visiting professor of Jewish studies at Harvard Divinity School (fall of 1989), visiting professor at Yale University (autumn of 1991), Distinguished NEH Visiting professor at the University of Richmond (spring 1993), visiting professor of religious studies at the University of Virginia (1993), fellow-in-residence and the director of a research group on translation techniques at the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Studies (1997–98), visiting professor of New Testament and Judaic studies at Harvard University (autumn of 2001), distinguished senior visiting fellow in the Kluge Center of the Library of Congress (autumn 2003), the Sugden Distinguished Visiting fellow at Queen's College of the University of Melbourne (summer of 2004), and distinguished visiting professor of Judaic studies at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte (2006–07).

He is a member of the editorial board of the journal, Revue des Études Arméniennes (Paris), served as a member of the scientific board of Patmabanasirakan Handes (Erevan) and as a member of the editorial board of Dead Sea Discoveries. He is a founder of the Society of Biblical Literature Pseudepigrapha Group (USA) and was a member of the steering committee.

Private life

He married Nira Weintraub in 1961. She was a scholar in the history of Byzantine and Armenian art, a field in which she taught for many years at the Hebrew University. They have two children and six grandchildren. Nira died in the summer of 2013.

Literary activity

Stone has written and published many poems in English, and he is a member of the Israel Association of Writers in English.

Research

Stone is first and foremost a historian of religious thought. His research focuses on two fields: Jewish thought and literature of the Second Temple period including its transmission into the Middle Ages; and Armenian Studies. His work emphasizes texts and their interpretations but extends beyond a narrow textual focus to ideological analysis within religious and intellectual history.

Armenian studies

Credited with "single-handedly pioneer[ing] the study of the Armenian language, literature and history", [2] Stone's research has focused on several topics within this subject:

Jewish literature translated into Armenian

Stone has published several books dealing with Jewish literature translated to Armenian. [3]

In his book, The Armenian Version of 4 Ezra, [4] Stone published the first full critical edition of any text connected with the Armenian biblical canon. Following its publication, Stone produced several volumes of texts and exegesis addressing biblical or Jewish traditions. These volumes contain manuscript texts edited anew including the first editions of documents that were beforehand unknown. In this vein, many of Stone's articles are dedicated to the publication of texts, and in so doing he established a wide body of texts that were important both for Armenian and Pseudepigrapha Studies.

He published the first edition of the Armenian version of the Armenian Adam book, The Penitence of Adam in 1981. [5] In so doing, he initiated long-term research on the deuterocanonical books dealing with Adam and Eve, which he collected over the past decade. He published concordances of Armenian deuterocanonical literature about Adam (1996, 2001) [6] and additional literature related to Armenians and other Adam traditions (mentioned below).

Armenian deuterocanonical literature

With these publications Stone initiated a new field of study and research: deuterocanonical literature in Armenian, which is the transmission of biblical and Jewish traditions in Armenian. In so doing he had lasting influence on Armenian Studies as well as the study of deuterocanonical literature. In recent years he has focused on the way in which these traditions function within the Armenian culture and how their transformation reflects changes in the religious and intellectual history of the Armenian nation. He presents diachronic questions that were never before posed and traces shifts of religious, intellectual, and cultural history that were hardly addressed. These questions touch on understanding the human condition and existential purpose. Furthermore, the diachronic research of entire traditions highlights changes that occurred in Armenian thought throughout generations and ties them to Armenian history, politics, religion, and thought. Here he attends to ancient Jewish elements in Armenian culture.

Armenian paleography and history in Israel

Stone's interest in Armenian manuscripts led him to study the Armenian script. He published a number of technical descriptions of manuscripts and co-published with Dr. Nira Stone the Catalogue of the New Armenian Manuscripts in the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin. [7] He edited and published Armenian graffiti from Sinai in a significant work of historical, epigraphic, and linguistic consequences. [8] The inscriptions shed light on ancient Armenian pilgrimage, on the character of the pilgrims, and on their linguistic usages. His research tied into Armenian graffiti in Nazareth. He proved that a portion of the inscriptions in Sinai and Nazareth are the oldest Armenian script in the world and were inscribed within decades of the creation of the Armenian alphabet (early fifth century CE).

Stone published numerous Armenian inscriptions from the Land of Israel and made several significant discoveries regarding Armenian pilgrimage and monasticism in the Holy Land. He was the editor in chief of The Album of Armenian Paleography. He was joined by Dickran Kouymjian and Henning Lehmann. The album is a large project that exhibits and analyzes the development of the Armenian script beginning with the most ancient dated manuscripts and up until the nineteenth century. [9] In the course of preparing this work he devised techniques for producing script tables directly from digital images of the manuscripts themselves. On one side of each opening there is a picture of the manuscript; on the other there is a copy of a segment of the text, paleographic discussion, and bibliography. At the end of the book appear development tables.

Jews in Armenia

With Israeli archeologist Dr. David Amit, Stone researched and published on a medieval Jewish cemetery of southern Armenia. [10] This thirteenth-century cemetery is akin to no other – not only in terms of Armenia but of the oriental-Jewish communities. On the tombstones there are inscriptions in both Hebrew and Aramaic that teach about the life of the Jewish community in southern Armenia, about which there was no information previously. His research on the Jews of Armenia continues today.

Use of computer applications

Stone recognized very early on the potential of computer applications for Armenian studies. In 1971 he completed his first computer-aided research in Armenian. [11] Since then he has used a computer application to compare manuscripts to produce scientific editions of texts as well as concordances. He wrote books in other fields of Armenian Studies; for example, the publication of his research with M.E. Shirinian dealing with the edition, translation, and exegesis of an ancient philosophical work preserved only in Armenian [12] and with R.R. Ervine on patristics. [13]

Jewish thought and literature of the Second Temple Period

On this subject Stone dealt with a range of topics. Among the specific documents that he researched are 4 Ezra, the Aramaic Levi Document, the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, Enoch and Noah literature, and literature relating to Adam and Eve. In the field of history of religious thought he has worked especially on apocalyptic literature and also on issues dealing with the central characteristics of Judaism of that period. He has also written monographs and articles on many other subjects in the field.

The Apocalypse of Ezra (4 Ezra)

This text was the subject of Stone's research for twenty-five years, the culmination of which was his exegesis of 4 Ezra, published in 1990. [14] This work was written originally in Hebrew approximately thirty years after the destruction of the Second Temple and translated into Greek. From this Greek version it was translated into other languages: Latin, Ethiopic, Syriac, Arabic, Armenian, and Georgian. None of the Hebrew versions have been preserved and only fragments of the Greek, and for the vast majority of the text there remains to the present day only the translations from Greek, on which Stone worked. His book features detailed interpretation of the verses together with a wider analysis of the literary dynamic and religious worldview of the author as revealed in the text's content and presentation of topics. Over the years he wrote a series of articles on 4 Ezra, including the significance of structure, its notion of divine justice, as well as mystical and exegetical elements. These studies have been called "groundbreaking" by other researchers in the field. [15]

Stone published two collections of articles on 4 Ezra and other dimensions of Second Temple Judaism. [16] A prominent factor of his exegetical approach to ancient texts is the idea that descriptions of religious phenomena may represent actual experiences of the author or of the circle from which he/she came. This approach considers the religious experience of the author as a factor for researching ancient religious literature.

He also published the Armenian version separately (mentioned above) [17] as well as his doctoral thesis on the text's eschatology (1989). In the course of his research he led the study of apocalyptic literature on topics relating to ancient religious thought.

The Testament of Levi and the Dead Sea Scrolls

Along with his research on 4 Ezra, Stone published the Armenian text of The Testament of Levi (1969). [18] After many years of work, he published a critical Armenian edition of all twelve testaments of the sons of Jacob with the help of his former student, Dr. Vered Hillel (2012). [19] Towards the end of the 1960s he commenced cooperation with Professor Jonas Greenfield regarding the Aramaic apocrypha, which continued until Greenfield's death in 1995. Together and separately, they published a series of articles that arose from their research, including some addressing the Enoch literature. Since then, Stone published their joint edition of the Dead Sea Scrolls fragments of The Testament of Levi in the DJD series. [20] With Dr. Esther Eshel, Stone completed his and Greenfield's translation, exegesis, and research on this third- or second-century BCE work. The work survives in fragments transmitted in Jewish and Christian channels, including the Cairo Geniza, a Greek manuscript, and Dead Sea fragments. They arranged scattered segments and wrote exegeses.

The research on the Book of Enoch led Stone to become interested in the Dead Sea Scrolls. He wrote on the relationship between the Pseudepigrapha and Qumran literature, classification of the Jewish literature in the days of the Second Temple, and related topics.

With Esther Eshel he edited the 4Q464 manuscript, [21] and with Esther Chazon a fragmentary work on the end times. Likewise, in his edition of fragments from the Testament of Naphtali, Stone showed that the fragment found at Qumran was included in altered form in the Greek Testament of Naphtali. [22] Rabbi Moshe ha-Darshan, author of the Midrash Genesis Rabbati (France, eleventh century) knew of a similar or identical document to the Qumran one in a semitic language. From this the question of literary transmission from the days of the Second Temple to the Middle Ages arose acutely.

Stone founded the Orion Center for the Study of the Dead Sea Scrolls at the Hebrew University in 1995 and directed it during its early years.

The Books of Adam and Eve

Toward the end of the 1990s, Stone returned to a subject he discussed in his earliest articles: the Armenian apocryphal "Death of Adam".

After publication of his commentary on 4 Ezra he turned to the apocryphal literature of Adam and Eve. In 1992 he wrote, A History of the Literature of Adam and Eve, [23] and in 1999 he published a book on the subject with Professor Gary Anderson. [24] With Anderson, he also published a collection of studies on the Adam literature (2000) [25] and books on other aspects of the Adam and Eve literature.

The book, Adam's Contract with Satan, deals with a tradition of Adam and Eve preserved in Slavic, Armenian, Georgian, modern Greek, and others. [26] He followed the spread of this legend, which has it that after Adam and Eve left the Garden of Eden, they sinned a second time due to Satan deceiving them. That being the case, the post-lapsarian state of human beings in the world may be explained on two levels: 1—why we are not in the Garden of Eden based on the book of Genesis; 2—the fate of humans in the world is the outcome not of sin, but of deception (i.e., Satan deceived them). Subscribers to this perspective on the world see it differently than those that attribute it to the sin of Adam and Eve alone or to original sin, as in Western Christianity.

The history of Ancient Judaism

In this field Stone has delved into the character and phenomenology of Jewish apocryphal literature, a subject that occupied scholarship especially in the 1970s and 1980s. The conceptual innovations and insight contained in Stone's writing on Second Temple Judaism (such as the transition from oral to written literature, the sociological approach to understanding the wisdom teacher, and questions pertaining to the pseudepigrapha) left a lasting impression on modern perceptions of the primary sources. His work in this field is published mainly in articles. Stone's abilities and interests as a historian of religion are most prominent in this area of his research. His chief articles addressing these topics were gathered in two collections. [27]

Current research

Today Stone pursues several research endeavors in the field: he has just completed a comprehensive investigation of Adam and Eve in the Armenian tradition (2013); [28] he is preparing to publish many Armenian inscriptions from Jerusalem; [29] and he is working on a book that will include previously unknown documents in Armenian about biblical figures.

Research projects

Rock Inscriptions and Graffiti

Stone collected photographs of graffiti inscriptions in many languages in the Sinai, the Negev, and the Christian holy places. He himself published much of the Armenian material documented during the project. [30] This material has been mounted online at rockinscriptions.huji.ac.il.

In 1995, Stone founded the Orion Center for the Study of the Dead Sea Scrolls at the Hebrew University for the purpose of integrating new information from the scrolls with previous knowledge about Second Temple Judaism. Today, the center is one of the important research institutes on the Dead Sea Scrolls.

The International Association of Armenian Studies (Association Internationale des Études Arméniennes)

Stone founded the International Association of Armenian Studies (Association Internationale des Études Arméniennes) in 1980, held the office of president until 2000, and since then is the honorary president. Membership in the organization, limited to researchers in the field, numbers today more than 200. It is the leading organization for Armenian Studies.

The Jewish Cemetery in Armenia

With the Israeli archeologist Dr. David Amit, Stone oversaw the excavation of the Jewish cemetery in Armenia and the publishing of the inscriptions.

Honorary memberships

Prizes and awards

Books and monographs

Published

In press

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Book of Jubilees</span> Ancient Jewish religious work of 50 chapters

The Book of Jubilees, sometimes called Lesser Genesis (Leptogenesis), is an ancient Jewish apocryphal text of 50 chapters, considered canonical by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church as well as Ethiopian Jews, where it is known as the Book of Division. Jubilees is considered one of the pseudepigrapha by the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Protestant Churches. It is also not considered canonical within Judaism outside of Beta Israel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pseudepigrapha</span> Falsely attributed works

Pseudepigrapha are falsely attributed works, texts whose claimed author is not the true author, or a work whose real author attributed it to a figure of the past. The name of the author to whom the work is falsely attributed is often prefixed with the particle "pseudo-", such as for example "pseudo-Aristotle" or "pseudo-Dionysius": these terms refer to the anonymous authors of works falsely attributed to Aristotle and Dionysius the Areopagite, respectively.

The Life of Adam and Eve, also known in its Greek version as the Apocalypse of Moses, is a Jewish apocryphal group of writings. It recounts the lives of Adam and Eve from after their expulsion from the Garden of Eden to their deaths. It provides more detail about the Fall of Man, including Eve's version of the story. Satan explains that he rebelled when God commanded him to bow down to Adam. After Adam dies, he and all his descendants are promised a resurrection.

Pseudo-Philo is the name commonly used for the unknown, anonymous author of Biblical Antiquities. This text is also commonly known today under the Latin title Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum, a title that is not found on the Latin manuscripts of Pseudo-Philo's Biblical Antiquities. Pseudo-Philo's Biblical Antiquities is preserved today in 18 complete and 3 fragmentary Latin manuscripts that date between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries CE. In addition, portions of Pseudo-Philo's Biblical Antiquities parallel material also found in the Chronicles of Jerahmeel, a 14th-century Hebrew composition. The Latin text of Pseudo-Philo's Biblical Antiquities circulated in some Latin collections of writings by Philo of Alexandria. Scholars have long recognized the pseudonymous character of the text now known as the Biblical Antiquities. Primary in this regard is a vastly differing approach to and use of the Jewish Scriptures than that of Philo of Alexandria. For the sake of convenience and due to the lack of a better option, scholars continue to follow the lead of Philo scholar Leopold Cohn in calling the author “Pseudo-Philo.”

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2 Esdras</span> Apocalyptic appendix to Vulgate (70-218 CE)

2 Esdras is an apocalyptic book in some English versions of the Bible. Tradition ascribes it to Ezra, a scribe and priest of the fifth century BC, but scholarship places its composition between 70 and 218 AD.

Harold William Attridge is an American New Testament scholar and historian of Christianity known for his work in New Testament exegesis, especially the Epistle to the Hebrews, the study of Hellenistic Judaism, and the history of early Christianity. He is a Sterling Professor of Divinity at Yale University, where he served as Dean of the Divinity School from 2002 to 2012, the first Roman Catholic to head that historically Protestant school.

The Jewish apocrypha are books written in large part by Jews, especially during the Second Temple period, not accepted as sacred manuscripts when the Hebrew Bible was canonized. Some of these books are considered sacred by most Christians, and are included in their versions of the Old Testament. The Jewish apocrypha is distinctive from the New Testament apocrypha and biblical apocrypha as it is the only one of these collections which works within a Jewish theological framework.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">James H. Charlesworth</span> American theologian

James Hamilton Charlesworth is an American academic who served as the George L. Collord Professor of New Testament Language and Literature until January 17, 2019, and Director of the Dead Sea Scrolls Project at the Princeton Theological Seminary. His research interests include the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Hebrew and Christian Bibles, the Dead Sea Scrolls, Josephus, the Historical Jesus, the Gospel of John, and the Book of Revelation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert A. Kraft</span> American academic (1934–2023)

Robert A. Kraft was an American religious historian who was the Berg Professor of Religious Studies Emeritus at the University of Pennsylvania. He is known for his pioneering work in the application of computing to the study of ancient literature and for his significant contributions to the study of early Judaism and early Christianity. Kraft was president of the Society of Biblical Literature in 2006.

Jonas Carl Greenfield was an American scholar of Semitic languages, who published in the fields of Semitic Epigraphy, Aramaic Studies and Qumran Studies, and a distinguished member of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities.

Loren T. Stuckenbruck is a historian of early Christianity and Second Temple Judaism, currently professor of New Testament at the University of Munich, in Germany. His work has exerted a significant impact on the field.

A biblical canon is a set of texts which a particular Jewish or Christian religious community regards as part of the Bible.

Eileen Marie Schuller is a professor at the Faculty of Social Sciences at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario. Schuller is an official editor of the Dead Sea Scrolls. She teaches undergraduate and graduate studies in the Biblical field. Over a span of 30 years, her involvement in the publication of the Dead Sea Scrolls has led to numerous contributions in authenticating the discoveries found in the caves near the Ancient Qumran settlement.

Matthias Henze is the Isla Carroll and Perry E. Turner Professor of Hebrew Bible and Early Judaism at Rice University in Houston, Texas.

Carl Roark Holladay is an American scholar of New Testament, Christian origins, and Hellenistic Judaism. He is the Charles Howard Candler Professor Emeritus of New Testament at Emory University's Candler School of Theology and an Elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Angela Kim Harkins is a Professor of New Testament and Professor Ordinaria at Boston College School of Theology and Ministry.

Hanna Tervanotko is a Finnish-born Canadian historian of religion. She is an assistant professor in the Department of Religious Studies at McMaster University in Ontario, Canada. Her research focuses on the Second Temple era and her research interests include women in antiquity, Qumran, Dead Sea Scrolls, and Jewish interpretation of scripture. She is affiliated with the Centre of Excellence "Changes in Sacred Texts and Traditions" (CSTT) at the University of Helsinki.

Kristin Mimi Lieve Leen De Troyer is an Old Testament scholar, theologian, writer and an (honorary) professor who has taught at different universities such as the University of Salzburg, the University of St Andrews, and Claremont School of Theology. She is the author of many scholarly books and articles, an editor of several academic series, and a professor and researcher of the Hebrew Bible, the Septuagint, Judaism and the Dead Sea Scrolls. Since the beginning of 2021, she serves as the Secretary of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yovhannēs Tʻlkurancʻi</span>

Yovhannēs Tʻlkurancʻi was an Armenian poet who noted for his religious and lyric poetry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Charlotte Hempel</span> American Hebru scholar

Charlotte Hempel is a scholar of the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament.

References

  1. ↑ NSBHS Leaving Certificate 1955.
  2. ↑ Chazon, Esther; Satran, David; Clemens, Ruth, eds. (2004). Things Revealed: Studies in Early Jewish and Christian Literature in Honor of Michael E. Stone. Leiden, Boston: Brill. p. xv.
  3. ↑ The Testament of Levi: A First Study of the Armenian Manuscripts of the Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs in the Convent of St. James, Jerusalem. Jerusalem: St. James Press. 1969.Concordance and Texts of Armenian IV Ezra. Jerusalem: Israel Oriental Society. 1971.The Armenian Version of the Testament of Joseph: Introduction, Critical Edition, and Translation. Missoula: Scholars Press. 1975.The Armenian Version of IV Ezra. Missoula: Scholars Press. 1979.The Penitence of Adam. Leuven: Peeters. 1981.Textual Commentary on the Armenian Version of IV Ezra. Atlanta: Scholars Press. 1990.Selected Studies in Pseudepigrapha and Apocrypha with Special Reference to the Armenian Tradition. Leiden: Brill. 1991.With S. Ajamian (1994). Text and Context. Studies in the Armenian New Testament. Papers Presented to the Conference on the Armenian New Testament, May 22-28, 1992. Atlanta: Scholars Press.
  4. ↑ The Armenian Version of IV Ezra. Missoula: Scholars Press. 1979.
  5. ↑ The Penitence of Adam. Leuven: Peeters. 1981.
  6. ↑ Armenian Apocrypha Relating to Adam and Eve. Leiden: Brill. 1996.A Concordance of the Armenian Apocryphal Adam Books. Leuven: Peeters. 2001.
  7. ↑ With Nira Stone (2007). Catalogue of the Additional Armenian Manuscripts in the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin. Dublin: Chester Beatty Library.
  8. ↑ The Armenian Inscriptions from the Sinai with Appendixes on the Georgian and Latin Inscriptions by M. van Esbroeck and W. Adler. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1982.
  9. ↑ with D. Kouymian and H. Lehmann (2002). Album of Armenian Paleography. Aarhus, Denmark: Aarhus University Press.
  10. ↑ "A Jewish Cemetery in the Middle Ages in Eghegis in Southern Armenia". Pe'amim (in Hebrew) (98-99: Winter-Spring): 39–66. 2004.
  11. ↑ Concordance and Texts of Armenian IV Ezra. Jerusalem: Israel Oriental Society. 1971.
  12. ↑ Pseudo-Zeno: Anonymous Philosophical Treatise. Leiden: Brill. 2000.
  13. ↑ The Armenian Texts of Epiphanius of Salamis de mensuris et ponderibus. Leuven: Peeters. 2000.
  14. ↑ Fourth Ezra: A Commentary on the Book of Fourth Ezra. Hermeneia Series. Minneapolis: Fortress. 1990.
  15. ↑ Chazon; Satran; Clemens (eds.). Things Revealed. p. xvii.
  16. ↑ Selected Studies in Pseudepigrapha and Apocrypha with Special Reference to the Armenian Tradition. Leiden: Brill. 1991.Apocrypha, Pseudepigrapha and Armenian Studies: Collected Papers. Leuven: Peeters. 2006.
  17. ↑ Textual Commentary on the Armenian Version of IV Ezra. Atlanta: Scholars Press. 1990.
  18. ↑ The Testament of Levi: A First Study of the Armenian Manuscripts of the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs in the Convent of St. James, Jerusalem. Jerusalem: St. James Press. 1969.
  19. ↑ The Armenian Version of the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs: Edition, Apparatus, Translation and Commentary. Leuven: Peeters. 2012.
  20. ↑ Brooke, G.J., ed. (1996), "Aramaic Levi Document", Qumran Cave 4 XVII: Parabiblical Texts, Part 3 (DJD 22), Oxford: Clarendon, pp. 2–72
  21. ↑ Stone, M.E.; Eschel, E. (1992). "An Exposition on the Patriarchs (4Q464) and Two Other Documents (4Q464a and 4Q464b)". Le Muséon. 105 (3): 243–264. doi:10.2143/MUS.105.3.2006049.
  22. ↑ Stone, Michael E. (1996). "Qumran Corner: Testament of Naphtali". Journal of Jewish Studies. 47 (2): 311–321. doi:10.18647/1902/JJS-1996.Brooke, G.J., ed. (1996), "4QTestament of Naphtali", Qumran Cave 4. XVII: Parabiblical Texts, Part 3 (DJD 22), Oxford: Calrendon | pages = 73-82
  23. ↑ A History of the Literature of Adam and Eve. Atlanta: Scholars Press. 1992.
  24. ↑ A Synopsis of the Books of Adam and Eve (2nd revised ed.). Atlanta: Scholars Press. 1999.
  25. ↑ Anderson, G.A.; Stone, M.E.; Tromp, J., eds. (2000), "Studies in the Books of Adam and Eve", Literature on Adam and Eve, Leiden: Brill
  26. ↑ Adam's Contract with Satan: The Legend of the Cheirograph of Adam. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 2002.
  27. ↑ Selected Studies in Armenian Studies. SVTP 9. Leiden: Brill. 1991.Apocrypha, Pseudepigrapha and Armenian Studies: Collected Papers, 2 vols. OLA 144-145. Leuven: Peeters. 2006.
  28. ↑ Adam and Eve in the Armenian Tradition. Atlanta: Scholars Press. 2013.
  29. ↑ Amit, D.; Wolf, S. (eds.), "The Armenian Inscriptions", Report on Excavations of the Third Wall, Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority
  30. ↑ The Rock Inscriptions and Graffiti Project: Catalogue of Inscriptions (3 vols.). Atlanta: Scholars Press. 1992–94.
  31. ↑ "Michael Stone". Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 14 February 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.