Mikhail Elia Nasrallah is a plant scientist, specializing in the genetics of self-incompatibility in flowering plants. He is Professor Emeritus in the Plant Biology Section of the School of Integrative Plant Science in the New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at Cornell University. [1]
Nasrallah was born in Kfarmishki, Lebanon. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in Agriculture and a certification in Agronomy [Ingénieur Agricole] from the American University of Beirut in 1960, a Master's degree in Horticulture from the University of Vermont in 1962, [2] and a doctorate degree in Plant Breeding and Genetics from Cornell University in 1965. [3]
Nasrallah carried out postdoctoral research at Cornell University from 1965-1967. He had a faculty position in Genetics at the State University of New York/Cortland from 1967 to 1985,[ citation needed ] and subsequently moved to Cornell University.
Much of Nasrallah's research has focused on the molecular genetic analysis of self-incompatibility in plants of the crucifer (Brassicaceae) family. Self-incompatibility prevents flowering plants from self-fertilizing or reproducing with genetically-related plants. [4]
Over the course of his career, Nasrallah's work has resulted in numerous scientific publications which have been cited over 10,000 times with an h-index of 51. [5] His research has also been featured in several perspective articles and paper alerts in high-impact journals. [6] [7] [8]
As a doctoral student at Cornell, Nasrallah made a major scientific contribution by devising a new approach to the molecular analysis of self-incompatibility. Instead of the pollen-centric focus which at the time had been the norm in research aimed at identifying the molecular components of self-incompatibility in various plant families, [9] he reasoned that investigating the contribution of the pistil to the self-incompatibility response would be a more successful approach for identifying molecules involved in SI. Working in Brassica , he focused on the stigma, which is the structure that caps the pistil and at the surface of which "self" pollen grains are inhibited in self-incompatible crucifers. This approach led him to identify the first molecule encoded by an self-incompatibility–determining gene. [10] This strategy of using the pistil as a starting point for identifying the molecular components of self-incompatibility has become common practice for molecular analysis of self-incompatibility across various plant families. [11]
The stigma molecule identified by Nasrallah was later used by his team at Cornell as a launching pad for a detailed analysis of the S locus, whose large number of variants (classically known as "alleles") control recognition of "self" pollen in self-incompatible Brassica plants. This analysis led to the breakthrough demonstration that the S locus is a complex locus and that its "alleles" are in fact haplotypes, each of which contains two genes that encode, respectively, the stigma and pollen determinants of self-incompatibility: a receptor protein kinase displayed at the surface of the stigma epidermal cells that capture pollen [12] and its small protein ligand located in the outer coating of pollen grains. [13] His team conducted gene transfer experiments that demonstrated that these two genes are necessary and sufficient for determining specificity in the self-incompatibility response. [14] [15] The subsequent finding that the interaction of the stigma receptor with its pollen ligand, and hence receptor activation, is S haplotype-specific (i.e. they will only occur if the pollen ligand and the stigma receptor are derived from the same S haplotype) explained how the stigma can discriminate between self- and non-self pollen grains in self-incompatible crucifers. [16] [17] This mechanism of self-recognition has now been shown to operate in all tested self-incompatible species from various crucifer genera, such as Brassica, Arabidopsis , and Capsella.
Nasrallah received the American University of Beirut's highest scholastic honor, the Penrose Award, in 1960; [18] an award in Horticulture from the Burpee Foundation [19] in 1961; and an award from the American Institute of Biological Sciences [20] in 1970 in recognition of an outstanding research contribution related to a vegetable crop used for processing.
Arabidopsis thaliana, the thale cress, mouse-ear cress or arabidopsis, is a small plant from the mustard family (Brassicaceae), native to Eurasia and Africa. Commonly found along the shoulders of roads and in disturbed land, it is generally considered a weed.
Fertilisation or fertilization, also known as generative fertilisation, syngamy and impregnation, is the fusion of gametes to give rise to a zygote and initiate its development into a new individual organism or offspring. While processes such as insemination or pollination, which happen before the fusion of gametes, are also sometimes informally referred to as fertilisation, these are technically separate processes. The cycle of fertilisation and development of new individuals is called sexual reproduction. During double fertilisation in angiosperms, the haploid male gamete combines with two haploid polar nuclei to form a triploid primary endosperm nucleus by the process of vegetative fertilisation.
Self-pollination is a form of pollination in which pollen arrives at the stigma of a flower or at the ovule of the same plant. The term cross-pollination is used for the opposite case, where pollen from one plant moves to a different plant.
Self-incompatibility (SI) is a general name for several genetic mechanisms that prevent self-fertilization in sexually reproducing organisms, and thus encourage outcrossing and allogamy. It is contrasted with separation of sexes among individuals (dioecy), and their various modes of spatial (herkogamy) and temporal (dichogamy) separation.
Brassica oleracea is a plant species from family Brassicaceae that includes many common cultivars used as vegetables, such as cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, Brussels sprouts, collard greens, Savoy cabbage, kohlrabi, and gai lan. The uncultivated form of the species, wild cabbage, is native to southwest Europe.
Heterostyly is a unique form of polymorphism and herkogamy in flowers. In a heterostylous species, two or three morphological types of flowers, termed "morphs", exist in the population. On each individual plant, all flowers share the same morph. The flower morphs differ in the lengths of the pistil and stamens, and these traits are not continuous. The morph phenotype is genetically linked to genes responsible for a unique system of self-incompatibility, termed heteromorphic self-incompatibility, that is, the pollen from a flower on one morph cannot fertilize another flower of the same morph.
Raphanus raphanistrum, also known as wild radish, white charlock or jointed charlock, is a flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae. The species is native to western Asia, Europe and parts of Northern Africa. It has been introduced into most parts of the world and is regarded as a habitat threatening invasive species in many areas, for example, Australia. It spreads rapidly and is often found growing on roadsides or in other places where the ground has been disturbed. The cultivated radish, widely used as a root vegetable, is sometimes considered to be one of its subspecies as Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus.
In biology, cell signaling is the process by which a cell interacts with itself, other cells, and the environment. Cell signaling is a fundamental property of all cellular life in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AHR gene. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor is a transcription factor that regulates gene expression. It was originally thought to function primarily as a sensor of xenobiotic chemicals and also as the regulator of enzymes such as cytochrome P450s that metabolize these chemicals. The most notable of these xenobiotic chemicals are aromatic (aryl) hydrocarbons from which the receptor derives its name.
The mechanisms of reproductive isolation are a collection of evolutionary mechanisms, behaviors and physiological processes critical for speciation. They prevent members of different species from producing offspring, or ensure that any offspring are sterile. These barriers maintain the integrity of a species by reducing gene flow between related species.
The mineralocorticoid receptor, also known as the aldosterone receptor or nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 2, (NR3C2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NR3C2 gene that is located on chromosome 4q31.1-31.2.
The ARNT gene encodes the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator protein that forms a complex with ligand-bound aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and is required for receptor function. The encoded protein has also been identified as the beta subunit of a heterodimeric transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1). A t(1;12)(q21;p13) translocation, which results in a TEL–ARNT fusion protein, is associated with acute myeloblastic leukemia. Three alternatively spliced variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene.
Angiopoietin-1 receptor also known as CD202B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TEK gene. Also known as TIE2, it is an angiopoietin receptor.
G protein-coupled receptor 55 also known as GPR55 is a G protein-coupled receptor that in humans is encoded by the GPR55 gene.
GDNF family receptor alpha-3 (GFRα3), also known as the artemin receptor, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GFRA3 gene.
Peptide signaling plays a significant role in various aspects of plant growth and development and specific receptors for various peptides have been identified as being membrane-localized receptor kinases, the largest family of receptor-like molecules in plants. Signaling peptides include members of the following protein families.
The monocots are one of the two major groups of flowering plants, the other being the dicots. In order to reproduce they utilize various strategies such as employing forms of asexual reproduction, restricting which individuals they are sexually compatible with, or influencing how they are pollinated. Nearly all reproductive strategies that evolved in the dicots have independently evolved in monocots as well. Despite these similarities and their close relatedness, monocots and dicots have distinct traits in their reproductive biologies.
Christian Dumas is a French biologist born on January 2, 1943. He is a professor at the École normale supérieure (ENS) in Lyon. Dumas has devoted himself to the study of the specific sexual reproduction mechanisms of flowering plants and their applications for the genetic improvement of cultivated plants. He is also the scientific director of the botanical garden of the Parc de la Tête d'Or in Lyon.
Distyly is a type of heterostyly in which a plant demonstrates reciprocal herkogamy. This breeding system is characterized by two separate flower morphs, where individual plants produce flowers that either have long styles and short stamens, or that have short styles and long stamens. However, distyly can refer to any plant that shows some degree of self-incompatibility and has two morphs if at least one of the following characteristics is true; there is a difference in style length, filament length, pollen size or shape, or the surface of the stigma. Specifically these plants exhibit intra-morph self-incompatibility, flowers of the same style morph are incompatible. Distylous species that do not exhibit true self-incompatibility generally show a bias towards inter-morph crosses - meaning they exhibit higher success rates when reproducing with an individual of the opposite morph.
June Nasrallah is Barbara McClintock Professor in the Plant Biology Section of the School of Integrative Plant Science at Cornell University. Her research focuses on plant reproductive biology and the cell-cell interactions that underlie self-incompatibility in plants belonging to the mustard (Brassicaceae) family. She was elected to the US National Academy of Sciences in 2003 for this work and her contributions generally to our understanding of receptor-based signaling in plants.