Minuscule 404

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Minuscule 404

New Testament manuscript

Name Vindobonensis, Gr. theol. 313
Text Acts, Paul
Date 13th century
Script Greek
Now at Austrian National Library
Size 17 cm by 12.1 cm
Type Byzantine text-type
Category V

Minuscule 404 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), α 467 (in Soden's numbering), [1] is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 13th century. The manuscript has complex contents. [2] Formerly it was designated by the symbols 63a and 68p.

Greek language language spoken in Greece, Cyprus and Southern Albania

Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea. It has the longest documented history of any living Indo-European language, spanning more than 3000 years of written records. Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the major part of its history; other systems, such as Linear B and the Cypriot syllabary, were used previously. The alphabet arose from the Phoenician script and was in turn the basis of the Latin, Cyrillic, Armenian, Coptic, Gothic, and many other writing systems.

Manuscript document written by hand

A manuscript was, traditionally, any document that is written by hand -- or, once practical typewriters became available, typewritten -- as opposed to being mechanically printed or reproduced in some indirect or automated way. More recently, the term has come to be understood to further include any written, typed, or word-processed copy of an author's work, as distinguished from its rendition as a printed version of the same. Before the arrival of printing, all documents and books were manuscripts. Manuscripts are not defined by their contents, which may combine writing with mathematical calculations, maps, explanatory figures or illustrations. Manuscripts may be in book form, scrolls or in codex format. Illuminated manuscripts are enriched with pictures, border decorations, elaborately embossed initial letters or full-page illustrations. A document should be at least 75 years old to be considered a manuscript.

New Testament Second division of the Christian biblical canon

The New Testament is the second part of the Christian biblical canon, the first part being the Old Testament, based on the Hebrew Bible. The New Testament discusses the teachings and person of Jesus, as well as events in first-century Christianity. Christians regard both the Old and New Testaments together as sacred scripture. The New Testament has frequently accompanied the spread of Christianity around the world. It reflects and serves as a source for Christian theology and morality. Extended readings and phrases directly from the New Testament are incorporated into the various Christian liturgies. The New Testament has influenced religious, philosophical, and political movements in Christendom and left an indelible mark on literature, art, and music.

Contents

Description

The codex contains a complete text of the Acts of the Apostles, Catholic epistles, and Pauline epistles (Epistle to the Hebrews is placed between 2 Thessalonians and 1 Timothy), [3] on 157 parchment leaves (17 cm by 12.1 cm). It is written in one column per page, in 26 lines per page. [2]

Acts of the Apostles Book of the New Testament

Acts of the Apostles, often referred to simply as Acts, or formally the Book of Acts, is the fifth book of the New Testament; it tells of the founding of the Christian church and the spread of its message to the Roman Empire.

The Catholic epistles are seven epistles of the New Testament. Listed in order of their appearance in the New Testament, the Catholic epistles are:

Pauline epistles New Testament books

The Pauline epistles, Epistles of Paul, or Letters of Paul, are the thirteen books of the New Testament, composed of letters which are largely attributed to Paul the Apostle, although authorship of some is in dispute. Among these letters are some of the earliest extant Christian documents. They provide an insight into the beliefs and controversies of early Christianity. As part of the canon of the New Testament, they are foundational texts for both Christian theology and ethics. The Epistle to the Hebrews, although it does not bear his name, was traditionally considered Pauline for a thousand years, but from the 16th century onwards opinion steadily moved against Pauline authorship and few scholars now ascribe it to Paul, mostly because it does not read like any of his other epistles in style and content. Most scholars agree that Paul really wrote seven of the Pauline epistles, but that four of the epistles in Paul's name are pseudepigraphic ; scholars are divided on the authenticity of two of the epistles.

It contains Prolegomena, tables of the κεφαλαια (tables of contents) before each book, Synaxarion, subscriptions at the end of each book, numbers of στιχοι, notes to the Catholic epistles, and scholia. [3] [4]

Stichometry

Stichometry refers to the practice of counting lines in texts: Ancient Greeks and Romans measured the length of their books in lines, just as modern books are measured in pages. This practice was rediscovered by German and French scholars in the 19th century. Stichos is the Greek word for a 'line' of prose or poetry and the suffix '-metry' is derived from the Greek word for measurement.

Scholia are grammatical, critical, or explanatory comments, either original or extracted from pre-existing commentaries, which are inserted on the margin of the manuscript of an ancient author, as glosses. One who writes scholia is a scholiast. The earliest attested use of the word dates to the 1st century BC.

Text

The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type. Aland placed it in Category V. [5]

Byzantine text-type

The Byzantine text-type is one of several text-types used in textual criticism to describe the textual character of Greek New Testament manuscripts. It is the form found in the largest number of surviving manuscripts, though not in the oldest. The New Testament text of the Orthodox Church, the Patriarchal Text, as well as those utilized in the lectionaries, is based on this text-type. While considerably varying, it also underlies the Textus Receptus Greek text used for most Reformation-era translations of the New Testament into vernacular languages. Modern translations mainly use Eclectic editions that conform more often to the Alexandrian text-type.

Kurt Aland German Theologian

Kurt Aland, was a German theologian and biblical scholar who specialized in New Testament textual criticism. He founded the Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung in Münster and served as its first director from 1959–83. He was one of the principal editors of Nestle-Aland – Novum Testamentum Graece for the Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft and The Greek New Testament for the United Bible Societies.

History

The manuscript once belonged to John Sambucky (together with codex 124). It was presented to Octavio Ferrari in Milano in 1562. [3] It was examined by Treschow, Alter, Andreas Birch, and Burgon. Alter used it in his edition of the Greek New Testament (vol. 2, pp. 741-788). Birch collated some of its readings. C. R. Gregory saw it in 1887. [3]

Minuscule 124 Manuscript of the New Testament

Minuscule 124, ε 1211, is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on 188 thick parchment leaves. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 11th-century. It has marginalia and liturgical matter. The manuscript is quoted in edition of the Novum Testamentum Graece.

Francis Karl Alter (1749–1804), a Jesuit, born in Silesia, and professor of Greek at Vienna, was an editor of the Greek text of the New Testament. His edition was different from those of Mill, Wettstein, and Griesbach, because he used only the manuscripts housed at the Imperial Library at Vienna. It was the first edition of the Greek New Testament that contained evidence from Slavic manuscripts themselves, as opposed to Christian Frederick Matthaei's editions (1803-7), also claimed to be the first to contain evidence from the Slavic version of the New Testament.

Andreas Birch Danish academic

Andreas Birch was a professor from Copenhagen. Birch was sent in 1781–1783 by the king of Denmark, Christian VII, to examine manuscripts in Italy, Germany, and other European countries.

The manuscript was added to the list of the New Testament manuscripts by Scholz (1794-1852). [6]

Johann Martin Augustin Scholz German orientalist and biblical scholar

Johann Martin Augustin Scholz was a German Roman Catholic orientalist, biblical scholar and academic theologian. He was a professor at the University of Bonn and travelled extensively throughout Europe and the Near East in order to locate manuscripts of the New Testament.

Formerly it was designated by the symbols 63a and 68p. In 1908 Gregory gave the number 404 to it. [1]

The manuscript is currently housed at the Austrian National Library (Theol. gr. 313) in Vienna. [2]

See also

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References

  1. 1 2 Gregory, Caspar René (1908). Die griechischen Handschriften des Neuen Testament. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung. p. 62.
  2. 1 2 3 Aland, K.; M. Welte; B. Köster; K. Junack (1994). Kurzgefasste Liste der griechischen Handschriften des Neues Testaments. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter. p. 71. ISBN   3-11-011986-2.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Gregory, Caspar René (1900). Textkritik des Neuen Testaments. 1. Leipzig. p. 269.
  4. ↑ Scrivener, Frederick Henry Ambrose; Edward Miller (1894). A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament . 1 (4 ed.). London: George Bell & Sons. p. 289.
  5. ↑ Aland, Kurt; Aland, Barbara (1995). The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism. Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.). Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 139. ISBN   978-0-8028-4098-1.
  6. ↑ Scrivener, Frederick Henry Ambrose (1894). A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament . 1. London: George Bell & Sons. p. 322.

Further reading


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