| Mohammad ben Hassan | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dey of Algiers | |||||
| 12th Dey of Algiers | |||||
| Reign | 1718–1724 | ||||
| Predecessor | Baba Ali Chaouch | ||||
| Successor | Baba Abdi | ||||
| Born | Around 1688 rural Eyalet of Egypt | ||||
| Died | 18 May 1724 Algiers, Regency of Algiers | ||||
| |||||
| Country | Regency of Algiers | ||||
| Religion | Islam | ||||
| Occupation | Treasurer then Dey | ||||
Mohamed ben Hassan or Muhammad III was the 12th ruler and Dey of Algiers. He ruled five months after his predecessor Baba Ali Chaouch.
He was born around 1688. He was of Egyptian Arabic origins. He was an illiterate herder before he went to Algiers in his teenage years. [1]
He learned to read and write in Algiers, and was noted for his intelligence. He soon started working on more important jobs, before being appointed treasurer by Baba Ali Chaouch. He strongly supported Ali in his goals of independence from the Ottomans, and he was staunchly against the Odjak of Algiers. After an earthquake in 1716, [2] [3] he helped rebuild the city.
After the death of Ali in 1718, the Divan of Algiers quickly elected him as the Dey as they were worried that without a staunch ruler the Odjak would take over the country.
After his election he decided to continue the war against the Dutch Republic which Baba Ali started. [4] He heavily invested in barbary piracy and strengthened the country's navy. He continued recovering Algiers from the earthquake, mainly through money he salvaged from the barbary slave trade. He supported the Bey of Titteri's Ali Khodja goals of stabilizing Kabylia. He built a bordj (fort) in the valley of the Sebaou river in 1720, and another Bordj in Boghni in 1724. [5] He worked on weakening the power of the Turks over the Odjak of Algiers, and allowed more Kouloughlis and native Algerians to join the unit. [6] He further angered the Turks by keeping a distant relationship from the Ottoman Empire, and replacing Turks in important positions of power with his relatives [1] and well-skilled Algerians.
On 18 May 1724 while he was performing routine inspections on the dock of Algiers and was attacked by five or six Turkish janissaries from the Odjak of Algiers. A Turk suddenly came out of a terras in a house and shot him with a flintlock pistol. Upon this signal several other Turks rushed out of their hiding places and attacked him. After killing him, the Turks rushed to Jenina palace to install a dey of their own, whom they decided would be the Agha of the sipahis. While barely putting the kaftan on him, the Noubagis (guards) of the palace shot them with their muskets. [1] The Turkish conspirators retreated, and a new Dey was elected by the Divan of Algiers, Baba Abdi, whom was also heavily against the Odjak. [7] [8]
Dey, from the Turkish honorific title dayı, literally meaning uncle, was the title given to the rulers of the Regency of Algiers (Algeria), Tripoli, and Tunis under the Ottoman Empire from 1671 onwards. Twenty-nine deys held office from the establishment of the deylicate in Algeria until the French conquest in 1830.
The Regency of Algiers was a largely independent early modern Ottoman tributary state on the Barbary Coast of North Africa from 1516 to 1830. Founded by the privateer brothers Aruj and Hayreddin Reis, also known as Oruç and Khayr ad-Din, the Regency succeeded the crumbling Kingdom of Tlemcen as an infamous and formidable pirate base that plundered and waged maritime holy war on European Christian powers. Ottoman regents ruled as heads of a stratocracy; an autonomous military government controlled by the janissary corps, themed Garp ocaklarılit. 'Western Garrison' in Ottoman terminology.
Hussein Dey was the last Dey of the Deylik of Algiers.
The invasion of Algiers in 1830 was a large-scale military operation by which the Kingdom of France, ruled by Charles X, invaded and conquered the Deylik of Algiers.
Hamidou ben Ali, known as Raïs Hamidou, or Amidon in American literature, born around 1770, and died on June 17, 1815, near Cape Gata off the coast of southern Spain, was an Algerian corsair. He captured up to 200 ships during his career. Hamidou ensured the prosperity of the Deylik of Algiers, and gave it its last glory before the French invasion. His biography is relatively well known because the French archivist Albert Devoulx found documents that told of this charismatic character.
Ottoman Tunisia, also known as the Regency of Tunis, refers to the Ottoman presence in Ifriqiya from the 16th to 19th centuries, when Tunis was officially integrated into the Ottoman Empire as the Eyalet of Tunis. The Ottoman presence in the Maghreb began with the takeover of Algiers in 1516 by the Ottoman Turkish corsair and beylerbey Aruj, eventually expanding across the entire region except for Morocco. The first Ottoman conquest of Tunis occurred in 1534 under the command of Khayr al-Din Barbarossa, the younger brother of Aruj, who was the Kapudan Pasha of the Ottoman Fleet during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent. However, it was not until the final Ottoman reconquest of Tunis from Spain in 1574 that the Turks permanently acquired the former territories of Hafsid Tunisia, retaining it until the French occupation of Tunisia in 1881.
Baba Mohammed ben-Osman or Muhammad V ben Osman was Dey of the Deylik of Algiers from 1766 to 1791 and the adoptive father of Baba Hassan Pacha and the grandfather of Mustapha Pacha. He declared war against Denmark-Norway because Denmark-Norway refused his demands for an increased annual payment to stave off piracy, and new gifts, which began the Danish-Algerian War. He also declared war against the United States in 1785 and captured several American ships. The war ended in 1795 when the U.S concluded a treaty with his successor that paid $21,600 annually to Algiers.
The French-Algerian War of 1681–1688 was part of a wider campaign by France against the Barbary Pirates in the 1680s.
The "Odjak of Algiers" was a unit of the Algerian army. It was a highly autonomous part of the Janissary Corps, acting completely independently from the rest of the corps, similar to the relationship between Algiers and the Sublime Porte. Led by an Agha, they also took part in the country's internal administration and politics, ruling the country for several years. They acted as a defense unit, a Praetorian Guard, and an instrument of repression until 1817.
Baba Ali Chaouch, also known as Ali Soukali, or simply Ali I, was a ruler of the Deylik of Algiers from 1710 to 1718. He was the first dey of Algiers to be invested with the title of dey-pacha. The Sultan Ahmed III had Ali Chaouch's envoy given the caftan and the three tails, a sign of the dignity of a "pasha". This title was attributed to all his successors until 1830.
Ibrahim ben Ramdan or Baba Ibrahim was the 14th ruler and Dey of Algiers. He ruled 15 years after his predecessor Baba Abdi.
The Maghrebi war (1699–1702) was a conflict involving a Tunisian, Tripolitanian, and Moroccan coalition, and the Deylik of Algiers. It was an important milestone in the further weakening of the already fragile Ottoman grip over the Maghreb, as both sides utterly ignored the Ottoman sultan's pleas to sign a peace treaty. This war also led to the renewal of the Muradid infighting, which would later lead to the establishment of the Beylik of Tunis, and the Husainid dynasty in 1705.
The Revolution of the Odjak, also known as the Aghas Revolution or the Revolution of 1659 was an important military revolution that changed the essential bases of the government of the Ottoman Regency of Algiers, as well as its relations with the imperial centre in Istanbul. Taking place during a period of transformation of the Ottoman Empire, and lasting from June to September 1659, it was largely viewed as a result of the loss of the importance that the Regency previously had for Constantinople back in the 16th century; decades of marginalization demonstrated through the appointment of incompetent governors and diverging interests regarding relations with European powers, made both the Barbary corsairs and the janissaries of Algiers less inclined to commit themselves to the Ottoman cause. This culminated in the rise of the janissary Odjak corps as the most prominent faction of the Ottoman Algerian political elite.
The Tunisian–Algerian War of 1705 was a conflict between the Regency of Algiers and the Regency of Tunis.
Hadj Ahmed Chabane Dey was the fourth Dey of Algiers. He ruled from 1688 to 1695, and was the first member of the Algerian Janissary Odjak to ever assume this position. Under his leadership, Algeria enjoyed good relations with France. His military campaigns against Morocco and Tunis were successful. However, his enemies turned his Eastern army against him; he was removed from power and executed.
Hadj Hassen-Chaouch or Hadj Hassen-Chaouch was the 6th ruler and Dey of Algiers. He ruled for a few months between 1698 and 1700.
Hadj Mustapha was the 7th ruler and Dey of Algiers. He ruled five years after his predecessor Hadj Chaouch.
Baba Abdi or Kûr Abdi was the 13th ruler and Dey of Algiers. He ruled five months after his predecessor Mohamed Ben Hassen.
Mohamed Ibn Bekir or Mohamed Khodja, was the 16th ruler and Dey of Algiers. He ruled for 6 years after his predecessor Ibrahim Kouchouk.
Baba Ali, Also known as Bou Sebaa or Ali Melmouli or Baba Ali Neksîs was the 17th ruler and Dey of Algiers. He ruled for 11 years after his predecessor Mohamed Ibn Bekir.