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The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Hinduism:
Apologetics is the religious discipline of defending religious doctrines through systematic argumentation and discourse. Early Christian writers who defended their beliefs against critics and recommended their faith to outsiders were called Christian apologists. In 21st-century usage, apologetics is often identified with debates over religion and theology.
The following list consists of notable concepts that are derived from Hindu culture and associated cultures traditions, which are expressed as words in Sanskrit or other Indic languages and Dravidian languages. The main purpose of this list is to disambiguate multiple spellings, to make note of spellings no longer in use for these concepts, to define the concept in one or two lines, to make it easy for one to find and pin down specific concepts, and to provide a guide to unique concepts of Hinduism all in one place.
Swaminarayan, also known as Sahajanand Swami, was a yogi and ascetic, who is believed by followers to be a manifestation of God Krishna, or as the highest manifestation of Purushottam, and around whom the Swaminarayan Sampradaya developed.
The historic Buddha or Gautama Buddha, is considered the ninth avatar among the ten major avatars of the god Vishnu, according to the Vaishnava tradition of Hinduism.
Vaishnavism is one of the major Hindu denominations along with Shaivism, Shaktism, and Smartism. It is also called Vishnuism since it considers Vishnu as the sole supreme being leading all other Hindu deities, i.e. Mahavishnu. Its followers are called Vaishnavites or Vaishnavas, and it includes sub-sects like Krishnaism and Ramaism, which consider Krishna and Rama as the supreme beings respectively. According to a 2010 estimate by Johnson and Grim, Vaishnavism is the largest Hindu sect, constituting about 641 million or 67.6% of Hindus.
Hinduism is a minority faith in Zimbabwe.
Krishnaism is a large group of independent Hindu traditions—sampradayas related to Vaishnavism—that center on the devotion to Krishna as Svayam Bhagavan, Ishvara, Para Brahman, the source of all reality, who is not an avatar of Vishnu. This is its difference from such Vaishnavite groupings as Sri Vaishnavism, Sadh Vaishnavism, Ramaism, Radhaism, Sitaism etc. There is also a personal Krishnaism, that is devotion to Krishna outside of any tradition and community, as in the case of the saint-poet Meera Bai. Leading scholars do not define Krishnaism as a suborder or offshoot of Vaishnavism, considering it a parallel and no less ancient current of Hinduism.
The Dashavatara are the ten primary avatars of Vishnu, a principal Hindu god. Vishnu is said to descend in the form of an avatar to restore cosmic order. The word Dashavatara derives from daśa, meaning "ten", and avatāra, roughly equivalent to "incarnation".
'Tarkateertha'Lakshman Shastri Joshi was an Indian scholar, of Sanskrit, Hindu Dharma, and a Marathi literary critic, and supporter of Indian independence. Mahatma Gandhi chose him to be his principal advisor in his campaign against untouchability. Joshi was the first recipient of Sahitya Akademi Award in year 1955. He was also awarded with two of the India's highest civilian honours Padma Bhushan in 1973 and Padma Vibhushan in 1992
Christianity is a minority religion in Maharashtra, a state of India. Approximately 79.8% of the population of Maharashtra are Hindus, with Christian adherents being 1.0% of the population. The Roman Catholic archdiocese whose seat is in Maharashtra is the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay. There are two different Christian ethnic communities in Maharashtra: the East Indians, who are predominantly Roman Catholic, and the Marathi Christians, who are predominantly Protestant with a small Roman Catholic population. The Catholics in Maharashtra are mainly concentrated in coastal Maharashtra, especially Vasai, Mumbai, and Raigad, and are known as East Indians; they were evangelized by Portuguese missionaries during the 15th–16th centuries. Protestants, who reside throughout the Maharashtra, being significant in Ahmednagar, Solapur, Pune Aurangabad, and Jalna, are called Marathi Christians, who were evangelized by British and American missionaries during British rule in India. The Church of North India has dioceses in the state and is a large Protestant church with full communion with the Anglican Church.
Hindu denominations, sampradayas, traditions, movements, and sects are traditions and sub-traditions within Hinduism centered on one or more gods or goddesses, such as Vishnu, Shiva, Shakti and so on. The term sampradaya is used for branches with a particular founder-guru with a particular philosophy.
John Wilson FRS was a Scottish Christian missionary, orientalist and educator in the Bombay presidency, British India.
Chakradhara, also known as Sarvadnya Shri Chakradhar Swami or Kunwar Haripaladeva was an Indian saint and philosopher, who is considered as an avatara of Krishna by his disciples and one of the most important exponents of the Dvaita tradition within Hinduism. He is the founder of Mahanubhava Sampradaya of Krishnaism. Shri Chakradhar Swami advocated worship of Lord Krishna and preached a distinct philosophy based on Bhakti. He did not recognize caste distinctions, and like Buddha had only two others viz the householder and recluses. Some sources claim that Chakrapani Prabhu and Govinda Prabhu as the originators of Mahanubhava doctrine and Chakradhara as the first apostle who systematized Mahanubhava as a school of Bhakti philosophy. Chakradhara's birth anniversary is observed on the Tithi of Bhadrapada Shukla Dwitiya.
Being Different: An Indian Challenge to Western Universalism is a 2011 book by Rajiv Malhotra, an Indian-American author, philanthropist and public speaker, published by HarperCollins. The book reverts the gaze of the western cultures on India, repositioning India from being the observed to the observer, by looking at the West from a Dharmic point of view.
Mata-parīkṣā is a Sanskrit-language text by the Christian author John Muir. It criticizes Hinduism, and portrays Christianity as the true faith. It was written in British India in 1839, and revised twice.
Mataparīkṣottara, also called Mataparīkṣottaram, is an 1840 Sanskrit-language text by Harachandra Tarkapanchanan of Calcutta, British India. It is a Hindu apologist response to the Christian writer John Muir's Mataparīkṣā.
Svadesha-dharmabhimani is an 1834 Marathi-language Hindu apologetic text by Narayan Rao of Satara, British India.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 Richard F. Young 1981, p. 26.
- 1 2 Hulas Singh 2015, p. 185.
- 1 2 Frank F. Conlon 1992, p. 12.
- 1 2 3 4 Frank F. Conlon 1992, p. 25.
- 1 2 Rosalind O'Hanlon 2002, p. 65.
- ↑ Robert A. Yelle 2013, p. 118.
- 1 2 Richard F. Young 1981, p. 27.
- 1 2 Richard F. Young 1981, p. 28.
- ↑ Richard F. Young 1981, pp. 27–28.
- ↑ Frank F. Conlon 1995, pp. 166.
- ↑ Frank F. Conlon 1992, pp. 12–13.
- ↑ Frank F. Conlon 1995, pp. 155–156.
Bibliography
- Frank F. Conlon (1995). "Readmission of Sripat Sesadri: Dharmasastra Vs Public Consensus, Bombay 1843-45". In A.R. Kulkarni; Narendra K. Wagle (eds.). Contemporary India: G.R. Bhatkal Memorial Lectures, 1975-1995. Popular Prakashan. ISBN 9788171545599.
- Frank F. Conlon (1992). "The Polemic Process in Nineteenth-century Maharashtra: Vishnubawa Brahmachari and Hindu Revival". In Kenneth W. Jones (ed.). Religious Controversy in British India: Dialogues in South Asian Languages. State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780791408285.
- Hulas Singh (2015). Rise of Reason: Intellectual History of 19th-century Maharashtra. Taylor & Francis. p. 185. ISBN 9781317398745.
- Richard Fox Young (1981). Resistant Hinduism: Sanskrit Sources on Anti-Christian Apologetics in Early Nineteenth-century India. De Nobili Research Library. ISBN 9783900271091.
- Robert A. Yelle (2013). The Language of Disenchantment: Protestant Literalism and Colonial Discourse in British India. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199925018.
- Rosalind O'Hanlon (2002). Caste, Conflict and Ideology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521523080.