Mr. Limberham; or, the Kind Keeper

Last updated

Mr. Limberham; or, the Kind Keeper
John Dryden by Sir Godfrey Kneller, Bt.jpg
John Dryden (1631-1700)
Written by John Dryden
Date premiered11 March 1678
Place premiered London
Original languageEnglish
GenreComedy, farce
SettingA house in London

Mr. Limberham; or, the Kind Keeper was written by John Dryden in 1677, shortly after completing his best known work All for Love; first performed on 11 March 1678, 'The Kind Keeper' closed after only three performances and has been described as 'his most abject failure.' Dryden later removed 'objectionable material' from the original, before submitting the manuscript for publication, hence the date of 1680. [1]

Contents

Summary

Dryden's play bears significant parallels to his friend George Etherege's 1676 production The Man of Mode; both feature a man whose sexual attraction is so great (Woodall), that an intelligent and moral woman (Ms Pleasance) is willing to engage in an affair with him. He mentions working on the play in a letter dated October 1677, while a number of references, including one to the French general François de Créquy, date his revisions to 1679. [2]

The terms 'Mistress' and 'Keeper' implied a sexual relationship between an unmarried woman, the Mistress, and her male lover or 'Keeper', who supports her financially. Society at the time made a clear distinction between kept mistresses and prostitutes, several of whom appear as minor characters in the play; in Annus Mirabilis , Dryden suggested Charles II's multiple mistresses demonstrated his generosity of spirit, rather than immorality. [3] The main characters include:

Woodall first seduces the maidservant Judith, followed by Ms Tricksy, then Mrs. Brainsick; he asks his servant Gervase to take his place with Ms Saintly, a widow and is about to bed Ms Pleasance when he discovers she is his intended bride. While the female characters are all aware of each other's relationships with Woodall, the men are not, with the exception of Aldo; he supports Woodall in his seductions, arguing that he did the same when young and later discovers he is Woodall's father.

At the end of the play, a series of marriages are agreed; Woodall to Ms Pleasance, Gervase to Ms Saintly and Limberham to Tricksy, while Brainsick is happily unaware that his wife was seduced. It finishes with Woodall telling the audience to find a woman who can be both a "wife and mistress". [4]

Themes

Louise, Duchess of Portsmouth and mistress of Charles II; Dryden hinted the play failed in part due to her objections Lely Keroualle 1671.jpg
Louise, Duchess of Portsmouth and mistress of Charles II; Dryden hinted the play failed in part due to her objections

Dryden later claimed the play failed because it satirised the sin of 'keeping' too well and hinted it was 'stopped' due to objections from James, Duke of York and Charles' current mistress, the French Catholic Duchess of Portsmouth; in 1680, the Lord Chamberlain reportedly shut down The Female Prelate at her request. [5]

Feminist Theory [6] One theme is the limited control women have over their lives; without their own income, this is true even for wealthy or 'kept' women such as Mrs Brainsick or Ms Tricksy, while the money earned by servants and prostitutes goes to maintain their families. However, they can choose whom to have an affair with, a point emphasised by the fact that unlike the male characters, all the women are aware of Woodall's activities.

Materialist Theory [7] Linked to this is the secondary theme of materialism and the importance placed by society on possessions; a chest of jewels briefly appears as one of the characters, which is stolen by a thief. The play's female characters exchange sexual favours (or 'jewels') for material reward, either explicitly, as with Tricksy and Limberham, or implicitly, with Woodall and Pleasance.

Other critics argue it follows a pattern common to other plays of this period; first promiscuity, then revulsion, finally conversion. [8]

Revisions

The play was so poorly received Dryden removed 'objectionable material' from it before publication; some of these changes can be tracked since an original copy of the text ended up in the library of Alexander Pope (1688-1744). They include jokes that were either dated or gave offence; in the original, one of the characters, a second generation prostitute, is referred to as 'Very punk (ie prostitute) of very punk,' a paraphrase of the Nicene Creed. [9]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Columbina</span> Commedia dellarte character

Columbina is a stock character in the commedia dell'arte. She is Harlequin's mistress, a comic servant playing the tricky slave type, and wife of Pierrot. Rudlin and Crick use the Italian spelling Colombina in Commedia dell'Arte: A Handbook for Troupes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Dryden</span> English poet and playwright (1631–1700)

John Dryden was an English poet, literary critic, translator, and playwright who in 1668 was appointed England's first Poet Laureate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nell Gwyn</span> English royal mistress and celebrity (1650–1687)

Eleanor Gwyn was an English stage actress and celebrity figure of the Restoration period. Praised by Samuel Pepys for her comic performances as one of the first actresses on the English stage, she became best known for being a long-time mistress of King Charles II of England.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sir Charles Sedley, 5th Baronet</span> 17th-century English noble, dramatist, and politician

Sir Charles Sedley, 5th Baronet, was an English noble, dramatist and politician. He was principally remembered for his wit and profligacy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hermione Baddeley</span> English actress (1906–1986)

Hermione Youlanda Ruby Clinton-Baddeley was an English actress of theatre, film and television. She typically played brash, vulgar characters, often referred to as "brassy" or "blowsy". She found her milieu in revue, in which she played from the 1930s to the 1950s, co-starring several times with the English actress Hermione Gingold.

<i>Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded</i> 1740 novel by Samuel Richardson

Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded is an epistolary novel first published in 1740 by the English writer Samuel Richardson. Considered one of the first true English novels, it serves as Richardson's version of conduct literature about marriage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">François de Créquy</span> French noble and soldier

François de Blanchefort de Créquy, later Marquis de Marines, 2 October 1629 to 3 February 1687, was a 17th-century French noble and soldier, who served in the wars of Louis XIV of France.

A Mad World, My Masters is a Jacobean stage play written by Thomas Middleton, a comedy first performed around 1605 and first published in 1608. The title had been used by a pamphleteer, Nicholas Breton, in 1603, and was later the origin for the title of Stanley Kramer's 1963 film, It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World.

<i>Oedipus</i> (Dryden play) Restoration tragedy by Dryden and Lee

The heroic drama Oedipus: A Tragedy, is an adaption of Sophocles' Oedipus Rex, written by John Dryden and Nathaniel Lee. After being licensed in 1678 and published in 1679, it became a huge success on stage during the Restoration period.

Northward Ho is an early Jacobean era stage play, a satire and city comedy written by Thomas Dekker and John Webster, and first published in 1607. Northward Ho was a response to Eastward Ho (1605) by Ben Jonson, George Chapman, and John Marston, which in its turn was a response to Westward Ho, an earlier play by Dekker and Webster. Taken together, the three dramas form a trilogy of "directional plays" that show the state of satirical and social drama in the first decade of the 17th century.

<i>The Man of Mode</i>

The Man of Mode, or, Sir Fopling Flutter is a Restoration comedy by George Etherege, written in 1676. The play is set in Restoration London and follows the womanizer Dorimant as he tries to win over the young heiress Harriet and to disengage himself from his affair with Mrs. Loveit. Despite the subtitle, the fop Sir Fopling is only one of several minor characters; the rake Dorimant is the protagonist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oliver Twist (character)</span> Title character and the protagonist of the novel Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens

Oliver Twist is the title character and protagonist of the 1838 novel Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens. He was the first child protagonist in an English novel.

A Mad Couple Well-Match'd is a Caroline era stage play, a comedy written by Richard Brome. It was first published in the 1653 Brome collection Five New Plays, issued by the booksellers Humphrey Moseley, Richard Marriot, and Thomas Dring.

<i>Sullivan</i> (play)

Sullivan was a three-act comedy by Anne-Honoré-Joseph Duveyrier de Mélésville, based on the short story Garrick Médecin. It was first played at Paris, in the Théâtre-Français, November 11, 1852. The original cast was:

<i>The Authors Farce</i> 1730 play by Henry Fielding

The Author's Farce and the Pleasures of the Town is a play by the English playwright and novelist Henry Fielding, first performed on 30 March 1730 at the Little Theatre, Haymarket. Written in response to the Theatre Royal's rejection of his earlier plays, The Author's Farce was Fielding's first theatrical success. The Little Theatre allowed Fielding the freedom to experiment, and to alter the traditional comedy genre. The play ran during the early 1730s and was altered for its run starting 21 April 1730 and again in response to the Actor Rebellion of 1733. Throughout its life, the play was coupled with several different plays, including The Cheats of Scapin and Fielding's Tom Thumb.

<i>Dear Brutus</i>

Dear Brutus is a 1917 fantasy play by J. M. Barrie, depicting alternative realities for its characters and their eventual return to real life. The title is a reference to a line from Shakespeare's Julius Caesar: "The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars but in ourselves".

<i>The Uncanny</i> (film) 1977 film

The Uncanny is a 1977 British-Canadian anthology horror film directed by Denis Héroux, written by Michel Parry, and starring Peter Cushing, Donald Pleasence, Ray Milland, Joan Greenwood, Donald Pilon, Samantha Eggar, and John Vernon.

<i>The Speckled Band</i> (1931 film) 1931 film

The Speckled Band is a 1931 British mystery film directed by Jack Raymond and starring Lyn Harding, Raymond Massey and Angela Baddeley. It is an adaptation of Arthur Conan Doyle's original 1892 story "The Adventure of the Speckled Band" and the 1910 play he adapted from it, The Speckled Band.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Corporal Nym</span> Character in The Merry Wives of Windsor and Henry V

Corporal Nym is a fictional character who appears in two Shakespeare plays, The Merry Wives of Windsor and Henry V. He later appears in spin-off works by other writers. Nym is a soldier and criminal follower of Sir John Falstaff and a friend and rival of Ancient Pistol.

If Winter Comes is a novel by A. S. M. Hutchinson, first published in 1921. It deals with an unhappy marriage, eventual divorce, and an unwed mother who commits suicide. It was a bestseller on publication, and was adapted into film in 1923 and 1947.

References

  1. Dryden, John (author), Dearing, Vinton, Roper, Alan (ed and Commentary) (1992). The Works of John Dryden; Volume XIV (2013 ed.). Hardpress. pp. 365–366. ISBN   978-1314579512.{{cite book}}: |last1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. Dearing, Vinton, Roper, Alan (ed and Commentary) pp. 367-368
  3. Dryden, John. "Annus Mirabilis". Archived from the original on 10 April 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  4. Dryden, John (1690). The kind keeper; or, Mr. Limberham: a comedy: as it was acted at the Duke's Theatre by His Royal Highnesses Servants. London.
  5. Dearing, Vinton, Roper, Alan (ed and Commentary) p. 375
  6. Fortier, Mark (2002). Theory/Theatre: An Introduction. Routledge. pp. 85–92. ISBN   978-0415254373.
  7. Fortier, Mark, pp. 125-130.
  8. Schneider, Ben Ross (1971). Ethos of Restoration Comedy . University of Illinois. p.  185. ISBN   978-0252001512.
  9. Dearing, Vinton, Roper, Alan (ed and Commentary) p. 366

Sources