Mtwapa

Last updated • 2 min readFrom Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Mtwapa
Kenya adm location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Mtwapa
Location of Mtwapa
Coordinates: 3°57′00″S39°44′40″E / 3.95000°S 39.74444°E / -3.95000; 39.74444
Country Kenya
County Kilifi County
Division Kikambala Division
Time zone UTC+3 (EAT)
Mtwapa Creek Ferry, early 1950s Mtwapa Creek Ferry early 1950s.jpg
Mtwapa Creek Ferry, early 1950s
Fresh water tank vehicle (2020) Hindrek Lootus 20200303 113622.jpg
Fresh water tank vehicle (2020)
Copacabana beach at Mtwapa Copacabana beach at Mtwapa.jpg
Copacabana beach at Mtwapa

Mtwapa is a town located in Kenya's Kilifi County. It is situated 16 kilometres (10 mi) north of Mombasa on the Mombasa-Malindi road. [1] It is close to the Mombasa Marine National Park and Reserve and Jumba la Mtwana. [2] Two informal settlements in Mtwapa, Majengo and Mzambarauni, are participating in the UN-HABITAT Participatory Slum Upgrading Program. [3] It is run by resident committees and aims to provide every household with drinking water and a toilet. [4] [5]

Contents

Mtwapa is also a destination for sex tourism, including child sex tourism. [6] [7] [8]

Mtwapa is a cosmopolitan town having a sizeable population of foreign residents and non residents mostly of Caucasian origin. The town is known for a vibrant nightlife. It also hosts a large number of hospitality joints, priced fairly, ranging from lodges, hotels Air BnBs and leased apartments.[ citation needed ]

Archaeology of Mtwapa

Mtwapa is an important archaeological site along the Swahili coast. First discovered by Emery in the late 19th century, Mtwapa has since been excavated to reveal 64 houses, five mosques, and other unidentified structures.  Artifacts found at the site include pottery, iron, beads, and glass from local and long-distance trade. [9] [10]

Ancient DNA analysis has been completed for human remains of 39 ancient Mtwapa individuals in order to determine the proportions of "African-like, Persian-like, and Indian-like" DNA sequences. Dating from 1500-1700 AD, analysis was completed of the individual's mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), autosomal DNA, Y chromosome DNA, and X chromosome DNA. Analysis of mtDNA in the individual, demonstrating maternal ancestry patterns, showed a L* haplotype. The L* haplotype is predominantly found in present-day Sub-Saharan African populations. Y chromosome analysis, demonstrating paternal ancestry patterns, showed that the individual was carrying the J2 haplotype, found more frequently in Southwest Asian or Persian individuals compared to Sub-Saharan African individuals. However, the gene M30d1 was found in some individuals, which is associated with South Asian populations, and the R0+16189 haplotype, which is associated with Saudi Arabian populations. However, this evidence still points to "overwhelmingly from female sources" regarding maternal ancestry. X chromosomes, containing larger maternal influence, were compared with the 22 autosomal chromosomes, which contain equal maternal and paternal influence. X chromosomes contained more indicators of African ancestry compared to autosomal DNA, further adding to evidence of African ancestry on the maternal side and Persian or Southeast Asian ancestry on the paternal side. [10]

Introduction of foreign DNA was estimated to have occurred between 708-1219 AD. However, the authors indicate that this likely occurred over "multiple generations" and that mixture of Eurasian and African populations has continually occurred since [10]

The population of Mtwapa

The population growth is shown in the following table. [11]

     Year     Population
199918,397
200948,426
201990,677

Climate

Mtwapa has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen: As). The rainiest months are April, May, June and October–November.

Mtwapa climate.jpg

Jumba la Mtwana

Jumba la Mtwana is the site of archaeological relics, lying close to the Mtwapa Creek. It dates back to the fourteenth century. [12]

Part of the events in the story of 2017 "Consummation in Mombasa" (by Andrei Gusev) takes place in Mtwapa. The plot describes the Catholic wedding in Mombasa of the main characters (Russian writer Andy and the girl Jennifer, who was born in Kenya) and then their life in Mtwapa. [13] [14] [15]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kilwa Kisiwani</span> Island, hamlet and an archaeological Swahili city-state site of Lindi Region, Tanzania.

Kilwa Kisiwani is an island, national historic site, and hamlet community located in the township of Kilwa Masoko, the district seat of Kilwa District in the Tanzanian region of Lindi Region in southern Tanzania. Kilwa Kisiwani is the largest of the nine hamlets in the town Kilwa Masoko and is also the least populated hamlet in the township with fewer than 1,000 residents.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zanj</span> Name used by medieval Muslim geographers to refer to a portion of Southeast Africa

Zanj was a name used by medieval Muslim geographers to refer to both a certain portion of Southeast Africa and to its Bantu inhabitants. This word is also the origin of the place-names Zanzibar and the Sea of Zanj.

A genealogical DNA test is a DNA-based genetic test used in genetic genealogy that looks at specific locations of a person's genome in order to find or verify ancestral genealogical relationships, or to estimate the ethnic mixture of an individual. Since different testing companies use different ethnic reference groups and different matching algorithms, ethnicity estimates for an individual vary between tests, sometimes dramatically.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Manda Island</span> Island of the Lamu Archipelago of Kenya

Manda is an island of the Lamu Archipelago of Kenya, known for the prosperous 9th century ports of Takwa and Manda town. The island is now linked by ferry to Lamu and is home to Manda Airport, while Manda Toto island lies to its west. The island is separated from the mainland by the narrow Mkanda channel.

The Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation (SMGF) was an independent DNA and genealogical research institution with the goal of demonstrating how the peoples of the world are related. SMGF collected DNA samples and genealogical information from individuals across the globe to establish these connections.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Genetic history of the Middle East</span>

The genetic history of the Middle East is the subject of research within the fields of human population genomics, archaeogenetics and Middle Eastern studies. Researchers use Y-DNA, mtDNA, and other autosomal DNAs to identify the genetic history of ancient and modern populations of Egypt, Persia, Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Arabia, the Levant, and other areas.

Maghrebis or Maghrebians is a modern Arabic term meaning "Westerners", mainly referring to the western part of the Arab world and North Africa. Maghrebis are predominantly of Arab and Berber or mixed Arab-Berber origins.

Haplogroup E-M75 is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Along with haplogroup E-P147, it is one of the two main branches of the older haplogroup E-M96.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">African admixture in Europe</span>

African admixture in Europe refers to the presence of human genotypes attributable to periods of human population dispersals out of Africa in the genetic history of Europe. For example, certain Y-DNA and mtDNA lineages are thought to have spread from Northeastern Africa to the Near East during the later Pleistocene, and from there to Europe with the Neolithic Revolution.

Genetic studies of Jews are part of the population genetics discipline and are used to analyze the chronology of Jewish migration accompanied by research in other fields, such as history, linguistics, archaeology, and paleontology. These studies investigate the origins of various Jewish ethnic divisions. In particular, they examine whether there is a common genetic heritage among them. The medical genetics of Jews are studied for population-specific diseases.

Population genetics research has been conducted on the ancestry of the modern Turkish people in Turkey. Such studies are relevant for the demographic history of the population as well as health reasons, such as population specific diseases. Some studies have sought to determine the relative contributions of the Turkic peoples of Central Asia, from where the Seljuk Turks began migrating to Anatolia after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, which led to the establishment of the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate in the late 11th century, and prior populations in the area who were culturally assimilated during the Seljuk and the Ottoman periods.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Genetic history of the Iberian Peninsula</span> Ancestry of Spanish and Portuguese people

The ancestry of modern Iberians is consistent with the geographical situation of the Iberian Peninsula in the south-west corner of Europe, showing characteristics that are largely typical in southern and western Europeans. As is the case for most of the rest of southern Europe, the principal ancestral origin of modern Iberians are Early European Farmers who arrived during the Neolithic. The large predominance of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup R1b, common throughout Western Europe, is also testimony to a sizeable input from various waves of Western Steppe Herders that originated in the Pontic-Caspian Steppe during the Bronze Age.

The proportions of various human Y-DNA haplogroups vary significantly from one ethnic or language group to another in Africa.

The genetic history of North Africa encompasses the genetic history of the people of North Africa. The most important source of gene flow to North Africa was from the Middle East, although the Sahara desert to the south and the Mediterranean Sea to the North were also important barriers to gene flow from sub-Saharan Africa and parts of Europe in prehistory. However, North Africa is connected to Western Asia via the Isthmus of Suez and the Sinai peninsula, while at the Straits of Gibraltar, North Africa and Europe are separated by only 15 km (9 mi), similarly Malta, Sicily, Canary Islands, and Crete are close to the coasts of North Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Genetic history of Egypt</span>

The genetic history of Egypt reflects its geographical location at the crossroads of several major biocultural areas: North Africa, the Sahara, the Middle East, the Mediterranean and sub-Saharan Africa.

Population genetics is a scientific discipline which contributes to the examination of the human evolutionary and historical migrations. Particularly useful information is provided by the research of two uniparental markers within our genome, the Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), as well as autosomal DNA. The data from Y-DNA and autosomal DNA suggests that the Croats mostly are descendants of the Slavs of the medieval migration period, according to mtDNA have genetic diversity which fits within a broader European maternal genetic landscape, and overall have a uniformity with other South Slavs from the territory of former Yugoslavia.

As with all modern European nations, a large degree of 'biological continuity' exists between Bosnians and Bosniaks and their ancient predecessors with Y chromosomal lineages testifying to predominantly Paleolithic European ancestry. Studies based on bi-allelic markers of the NRY have shown the three main ethnic groups of Bosnia and Herzegovina to share, in spite of some quantitative differences, a large fraction of the same ancient gene pool distinct for the region. Analysis of autosomal STRs have moreover revealed no significant difference between the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina and neighbouring populations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup E-M2</span> Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

Haplogroup E-M2, also known as E1b1a1-M2, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. E-M2 is primarily distributed within sub-Saharan Africa. More specifically, E-M2 is the predominant subclade in West Africa, Central Africa, Southern Africa, and the region of the African Great Lakes; it also occurs at low to moderate frequencies in North Africa, and at low frequencies in the Middle East. E-M2 has several subclades, but many of these subhaplogroups are included in either E-L485 or E-U175. E-M2 is especially common among indigenous Africans who speak Niger-Congo languages, and was spread to Southern Africa and East Africa through the Bantu expansion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Genetic history of Africa</span>

The genetic history of Africa is composed of the overall genetic history of African populations in Africa, including the regional genetic histories of North Africa, West Africa, East Africa, Central Africa, and Southern Africa, as well as the recent origin of modern humans in Africa. The Sahara served as a trans-regional passageway and place of dwelling for people in Africa during various humid phases and periods throughout the history of Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Genetic history of the African diaspora</span>

The genetic history of the African diaspora is composed of the overall genetic history of the African diaspora, within regions outside of Africa, such as North America, Central America, the Caribbean, South America, Europe, Asia, and Australia; this includes the genetic histories of African Americans, Afro-Canadians, Afro-Caribbeans, Afro-Latinos, Afro-Europeans, Afro-Asians, and African Australians.

References

  1. "Mombasa to B8".
  2. "Mtwapa - Information Guide Mtwapa City Mombasa Coast". 4 March 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-03-04. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  3. "Mtwapa Informal Settlement Upgrading Programme: Participatory Slum Upgrading Programme". www.urbanagendaplatform.org. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  4. "Slum Almanac 2015/2016 Tracking Improvement in the Lives of Slum Dwellers" (PDF). UN-HABITAT. p. 49. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  5. "UN-Habitat project transform informal settlements into sustainable communities". UN-Water. 13 January 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  6. "Minors exploited in Coast sex tourism haven". Daily Nation. 30 September 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
  7. "Child sex tourism thriving in Kenya's port city of Mombasa". ABC News. 19 March 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  8. Standard, The. "Inside the dark trade of child sex tourism". The Standard. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  9. Emery, Lieutenant (1833). "Short Account of Mombas and the Neighbouring Coast of Africa". The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London. 3: 280–283. doi:10.2307/1797614. ISSN   0266-6235. JSTOR   1797614.
  10. 1 2 3 Brielle, Esther S.; Fleisher, Jeffrey; Wynne-Jones, Stephanie; Sirak, Kendra; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Callan, Kim; Curtis, Elizabeth; Iliev, Lora; Lawson, Ann Marie; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Qiu, Lijun; Stewardson, Kristin; Workman, J. Noah; Zalzala, Fatma; Ayodo, George (March 2023). "Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of medieval peoples of the Swahili coast". Nature. 615 (7954): 866–873. Bibcode:2023Natur.615..866B. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05754-w. ISSN   1476-4687. PMC   10060156 . PMID   36991187.
  11. "Kenia: Provinzen, Städte, Gemeinden & Urbane Zentren - Einwohnerzahlen in Karten und Tabellen".
  12. "Jumba la Mtwana, the ancient Swahili stone town". Daily Nation.
  13. Review of "Consummation in Mombasa" — on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2020 (in Russian)
  14. “Consummation in Mombasa” — in Lady’s Club, 2017 (in Russian)
  15. «Консуммация в Момбасе» by Andrei Gusev, 2017 (in Russian).