Bumin Qaghan (Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰆𐰢𐰣:𐰴𐰍𐰣, romanized: Bumïn qaγan, also known as Illig Qaghan or Yamï Qaghan was the founder of the Turkic Khaganate. He was the eldest son of Ashina Tuwu. He was the chieftain of the Turks under the sovereignty of Rouran Khaganate. He is also mentioned as Tumen of the Rouran Khaganate.
The Rouran Khaganate, also known as Ruanruan or Juan-juan, was a tribal confederation and later state founded by a people of Proto-Mongolic Donghu origin. The Rouran supreme rulers used the title of khagan, a popular title borrowed from the Xianbei. The Rouran Khaganate lasted from the late 4th century until the middle 6th century with territories that covered all of modern day Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, as well as parts of Manchuria in Northeast China, Eastern Siberia, Xinjiang, and Kazakhstan. The Hephthalites were vassals of the Rouran Khaganate until the beginning of the 5th century, with the royal house of Rourans intermarrying with the royal houses of the Hephthalites. The Rouran Khaganate ended when they were defeated by a Göktürk rebellion at the peak of their power, which subsequently led to the rise of the Turks in world history.
The proto-Mongols emerged from an area that had been inhabited by humans as far back as 45,000 years ago during the Upper Paleolithic. The people there went through the Bronze and Iron Ages, forming tribal alliances, peopling, and coming into conflict with early polities in the Central Plain.
Yujiulü Shelun or Qiudoufa Khagan was khagan of the Rouran from 402 to 410.
Yujiulü Doulan (?–492) was khagan of the Rouran (485–492) with the title of Fugudun Khagan. He was the son of Yujiulü Yucheng.
Yujiulü Futu was khagan of the Rouran (506–508) with the title of Tuohan Khagan (佗汗可汗) or Tahan Khagan. He was the first son of Yujiulü Nagai.
Yujiulü Chounu (?–520) was ruler of the Rouran (508–520) with the title of Douluofubadoufa Khagan.
Empress Yifu (510–540), formally Empress Wen, was an empress of the Xianbei-led Chinese Western Wei dynasty—a branch successor state of Northern Wei. Her husband was Emperor Wen.
Yujiulü Anagui (?–552) was ruler of the Rouran (520–552) with the title of Chiliantouqiudoufa Khagan.
Yujiulü Tiefa was the successor to Yujiulü Anagui in the eastern part of Rouran. He was proclaimed khagan by remnants of Rouran in 552. But he ruled only briefly until his death at the hands of Khitans in February 553. He was succeeded by his father Yujiulü Dengzhu, who at first fled to Northern Qi following demise of Yujiulü Anagui. This was only case in Rouran history that a father succeeded his son on the throne.
Yueban, colloquially: "Weak Xiongnu", was the name used by Chinese historians for remnants of the Northern Xiongnu in Zhetysu, now part of modern-day Kazakhstan. In Chinese literature they are commonly called Yueban. The Yuebans gained their own visibility after disintegration of the Northern Xiongnu state, because unlike the main body of the Northern Xiongnu, who escaped from the Chinese sphere of knowledge, the Yueban tribes remained closer to China.
The Eastern Turkic Khaganate was a Turkic khaganate formed as a result of the internecine wars in the beginning of the 7th century after the First Turkic Khaganate had splintered into two polities – one in the east and the other in the west. Finally, the Eastern Turkic Khaganate was defeated and absorbed by the Tang dynasty, and Xueyantuo occupied the territory of the former Turkic Khaganate.
The First Turkic Khaganate, also referred to as the First Turkic Empire, the Turkic Khaganate or the Göktürk Khaganate, was a Turkic khaganate established by the Ashina clan of the Göktürks in medieval Inner Asia under the leadership of Bumin Qaghan and his brother Istämi. The First Turkic Khaganate succeeded the Rouran Khaganate as the hegemonic power of the Mongolian Plateau and rapidly expanded their territories in Central Asia. The khaganate became the first Central Asian transcontinental empire from Manchuria to the Black Sea.
The Tiele, also named Gaoche or Gaoju, were a tribal confederation of Turkic ethnic origins living to the north of China proper and in Central Asia, emerging after the disintegration of the confederacy of the Xiongnu. Chinese sources associate them with the earlier Dingling.
The Inscription of Hüis Tolgoi (HT) is a monolingual inscription in a Mongolian language found in Bulgan Province, Mongolia in 1975 by D. Navaan. The 11-line text is written in vertical Brahmi script running right to left with horizontal marks separating words. The language of the inscription was unknown until the joint expedition of Alexander Vovin, Étienne de la Vaissière, Dieter Maue and Mehmet Ölmez to Mongolia in 2014 for closer imaging of the stele. Due to certain morphological peculiarities the language of the inscription was hypothesized to be Mongolic rather than Turkic. The language, "which can be conditionally termed as a variety of Para-Mongolic," is "much closer to the mainstream Mongolic languages, such as Middle Mongolian and modern extant Mongolic languages than to Serbi-Khitan," and is beyond reasonable doubt some form of Mongolic, close to the mainstream Mongolic language.
Yujiulü Poluomen was a khagan of Rouran with the title Mioukesheju Khagan. He was a grandson of Yujiulü Nagai and a cousin of Yujiulü Anagui.
Mugulü was a legendary warrior and chieftain in the Mongolian Plateau during the period when it was under the rule of tribes and peoples originating from the fragmentation of the failed and crumbling Xianbei confederation. The term "Mongol" is a likely derivation from his name.
Yujiulu Chidilian (郁久閭叱地連), formally Princess Linhe (鄰和公主), was an Eastern Wei princess of Rouran descent. Despite her young age, she is credited with playing a pivotal role in Northern China's mid-sixth-century politics. Her lavish tomb was unearthed in Cixian County, Hebei, China, in 1979. Even though the tomb was pillaged, it still contained a treasure of gold and jeweled ornaments, a thousand clay figurines and vessels, Byzantine coins, murals with mythical creatures, attendants and officials credited as marking a "decisive visual change" in the art, and an epitaph mentioning the close-by mausoleum of Gao Huan, as well as her marriage relationship to a member of the royal Gao family. The tomb is one of the few excavated large-scale tombs from the mid-sixth century in China.
Princess Ruru of Northern Qi (蠕蠕公主) was the consort of Gao Huan, the regent of Eastern Wei, and later of Gao Cheng. She was the daughter of Anagui, the famed khan of the Rourans.
Afuzhiluo, also known as Kezhiluo, was a Gaoche ruler.
