The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment came to Spain in the 18th century with the new Bourbon dynasty, following the death of the last Habsburg monarch, Charles II, in 1700. The period of reform and 'enlightened despotism' under the eighteenth-century Bourbons focused on centralizing and modernizing the Spanish government, and improvement of infrastructure, beginning with the rule of King Charles III and the work of his minister, José Moñino, count of Floridablanca. In the political and economic sphere, the crown implemented a series of changes, collectively known as the Bourbon reforms, which were aimed at making the overseas empire more prosperous to the benefit of Spain.
Vicente de Cadenas y Vicent was a Cronista Rey de Armas of the Kingdom of Spain.
Luis Simarro Lacabra was a Spanish neurologist who was born in Rome while his parents were living in the Papal States.
Cándido Luis Bolívar Pieltain was a Spanish naturalist and entomologist.
Martí de Riquer i Morera, 8th Count of Casa Dávalos was a Spanish literary historian and Romance philologist, a recognised international authority in the field. His writing career lasted from 1934 to 2004. He was also a nobleman and Grandee of Spain.
Luis Suárez Fernández is a Spanish historian, originally a medievalist, who has extended his studies to include modern and recent history. He belongs to a line of Spanish historians that are in full agreement with Francoism and by some is named a revisionist. He carries the same name as Uruguayan football player Luis Suarez
Brachycormus is an extinct genus of salamandrid amphibian from the Oligocene–Miocene of Europe.
Martín Almagro Gorbea is a Spanish prehistorian.
Emiliano Aguirre Enríquez was a Spanish paleontologist, known for his works at archaeological site of Atapuerca, whose excavations he directed from 1978 until his retirement in 1990. He received the Prince of Asturias Award in 1997.
Julián Juderías y Loyot was a Spanish historian, sociologist, literary critic, journalist, translator and interpreter.
Julio Rey Pastor was a Spanish mathematician and historian of science.
Enrique García Hernán is a Spanish historian of the culture of early modern Europe. His research examines the interaction of religious sentiment, political thought and international relations in the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It attempts to bridge the gap between the study of forms of cultural and intellectual expression and the realities of political, diplomatic and military organization. He is a Corresponding Fellow of the Royal Academy of History, member of the Board of Directors (Vocal) of the Spanish Commission for Military History, and Fellow (Académico) of the Ambrosiana Academy of Milan. His current academic affiliation is as a research professor in the Institute of History, within the Center for Humanities and Social Sciences at the Spanish National Research Council. The Spanish National Research Council is the largest public institution dedicated to research in Spain and the third largest in Europe.
Ricardo García Mercet (16 August 1860 – 12 May 1933 was a Spanish naturalist and entomologist.
The presence of science and technology in Spain dates back to Spain's prehistoric period. It is taken to include firstly an account of the historical development of these fields of study, and secondly a description of the current institutional and regulatory framework for continuing this development into the future.
Jerónimo Cortés was a Spanish mathematician, astronomer, naturalist and Valencian compiler.
María Dolores Soria Mayor, also known as Loli Soria, was a Spanish paleontologist.
Jenara Vicenta Arnal Yarza, was the first woman to hold a Ph.D. in chemistry in Spain. She was noted for her work in electrochemistry and her research into the formation of fluorine from potassium biflouride. In later years, she was recognized for her contribution to the pedagogy of teaching science on the elementary and secondary levels, with a focus on the practical uses of chemistry in daily life. She was awarded a national honor, the Orden Civil de Alfonso X el Sabio.
José Gómez de Navia was a Spanish engraver and draftsman.
Alberto Sols García (1917–1989) was a Spanish researcher specializing in biochemistry, working especially on hexokinases. He effectively created biochemistry as a major discipline in Spain.
