National Art School

Last updated

The National Art School
(1) National Art School (b).JPG
The National Art School, located in the grounds of the former Darlinghurst Gaol
Other name
NAS
Former name
East Sydney Technical College
Type Tertiary art school
Established
  • 1843;181 years ago (1843)
    (as Sydney Mechanics’ School of Arts)
  • 1883;141 years ago (1883)
    (as the Department of Art within the Sydney Technical College)
Parent institution
 Department of Education and Training (1843–2009)
Accreditation Australian Qualifications Framework
Address
Forbes Street
,
Darlinghurst, Sydney
,
New South Wales
,
2010
,
Australia

33°52′47″S151°13′07″E / 33.8798°S 151.2185°E / -33.8798; 151.2185
Website www.nas.edu.au

The National Art School (NAS) is a tertiary level art school, located in Darlinghurst, an inner-city suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The school is an independent accredited higher education provider offering specialised study in studio arts practice across various disciplines. [1]

Contents

With its origins in the formation of Sydney Mechanics’ School of Arts in 1843, [2] [3] NAS has been in operation on the historic Darlinghurst Gaol site in East Sydney in various forms since 1922 and was formerly part of East Sydney Technical College, known as East Sydney Tech. Today NAS is a centre for education, research, scholarship and professional practice [2] in the visual arts and related fields.

NAS Tertiary Degree Program

NAS has three full-time visual art degrees: Bachelor of Fine Art (BFA), [4] Master of Fine Art (MFA) [5] and Doctor of Fine Art (DFA). [6] Within the BFA and MFA degrees, students select a major from six artistic disciplines: ceramics, drawing, painting, photomedia, printmaking and sculpture. In addition to learning the skills of their chosen practice, all students also study art history and theory for the duration of their degree. [7]

The degree courses at NAS follow a studio-based teaching model, taught by experienced practicing artists. Each student is allocated their own studio space, and their practical skills are underpinned by core study in drawing for all BFA students. [8]

Entry to the NAS degree program requires core academic qualifications and the submission of a portfolio of work by the applicant which is reviewed by academic staff. [4]

NAS Alumni and Lecturers

NAS has taught artists including Margaret Olley, Lyndon Dadswell, Guy Warren, John Olsen, Tim Storrier, Cressida Campbell, Fiona Hall, James Gleeson, Peter Atkins, Lucy Culliton, Karla Dickens, Juz Kitson, Guy Maestri, Mitch Cairns, Joan Ross and Natasha Walsh. [9] (See list below for more alumni.) Many alumni have returned to NAS over the years to teach or talk to students.

Lecturers at NAS are professional practicing artists across various disciplines. [10] [11] [12] [13] In the 2021 Archibald, Wynne and Sulman Prizes at the Art Gallery of NSW, 31 of the 112 finalists were NAS staff and alumni. Since the Archibald Prize began 100 years ago in 1921, nearly a third of its winners have been NAS alumni or teachers, including multiple winners such as Sir William Dobell and Brett Whiteley. [14]

NAS Short Courses and Schools Programs

In addition to its tertiary degrees, NAS has an extensive program of short courses and workshops taught by experienced artists that run on campus and online throughout the year, catering to students of all ages, backgrounds and levels of experience in the visual arts. [15]

The school holiday program offers art classes for students from Kindergarten to Year 12, and NAS runs annual outreach education programs such as the Dobell Drawing School for Year 11 students and the Dobell Regional Teachers’ Workshops, funded by the Sir William Dobell Art Foundation. [16]

Cell Block Theatre

The sandstone Cell Block Theatre on the NAS campus was originally D Wing of Darlinghurst Gaol [17] which held some of Sydney's most notorious female criminals including Kate Leigh. [18]

After the closure of the gaol the buildings became derelict until East Sydney Technical College moved onsite in 1922. The women's wing was transformed into the Cell Block Theatre, which became a hub of Australia's avant-garde music, theatre and dance scene in the 1960s and 70s, hosting early performances from artists such as John Bell, Yvonne Kenny, Peter Sculthorpe, David Malouf, Jim Sharman and Nick Cave. [19]

It is now used by the school as an educational space for events including lectures, talks, symposiums and exhibitions, and also as a venue for hire. [20]

Galleries and exhibitions

In addition to its role as an educator, NAS presents a professionally curated annual public exhibition program. [21] Exhibition spaces on campus include the Rayner Hoff Project Space, [22] The Drawing Gallery (opened in 2021) and the two-storey NAS Gallery, [23] which presents up to four major public exhibitions each year as well as the annual NAS Grad Shows featuring the work of graduating students. [24]

NAS's galleries attract more than 30,000 visitors a year, [25] and the critically acclaimed exhibition program [26] promotes and supports Australian contemporary artists alongside other Sydney public art institutions such as the Art Gallery of NSW, the Museum of Contemporary Art and the Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences. [27]

In 2021, NAS presented the Dobell Drawing Prize#22, [28] a long-running biannual prize supported by the Sir William Dobell Art Foundation; Queer Contemporary: Skin Deep, [29] a performance art project and exhibition for the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras; From the Mountain to the Sky: Guy Warren Drawings, [30] celebrating the 100th birthday of NAS alumnus Guy Warren; and John Olsen: Goya's Dog, [31] a major retrospective for NAS alumnus and former teacher John Olsen.

NAS exhibitions are accompanied by scholarly catalogues and public programs including talks, workshops and symposia to foster the interpretation, understanding and appreciation of art. In 2021 NAS co-presented the Frame of Mind: Mental Health and the Arts public program with Edith Cowan University in Perth, including talks, exhibitions, symposia and a publication. [32]

NAS has been a participating venue for the Biennale of Sydney, [33] the Sydney Festival, [34] the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras, [29] VIVID, [35] Sydney Craft Week, [36] and the annual Sydney Contemporary art fair, [37] exhibiting the work of recent NAS graduates.

Dobell Drawing Prize

In 2019 NAS partnered with the Sir William Dobell Art Foundation to produce the Dobell Drawing Prize #21. [28] The Dobell Prize for Drawing had previously been presented by the Art Gallery of NSW, starting in 1993. [28] The new iteration of the Prize at NAS aims to showcase technical skill, innovation and expanded definitions of drawing, with a major exhibition of finalists open to the public in the NAS Gallery.

In 2019, the $30,000 acquisitive prize was awarded to Justine Varga, [38] who uses photographic processes as a means of drawing. In 2021, the Dobell Drawing Prize #22 showcased drawings by 64 finalists from around the country, and guest judge artist and NAS alumna Lucy Culliton awarded the prize to Euan Macleod for his pastel on paper work Borderlands – Between NSW and QLD (2020). [39]

A People's Prize was awarded for the first time in 2021 to Joanna Gambotto for her work Hill End Interior 1 (Denningtons Cottage: Kim and Lino's), which pays tribute to the vital role the small NSW town of Hill End has played and continues to play in the Australian visual arts, attracting and inspiring generations of artists. [40]

The Dobell Drawing Prize exhibition is part of the NAS Festival of Drawing, [41] a biennial event organised by the School's National Centre for Drawing which was established in 2020. [42] The festival includes talks, workshops and a research symposium, [41] and with the Dobell Drawing Prize [28] complements the School's rigorous academic drawing program. Drawing is a core component of all studies at NAS and is taught throughout each degree. [8]

National Centre for Drawing

In 2020, NAS launched the National Centre for Drawing, [43] which seeks to promote and nurture practice, research and scholarship in drawing, and in 2021 opened The Drawing Gallery, a new exhibition space on campus dedicated to drawing. [30] The inaugural show in The Drawing Gallery was From the Mountain to the Sky: Guy Warren Drawings, a retrospective of NAS alumnus Guy Warren's drawing practice which opened on his 100th birthday, April 16, 2021. [44]

Governance

Originally under the management of the NSW Department of Education, in 2009 the School was re-established by the New South Wales Government as a public company limited by guarantee, with two members, the NSW Minister for Arts and the NSW Minister for Education. The Ministers appointed a Board of Directors to oversee governance of the institution. [2]

History

The National Art School is on Gadigal land in Darlinghurst, Sydney, with its inner-city campus on the heritage-listed site of the former Darlinghurst Gaol which dates from 1822. [45]

In 2022 NAS celebrates 100 years teaching art at this location, but the School's history dates back to 1843, when regular art classes were held by John Skinner Prout at the Sydney Mechanics’ School of Arts in Pitt Street, Sydney. [3]

Forty years and several re-organisations later, in 1883 the Technical and Working Men's College became known as the Sydney Technical College, which included the Department of Art. [2] This department was relocated to the former Darlinghurst Gaol in 1922, and was then part of East Sydney Technical College. [2] Sydney Technical College's women's handicraft courses, which were led by Mary Ellen Roberts, were transferred too in 1923 to the old gaol. [46] Roberts died in 1924 and she was replaced in 1925 by Eleanor Lilian Gladys Gough. [47]

The 1920s saw the development of NAS's distinctive studio model of teaching, offering its first five-year Diploma in Art in 1926 under Lecturer-in-Charge Samuel Rowe and the English sculptor G Rayner Hoff. [2]

In the 1950s and 1960s, the size and reputation of the Department of Art expanded. Renowned artists such as Colin Lanceley, Ann Thomson, Elisabeth Cummings, Peter Powditch, Ken Unsworth, Martin Sharp, Garry Shead, Janet Mansfield, Tim Storrier, and Vivienne Binns graduated from the Diploma Course. At this time, NAS was part of the NSW Government's Department of Technical Education. [2]

From 1974, NAS went through a long period of upheaval and uncertainty, with a proposal to move the art school out of the Darlinghurst Gaol campus. The decision was fought and protest marches were held but in 1975 the School of Fine Art was transferred to a new institution that would evolve into today's UNSW Art and Design in Paddington, formerly the College of Fine Arts (COFA). [2]

A much-diminished School of Art and Design remained at the Darlinghurst Gaol site as part of the Department of Technical and Further Education (TAFE), offering short certificate courses. [2] Through the efforts of art staff members, and with the support of the newly formed Friends of the National Art School (FoNAS), the visual art program was slowly rebuilt. [2]

In 1996, after much lobbying, NAS gained independence from TAFE. [2] In 1999 it first offered an accredited Bachelor of Fine Art degree, and a Master of Fine Art in 2001.

At this time NAS still sat within the Department of Education and Training (DET), and in 2006 it was under threat of being incorporated into one of NSW's existing universities.

After more lobbying and activity by FoNAS and other NAS supporters, in 2009 the School moved out of DET management and became a fully independent tertiary education provider. [2] Since then NAS has expanded its degrees, short courses and public programs, including offering a Doctor of Fine Art from 2019. [6]

In 2019, NAS was designated a State Significant Organisation by the NSW State Government (on par with Sydney's Museum of Contemporary Art and Carriageworks), [48] which secured ongoing funding for the School and recognised its important role as a leading tertiary education institution. NAS was also granted a 45-year lease [48] on the former Darlinghurst Gaol site, providing crucial stability for the future.

In 2020 NAS received a significant grant from the NSW State Government for restoration and upgrading of the campus's historic buildings and structures, [49] with the works being undertaken in 2021. The site was also listed on the NSW State Heritage Register in 2021. [45]

Building began on the original Darlinghurst Gaol in 1822, with convicts hand-carving the sandstone blocks for the surrounding walls which stood 21 feet (6.5 metres) high when completed in 1824. [50] Built in a distinctive panopticon design, [51] the gaol complex held prisoners from 1841 to 1914 [51] including poet Henry Lawson; [52] newspaper editor J. F. Archibald; [53] murderer and artist Henry Louis Bertrand; [54] bushranger Captain Moonlite; [55] Aboriginal outlaw Jimmy Governor; [56] female bushranger Jessie Hickman; [57] Kate Leigh, [18] who became Sydney's famous razor gang madam; and Louisa Collins, the last woman to be hanged in NSW. [58]

Notable alumni

NAS Heads and Directors

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Darlinghurst</span> Suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Darlinghurst is an inner-city suburb in the eastern suburbs of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Darlinghurst is located immediately east of the Sydney central business district (CBD) and Hyde Park, within the local government area of the City of Sydney. It is often colloquially referred to as "Darlo".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Redlands, Cremorne</span> School in Australia

Redlands, Sydney Church of England Co-educational Grammar School, is a multi-campus independent co-educational early learning, primary, and secondary day Christian school, in the Anglican tradition, located in Cremorne on the Lower North Shore of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Established in 1884, the non-selective school caters for approximately 1,700 students from early learning and on to Kindergarten to Year 12.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Darlinghurst Gaol</span> Former Australian prison in New South Wales

The Darlinghurst Gaol is a former Australian prison located in Darlinghurst, New South Wales. The site is bordered by Darlinghurst Road, Burton and Forbes streets, with entrances on Forbes and Burton Streets. The heritage-listed building, predominantly designed by New South Wales Colonial Architect Mortimer Lewis, was closed in 1914 and has subsequently been repurposed to house the National Art School.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William Dobell</span> Australian artist

Sir William Dobell was an Australian portrait and landscape artist of the 20th century. Dobell won the Archibald Prize, Australia's premier award for portrait artists on three occasions. The Dobell Prize is named in his honour.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Olsen (Australian artist)</span> Australian artist (1928–2023)

John Henry Olsen AO OBE was an Australian artist and winner of the 2005 Archibald Prize. Olsen's primary subject of work was landscape.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dobell Drawing Prize</span> Australian art award

The Dobell Drawing Prize is a biennial drawing prize and exhibition, held by the National Art School in association with the Sir William Dobell Art Foundation.The prize is an open call to all artists and aims to explore the enduring importance of drawing and the breadth and dynamism of contemporary approaches to drawing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amanda Robins</span> Australian artist (born 1961)

Amanda Robins is an Australian contemporary artist who is best known for her paintings and large-scale drawings of clothing and drapery.

Virginia Grayson, also known as Ginny Grayson, is a New Zealand-born Australian artist, and winner of the Dobell Prize for Drawing.

George Feather Lawrence (1901–1981) was born in Sydney, Australia and for many years was regarded as one of the foremost painters in the impressionist style. He studied under Julian Rossi Ashton at the famous Sydney Art School in the old Queen Victoria Building; and later in London and Paris.

Peter Sharp is an Australian artist who works predominantly in drawing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Michael Kmit</span>

Michael Kmit was a Ukrainian painter who spent twenty-five years in Australia. He is notable for introducing a neo-Byzantine style of painting to Australia, and winning a number of major Australian art prizes including the Blake Prize (1952) and the Sulman Prize. In 1969 the Australian artist and art critic James Gleeson described Kmit as "one of the most sumptuous colourists of our time".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Guy Maestri</span> Australian contemporary artist

Guido Maestri is an Australian contemporary artist. He won the 2009 Archibald Prize for a portrait of Australian singer and musician Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu which he later donated to the National Portrait Gallery in Canberra.

Anne Judell is an Australian artist and winner of the 2011 Dobell Prize for drawing.

Jan Senbergs is an Australian artist and printmaker of Latvian origin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bernard Ollis</span> Australian artist and painter (born 1951)

Bernard Ollis OAM is a British-Australian artist, painter and advocate for arts education. He lives and works in Sydney and Paris.

Aida Tomescu is an Australian contemporary artist who is known for her abstract paintings, collages, drawings and prints. Tomescu is a winner of the Dobell Prize for Drawing, the Wynne Prize for Landscape and the Sir John Sulman Prize, by the Art Gallery of New South Wales.

Pam Hallandal was an Australian artist, best known for her work in drawing and print making.

Christopher Robin Orchard is a South Australian artist and arts educator who began as a sculptor but subsequently specialised in drawing. His character, the Bald Man, is a recurrent motif. Orchard is Associate Professor at Adelaide Central School of Art and was the subject of the 2017 SALA Festival monograph, Christopher Orchard: The Uncertainty of the Poet. He is also the subject of the 2013 short documentary film Everyperson, by Jasper Button and Patrick Zoerner.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dagmar Evelyn Cyrulla</span> Australian contemporary artist

Dagmar Evelyn Cyrulla is an Australian contemporary artist and two times Archibald finalist. In both 2022 & 2023 she was named one of Australia's 100 hottest collectable artists. Her work is about relationships, especially those from a woman's perspective. In 2017, her painting, 'I Am' was 'Highly Commended' in the Doug Moran portrait prize. In 2017 her work 'The phone call IV' won the Manning regional gallery's "Naked and Nude" art prize.

Luke Thurgate is an Australian painter and mural artist.

References

  1. ↑ "NAS Campus Studios". Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: National Art School. 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "History". Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: National Art School. 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
  3. 1 2 Beck, Deborah (2020). Hope in Hell: A History of Darlinghurst Gaol and the National Art School (3 ed.). Darlinghurst, NSW: National Art School=2020. p. 175. ISBN   978-0-64814-287-4.
  4. 1 2 3 "Bachelor of Fine Art". Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: National Art School. 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  5. 1 2 "Master of Fine Art". Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: National Art School. 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  6. 1 2 3 "Doctor of Fine Art". Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: National Art School. 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  7. 1 2 "Art History and Theory". Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: National Art School. 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  8. 1 2 3 "Drawing". Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: National Art School. 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  9. ↑ "Alumni". Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: National Art School. 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  10. ↑ "NAS Staff". Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: National Art School. 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
  11. ↑ "Lynda Draper's coiling crowns win the 2019 Australian Ceramic Award". Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: ABC. 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  12. ↑ "Lady in waiting chalks up a winning portrait". Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: Sydney Morning Herald. 2007. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  13. ↑ "Venice Biennale kicks off this weekend". Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: ABC. 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  14. ↑ "NAS Alumni". Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: National Art School. 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
  15. ↑ "Alumni". Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: National Art School. 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  16. ↑ "Alumni". Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: National Art School. 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  17. ↑ Beck, Deborah (2020). Hope in Hell: A History of Darlinghurst Gaol and the National Art School (3 ed.). Darlinghurst, NSW: National Art School=2020. p. 43. ISBN   978-0-64814-287-4.
  18. 1 2 Beck, Deborah (2011). Set in Stone: The Cell Block Theatre (1 ed.). Sydney, NSW: UNSW Press=2011. pp. 17–18. ISBN   978-1-74223-261-4.
  19. ↑ Beck, Deborah (2011). Set in Stone: The Cell Block Theatre (1 ed.). Darlinghurst, NSW: National Art School=2011. p. 175. ISBN   978-1-74223-261-4.
  20. ↑ "The Cell Block Theatre – Spectacular Historical Venue For Hire". Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: National Art School. 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
  21. ↑ "Doctor of Fine Art". Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: National Art School. 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  22. ↑ "Rayner Hoff: Life and Art celebrates the work of Australia's greatest sculptor". Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: Sydney Morning Herald. 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  23. ↑ "Alumni". Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: National Art School. 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  24. ↑ "Alumni". Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: Artist Profile. 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  25. ↑ 2019 NAS Annual Report (1 ed.). Darlinghurst, NSW: National Art School. 2020. p. 49.
  26. ↑ "King-of-bright John Olsen reveals his dark and melancholy side". Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: Sydney Morning Herald. 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  27. ↑ "Powerhouse: 'Clay Dynasty' charts 50 years of Australian studio ceramics". Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: Daily Architecture News. 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  28. 1 2 3 4 "Dobell Drawing Prize # 22". Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: National Art School. 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  29. 1 2 "Nas Queer Contemporary – Skin Deep". Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: National Art School. 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  30. 1 2 "'From The Mountain to the Sky': An Interview With Guy Warren". Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: National Art School. 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  31. ↑ "John Olsen: Goya's Dog". Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: National Art School. 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  32. ↑ "Frame of Mind: Mental Health and the Arts". Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: National Art School. 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  33. ↑ "22nd Biennale Of Sydney: Nirin". Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: National Art School. 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  34. ↑ "Fiona Foley: Who Are These Strangers And Where Are They Going?". Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: National Art School. 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  35. ↑ "About Vivid Sydney". Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: Vivid Sydney. 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  36. ↑ "Corona Quilt Unites Students, Staff and Alumni During COVID". Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: National Art School. 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  37. ↑ "Sydney Contemporary". Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: National Art School. 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  38. ↑ "Photographer Justine Varga Wins Dobell Drawing Prize". Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: Art Collector. 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  39. ↑ "'It's bloody fantastic': Modest artist scoops $30,000 prize". Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: Sydney Morning Herald. 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  40. ↑ "Joanna Gambotto, winner of the Dobell Drawing Prize #22 People's Choice Award". Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: National Art School. 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  41. 1 2 "The Festival of Drawing 2021". Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: National Art School. 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  42. ↑ "Sydney bucks trend for marginalisation of drawing". London, England, UK: The Art Paper. 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  43. ↑ "About the National Centre for Drawing". Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: National Art School. 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  44. ↑ "Archibald Prize winning artist Guy Warren to turn 100 and is still painting". Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: Daily Telegraph. 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  45. 1 2 "National Art School given heritage protection". Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: Sydney Morning Herald. 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  46. ↑ Teale, Ruth, "Mary Ellen Roberts (1866–1924)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 19 October 2023
  47. ↑ Cobb, Joan E., "Eleanor Lilian Gladys Gough (1887–1967)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 19 October 2023
  48. 1 2 "Historic moment for National Art School as 45-year lease signed for jail site". Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: Sydney Morning Herald. 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  49. ↑ "National Art School gets $18 million facelift". Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: Sydney Morning Herald. 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  50. ↑ Beck, Deborah (2020). Hope in Hell: A History of Darlinghurst Gaol and the National Art School (3 ed.). Darlinghurst, NSW: National Art School. p. 4. ISBN   978-0-64814-287-4.
  51. 1 2 Beck, Deborah (2020). Hope in Hell: A History of Darlinghurst Gaol and the National Art School (3 ed.). Darlinghurst, NSW: National Art School. pp. 6, 7, 9. ISBN   978-0-64814-287-4.
  52. ↑ Beck, Deborah (2020). Hope in Hell: A History of Darlinghurst Gaol and the National Art School (3 ed.). Darlinghurst, NSW: National Art School. p. 21. ISBN   978-0-64814-287-4.
  53. ↑ Beck, Deborah (2020). Hope in Hell: A History of Darlinghurst Gaol and the National Art School (3 ed.). Darlinghurst, NSW: National Art School. p. 22. ISBN   978-0-64814-287-4.
  54. ↑ Beck, Deborah (2020). Hope in Hell: A History of Darlinghurst Gaol and the National Art School (3 ed.). Darlinghurst, NSW: National Art School. p. 36. ISBN   978-0-64814-287-4.
  55. ↑ Beck, Deborah (2020). Hope in Hell: A History of Darlinghurst Gaol and the National Art School (3 ed.). Darlinghurst, NSW: National Art School. p. 134. ISBN   978-0-64814-287-4.
  56. ↑ Beck, Deborah (2020). Hope in Hell: A History of Darlinghurst Gaol and the National Art School (3 ed.). Darlinghurst, NSW: National Art School. p. 145. ISBN   978-0-64814-287-4.
  57. ↑ Beck, Deborah (2014). Bailed Up: Bushrangers at Darlinghurst Gaol (1 ed.). Sydney, NSW, NSW: National Art School. p. 19. ISBN   978-0-646-93041-1.
  58. ↑ Beck, Deborah (2020). Hope in Hell: A History of Darlinghurst Gaol and the National Art School (3 ed.). Darlinghurst, NSW: National Art School. p. 47. ISBN   978-0-64814-287-4.
  59. ↑ Beck, Deborah (2020). Hope in Hell A History of Darlinghurst Gaol and the National Art School (3 ed.). Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin. p. 188. ISBN   978-1-74114-739-1.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.