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Program overview | |
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Formed | July 7, 2018 |
Parent agency | U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health |
Website | https://www.cdc.gov/NFR |
The National Firefighter Registry for Cancer (NFR) is a voluntary registry of firefighters in the United States used to evaluate cancer rates and risk factors in the U.S. fire service through collecting relevant occupational, lifestyle, and health information on firefighters. It aims to use these data to reduce cancer in firefighters.
The NFR was created by the Firefighter Cancer Registry Act of 2018 in response to growing evidence of carcinogenic exposures and increased risk for cancer faced by firefighters. [1] It opened to registration by firefighters in April 2023. [2] [3] [4] The NFR is maintained by the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
Cancer risk in the U.S. fire service is a topic of growing concern. Firefighters regularly encounter carcinogenic materials and hazardous contaminants on the fireground. [1] [5] Several studies have documented airborne and/or dermal exposures to carcinogenic compounds during firefighting, as well as contamination on turnout gear and other equipment worn by firefighters. [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] Some of these compounds have been shown to absorb into firefighters’ bodies. [11] [12] Some firefighters also work with hazardous materials and are trained to control and clean up dangerous materials such as oil spills and chemical accidents. [13] In addition to chemical exposures, night shift work has been classified by IARC as a probable human carcinogen. [14]
Unlike structural firefighters, wildland firefighters typically do not wear respiratory protection, and may inhale particulate and other compounds emitted by the wildfires. [15] A risk assessment conducted using an exposure–response analysis concluded that wildland firefighters could have an increased risk of lung cancer mortality. [16]
Recent studies suggest that exposure on the fireground may increase risk to firefighters of certain types of cancer and other chronic diseases. [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] In addition to epidemiological studies, several mechanistic studies using biomarkers have found evidence of DNA damage, oxidative stress, and epigenetic changes related to firefighters' exposures. [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33]
In 2022, IARC completed an evaluation on the carcinogenicity of the occupation of firefighting and reached a consensus classifying it as a known human carcinogen. This classification was based on sufficient evidence for increased risk of mesothelioma and bladder cancer among firefighters. Limited evidence of increasing risk among firefighters was also found for five other cancers: colon, prostate, testicular, melanoma of the skin, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. [34]
While U.S. state cancer registries provide rich data for studying cancer in the U.S., they often do not provide comprehensive information on cancer patients’ work history [35] [36] [37] and workplace practices, making it challenging to use this data source alone for studying cancer in firefighters. It is also important to collect information on personal and lifestyle risk factors (e.g. tobacco and alcohol use, sleep deprivation, diet, and physical activity) in the U.S. fire service to better understand how they may affect the relationship between firefighting and cancer. [38] [39] [40]
Due to the lack of central and comprehensive sources of data, research on cancer rates amongst firefighters has been challenging. Although some evidence suggests the risk for specific cancer types could vary for male, female, and non-white firefighters, [41] [42] [43] [44] the strength of the evidence related to cancer in demographic subgroups is limited because many previous studies have mainly comprised white male samples of firefighters. Larger samples of female firefighters and minority groups are needed before the conclusions can be drawn about cancer risk across the nation’s diverse fire service. [45] [46] Additionally, the research on cancer for some subspecialty groups of firefighters, such as firefighter trainers, is limited. [47]
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Long title | An Act to require the Secretary of Health and Human Services to develop a voluntary registry to collect data on cancer incidence among firefighters |
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Enacted by | the 115th United States Congress |
Citations | |
Public law | Pub. L. 115–194 (text) (PDF) |
Codification | |
U.S.C. sections created | 42 U.S.C. § 280e-5 |
Legislative history | |
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The Firefighter Cancer Registry Act of 2018 bill was introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives on February 7, 2017, by Robert Menendez. [48] [49] It required the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to create a registry designed to collect data on cancer rates among U.S. firefighters. [50] [51] [52] The bill was passed with unanimous and bipartisan approval [53] [54] [55] [56] on July 7, 2018. [57]
The Congressional Budget Office estimated that the bill would cost around 10 million dollars. [57] [58] However, the Republican Policy Committee stated that the cost of the bill would be offset by a reduction in the funding of the CDC. [59] NIOSH, part of the CDC, has been given authority to lead this effort, beginning in fiscal year 2019, with input from the scientific and firefighting communities. [57]
It opened to registration by firefighters in April 2023. [2] As of October 2023, over 48,000 firefighters had enrolled.
The proposed approach for the NFR states it will be a voluntary workplace health surveillance system of U.S. firefighters over the age of 18 years. The main goal of the NFR, according to the text of the law, is "to develop and maintain…a voluntary registry of firefighters to collect relevant health and occupational information of such firefighters for purposes of determining cancer incidence." [60] [61] According to the Republican Policy Committee's summary, the NFR aims to provide decision makers with data to help them create new protocols to protect firefighters. [57] It aims to register around 200,000 firefighters across a variety of demographics within 5 years of launch. [60] NIOSH plans to recruit firefighters through various communication channels (e.g., NFR website and newsletter, social media, local/state/national unions, affinity groups, trade journals, conference attendees) or directly from selected rosters of firefighters. [60] [62]
Participation in the NFR is entirely voluntary and is open to all firefighters, including retired ones. Firefighters who register will provide their name, date of birth, and sex; and may also provide information about their lifestyle and exposures. Following the initial enrollment, participants may be given voluntary yearly questionnaires. [62] NIOSH can then use this information to track past and future diagnoses of cancer among NFR participants by matching with data from state cancer registries to understand how firefighters’ work impacts their risk of developing cancer. [60] [62]
Cancer is a nationally notifiable condition, and thus all U.S. states track diagnoses of cancer in a state cancer registry. [63] The NFR plans to also seek additional details about participant’s types of emergency responses attended and exposures by working with fire departments and exposure tracking programs (if applicable), and by administering follow-up questionnaires to registered firefighters. Because cancer has a long latency period – which is the time between exposure to carcinogens and the development of cancer – the NFR will monitor cancer outcomes for decades. [60] [62]
The NFR program receives input and guidance from the NFR Subcommittee, a subcommittee of the NIOSH Board of Scientific Counselors (a Federal Advisory Committee), consisting of 12 rotating subject matter experts in firefighting, epidemiology, medicine, or public health. [64] [65]
All members can enroll through a web portal. NIOSH states that any information gathered through the program will only be accessible to NIOSH researchers and will be protected with multi-factor authentication and "multiple layers of encryption." [62] Firefighters may access the web portal through the dedicated NFR website (https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/firefighters/registry.html or https://www.cdc.gov/NFR) or by directly accessing the web portal. To complete enrollment in the NFR, participants will need to set up an account, complete an informed consent document, user profile, and enrollment questionnaire. [60] [62]
The user profile will serve to collect basic information from the firefighter that could change over time and hence can be accessed and updated by the user. The enrollment questionnaire will collect information on employment/workplace characteristics, exposure, demographics, lifestyle factors, comorbidities, and other confounders. Most questions are optional. The enrollment process, including the questionnaire, is designed to take 30–45 minutes to complete if all questions are answered. [60] [62] Following enrollment, NIOSH will send NFR participants notifications for periodic voluntary follow-up questionnaires (e.g., one per year) to be filled out through the web portal. [60] [62]
In addition to roster information, NIOSH plans to request fire incident records dating back to January 1, 2010, or earlier when available, from fire departments for some participants. Fire departments are required to collect some basic information about fire incidents under the National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS) established by the U.S. Fire Administration. (The U.S. Fire Administration is in the process of replacing NFIRS with a new system called the National Emergency Response Information System (NERIS).) Department incident records will provide NIOSH investigators with apparatus and incident-specific information to be used as surrogates of exposure for exposure-response analyses. Specific variables of interest requested from department incident records may include: incident number, fire station, apparatus, incident type (structure fire, car fire, etc.), on scene time, off scene time, job assignments, number of fire runs, and duration at fires. NIOSH will explore the most efficient and least burdensome way of obtaining incident records from participating fire departments. [60] [62]
A carcinogen is any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that promotes carcinogenesis. This may be due to the ability to damage the genome or to the disruption of cellular metabolic processes. Several radioactive substances are considered carcinogens, but their carcinogenic activity is attributed to the radiation, for example gamma rays and alpha particles, which they emit. Common examples of non-radioactive carcinogens are inhaled asbestos, certain dioxins, and tobacco smoke. Although the public generally associates carcinogenicity with synthetic chemicals, it is equally likely to arise from both natural and synthetic substances. Carcinogens are not necessarily immediately toxic; thus, their effect can be insidious.
Coal tar is a thick dark liquid which is a by-product of the production of coke and coal gas from coal. It is a type of creosote. It has both medical and industrial uses. Medicinally it is a topical medication applied to skin to treat psoriasis and seborrheic dermatitis (dandruff). It may be used in combination with ultraviolet light therapy. Industrially it is a railroad tie preservative and used in the surfacing of roads. Coal tar was listed as a known human carcinogen in the first Report on Carcinogens from the U.S. Federal Government, issued in 1980.
In organic chemistry, isocyanate is the functional group with the formula R−N=C=O. Organic compounds that contain an isocyanate group are referred to as isocyanates. An organic compound with two isocyanate groups is known as a diisocyanate. Diisocyanates are manufactured for the production of polyurethanes, a class of polymers.
Acrylamide (or acrylic amide) is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH2=CHC(O)NH2. It is a white odorless solid, soluble in water and several organic solvents. From the chemistry perspective, acrylamide is a vinyl-substituted primary amide (CONH2). It is produced industrially mainly as a precursor to polyacrylamides, which find many uses as water-soluble thickeners and flocculation agents.
A firefighter is a first responder trained in firefighting, primarily to control and extinguish fires that threaten life and property, as well as to rescue persons from confinement or dangerous situations. Male firefighters are sometimes referred to as firemen.
Berylliosis, or chronic beryllium disease, is a chronic allergic-type lung response and chronic lung disease caused by exposure to beryllium and its compounds, a form of beryllium poisoning. It is distinct from acute beryllium poisoning, which became rare following occupational exposure limits established around 1950. Berylliosis is an occupational lung disease.
Vinyl chloride is an organochloride with the formula H2C=CHCl. It is also called vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) or chloroethene. This colorless compound is an important industrial chemical chiefly used to produce the polymer, poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). Vinyl chloride monomer is among the top twenty largest petrochemicals (petroleum-derived chemicals) in world production. The United States remains the largest vinyl chloride manufacturing region because of its low-production-cost position in chlorine and ethylene raw materials. China is also a large manufacturer and one of the largest consumers of vinyl chloride. Vinyl chloride is a flammable gas that has a sweet odor and is carcinogenic. It can be formed in the environment when soil organisms break down chlorinated solvents. Vinyl chloride that is released by industries or formed by the breakdown of other chlorinated chemicals can enter the air and drinking water supplies. Vinyl chloride is a common contaminant found near landfills. Before the 1970s, vinyl chloride was used as an aerosol propellant and refrigerant.
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a halocarbon with the formula C2HCl3, commonly used as an industrial degreasing solvent. It is a clear, colourless, non-flammable, volatile liquid with a chloroform-like pleasant mild smell and sweet taste. Its IUPAC name is trichloroethene. Trichloroethylene has been sold under a variety of trade names. Industrial abbreviations include TCE, trichlor, Trike, Tricky and tri. Under the trade names Trimar and Trilene, it was used as a volatile anesthetic and as an inhaled obstetrical analgesic in millions of patients. It should not be confused with the similar 1,1,1-trichloroethane, which is commonly known as chlorothene.
An occupational injury is bodily damage resulting from working. The most common organs involved are the spine, hands, the head, lungs, eyes, skeleton, and skin. Occupational injuries can result from exposure to occupational hazards, such as temperature, noise, insect or animal bites, blood-borne pathogens, aerosols, hazardous chemicals, radiation, and occupational burnout.
Malathion is an organophosphate insecticide which acts as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. In the USSR, it was known as carbophos, in New Zealand and Australia as maldison and in South Africa as mercaptothion.
A cancer registry is a systematic collection of data about cancer and tumor diseases. The data are collected by Cancer Registrars. Cancer Registrars capture a complete summary of patient history, diagnosis, treatment, and status for every cancer patient in the United States, and other countries.
A hairdresser is a person whose occupation is to cut or style hair in order to change or maintain a person's image. This is achieved using a combination of hair coloring, haircutting, and hair texturing techniques. A hairdresser may also be referred to as a 'barber' or 'hairstylist'.
1,4-Dioxane is a heterocyclic organic compound, classified as an ether. It is a colorless liquid with a faint sweet odor similar to that of diethyl ether. The compound is often called simply dioxane because the other dioxane isomers are rarely encountered.
Ethylbenzene is an organic compound with the formula C6H5CH2CH3. It is a highly flammable, colorless liquid with an odor similar to that of gasoline. This monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon is important in the petrochemical industry as a reaction intermediate in the production of styrene, the precursor to polystyrene, a common plastic material. In 2012, more than 99% of ethylbenzene produced was consumed in the production of styrene.
Occupational lung diseases comprise a broad group of diseases, including occupational asthma, industrial bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchiolitis obliterans, inhalation injury, interstitial lung diseases, infections, lung cancer and mesothelioma. These can be caused directly or due to immunological response to an exposure to a variety of dusts, chemicals, proteins or organisms. Occupational cases of interstitial lung disease may be misdiagnosed as COPD, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, or a myriad of other diseases; leading to a delay in identification of the causative agent.
1,3-Dichloropropene, sold under diverse trade names, is an organochlorine compound with the formula C3H4Cl2. It is a colorless liquid with a sweet smell. It is feebly soluble in water and evaporates easily. It is used mainly in farming as a pesticide, specifically as a preplant fumigant and nematicide. It is widely used in the US and other countries, but is banned in 34 countries.
In epidemiology, environmental diseases are diseases that can be directly attributed to environmental factors. Apart from the true monogenic genetic disorders, which are rare, environment is a major determinant of the development of disease. Diet, exposure to toxins, pathogens, radiation, and chemicals found in almost all personal care products and household cleaners, stress, racism, and physical and mental abuse are causes of a large segment of non-hereditary disease. If a disease process is concluded to be the result of a combination of genetic and environmental factor influences, its etiological origin can be referred to as having a multifactorial pattern.
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (sometimes shortened, though inaccurately, to simply 'dioxin') with the chemical formula C12H4Cl4O2. Pure TCDD is a colorless solid with no distinguishable odor at room temperature. It is usually formed as an unwanted product in burning processes of organic materials or as a side product in organic synthesis.
Occupational cancer is cancer caused by occupational hazards. Several cancers have been directly tied to occupational hazards, including chimney sweeps' carcinoma, mesothelioma, and others.
Occupational cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are diseases of the heart or blood vessels caused by working conditions, making them a form of occupational illness. These diseases include coronary heart disease, stroke, cardiomyopathy, arrythmia, and heart valve or heart chamber problems. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States and worldwide. In the United States, cardiovascular diseases account for one out of four deaths. The 6th International Conference on Work Environment and Cardiovascular Diseases found that within the working age population about 10-20% of cardiovascular disease deaths can be attributed to work. Ten workplace stressors and risk factors were estimated to be associated with 120,000 U.S. deaths each year and account for 5-8% of health care costs.
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