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Phonology is the branch of linguistics that studies how languages systematically organize their phones or,for sign languages,their constituent parts of signs. The term can also refer specifically to the sound or sign system of a particular language variety. At one time,the study of phonology related only to the study of the systems of phonemes in spoken languages,but may now relate to any linguistic analysis either:
In linguistics,transformational grammar (TG) or transformational-generative grammar (TGG) is part of the theory of generative grammar,especially of natural languages. It considers grammar to be a system of rules that generate exactly those combinations of words that form grammatical sentences in a given language and involves the use of defined operations to produce new sentences from existing ones.
Cognitive linguistics is an interdisciplinary branch of linguistics,combining knowledge and research from cognitive science,cognitive psychology,neuropsychology and linguistics. Models and theoretical accounts of cognitive linguistics are considered as psychologically real,and research in cognitive linguistics aims to help understand cognition in general and is seen as a road into the human mind.
Generative grammar is a research tradition in linguistics that aims to explain the cognitive basis of language by formulating and testing explicit models of humans' subconscious grammatical knowledge. Generative linguists tend to share certain working assumptions such as the competence-performance distinction and the notion that some domain-specific aspects of grammar are partly innate. These assumptions are rejected in non-generative approaches such as usage-based models of language. Generative linguistics includes work in core areas such as syntax,semantics,phonology,psycholinguistics,and language acquisition,with additional extensions to topics including biolinguistics and music cognition.
Geoffrey Keith Pullum is a British and American linguist specialising in the study of English. Pullum has published over 300 articles and books on various topics in linguistics,including phonology,morphology,semantics,pragmatics,computational linguistics,and philosophy of language. He is Professor Emeritus of General Linguistics at the University of Edinburgh.
Syntactic Structures is an important work in linguistics by American linguist Noam Chomsky,originally published in 1957. A short monograph of about a hundred pages,it is recognized as one of the most significant and influential linguistic studies of the 20th century. It contains the now-famous sentence "Colorless green ideas sleep furiously",which Chomsky offered as an example of a grammatically correct sentence that has no discernible meaning,thus arguing for the independence of syntax from semantics.
In linguistics,linguistic competence is the system of unconscious knowledge that one knows when they know a language. It is distinguished from linguistic performance,which includes all other factors that allow one to use one's language in practice.
In linguistics and social sciences,markedness is the state of standing out as nontypical or divergent as opposed to regular or common. In a marked–unmarked relation,one term of an opposition is the broader,dominant one. The dominant default or minimum-effort form is known as unmarked;the other,secondary one is marked. In other words,markedness involves the characterization of a "normal" linguistic unit against one or more of its possible "irregular" forms.
Bernard Sterling Comrie,is a British-born linguist. Comrie is a specialist in linguistic typology,linguistic universals and on Caucasian languages.
Sir John Lyons FBA was a British linguist,working on semantics.
The term Cartesian linguistics was coined by Noam Chomsky in his book Cartesian Linguistics:A Chapter in the History of Rationalist Thought (1966). The adjective "Cartesian" pertains to RenéDescartes,a prominent 17th-century philosopher. As well as Descartes,Chomsky surveys other examples of rationalist thought in 17th-century linguistics,in particular the Port-Royal Grammar (1660),which foreshadows some of his own ideas concerning universal grammar.
Aspects of the Theory of Syntax is a book on linguistics written by American linguist Noam Chomsky,first published in 1965. In Aspects,Chomsky presented a deeper,more extensive reformulation of transformational generative grammar (TGG),a new kind of syntactic theory that he had introduced in the 1950s with the publication of his first book,Syntactic Structures. Aspects is widely considered to be the foundational document and a proper book-length articulation of Chomskyan theoretical framework of linguistics. It presented Chomsky's epistemological assumptions with a view to establishing linguistic theory-making as a formal discipline comparable to physical sciences,i.e. a domain of inquiry well-defined in its nature and scope. From a philosophical perspective,it directed mainstream linguistic research away from behaviorism,constructivism,empiricism and structuralism and towards mentalism,nativism,rationalism and generativism,respectively,taking as its main object of study the abstract,inner workings of the human mind related to language acquisition and production.
Prof. Vivian James Cook was a British linguist who was Emeritus Professor of Applied Linguistics at Newcastle University.
Caroline Heycock is a Scottish syntactician and professor of linguistics at the University of Edinburgh.
Bencie Woll FAAAS is an American–British linguist and scholar of sign language. She became the first professor of sign language in the United Kingdom when she was appointed Professor of Sign Language and Deaf Studies at City University,London in 1995. In 2005,she moved to University College London where she became Professor of Sign Language and Deaf Studies and Director of the Deafness,Cognition and Language Research Centre (DCAL).
Ianthi-Maria Tsimpli is a Greek linguist and Chair of English and Applied Linguistics at the University of Cambridge. She is an associate editor of the journal Glossa and was elected a fellow of the British Academy in 2021.
Rudolf P. Botha is a South African linguist. He is Emeritus Professor of General Linguistics at Stellenbosch University and Honorary Professor of Linguistics at Utrecht University. Botha is best known for his works on the philosophy of linguistics.
Henk van Riemsdijk is a Dutch linguist and professor emeritus at Tilburg University.
The basis of Noam Chomsky's linguistic theory lies in biolinguistics,the linguistic school that holds that the principles underpinning the structure of language are biologically preset in the human mind and hence genetically inherited. He argues that all humans share the same underlying linguistic structure,irrespective of sociocultural differences. In adopting this position Chomsky rejects the radical behaviorist psychology of B. F. Skinner. Chomsky argues that language is a unique evolutionary development of the human species and distinguished from modes of communication used by any other animal species. Chomsky's nativist,internalist view of language is consistent with the philosophical school of "rationalism" and contrasts with the anti-nativist,externalist view of language consistent with the philosophical school of "empiricism",which contends that all knowledge,including language,comes from external stimuli.
References
- 1 2 "News & Announcements".
- ↑ "Professor Neil Smith". British Academy. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
- ↑ "Obituary: Saras Smith". RCOG . n.d. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
