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The Kingdom of Croatia entered a personal union with the Kingdom of Hungary in 1102,after a period of rule of kings from the Trpimirovićand Svetoslavićdynasties and a succession crisis following the death of king Demetrius Zvonimir. With the coronation of King Coloman of Hungary as "King of Croatia and Dalmatia" in 1102 in Biograd,the realm passed to the Árpád dynasty until 1301,when the (male) line of the dynasty died out. Then,kings from the Capetian House of Anjou,who were also cognatic descendants of the Árpád kings,ruled the kingdoms. Later centuries were characterized by conflicts with the Mongols,who sacked Zagreb in 1242,competition with Venice for control over Dalmatian coastal cities,and internal warfare among Croatian nobility. Various individuals emerged during the period,such as Paul I Šubićof Bribir,who was representing the most powerful Croatian dynasty at the time,the Šubićnoble family. These powerful individuals were on occasion able to de facto secure great deal of independence for their fiefdoms. The Ottoman incursion into Europe in the 16th century significantly reduced Croatian territories and left the country weak and divided. After the death of Louis II in 1526 during the Battle of Mohács and a brief period of dynastic dispute,both crowns passed to the Austrian House of Habsburg,and the realms became part of the Habsburg monarchy.
Ban was a noble title used in several states in Central and Southeastern Europe between the 7th century and the 20th century. The most common examples have been found in Croatia.
Tomislav was the first king of Croatia. He became Duke of Croatia c. 910 and was crowned king in 925,reigning until 928. During Tomislav's rule,Croatia forged an alliance with the Byzantine Empire against Bulgaria. Croatia's struggles with the First Bulgarian Empire eventually led to war,which culminated in the decisive Battle of the Bosnian Highlands in 926. In the north,Croatia often clashed with the Principality of Hungary;the state retained its borders and,to some extent,expanded with the disintegrated Lower Pannonia.
The Kingdom of Croatia,or Croatian Kingdom,was a medieval kingdom in Southern Europe comprising most of what is today Croatia,as well as most of the modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Croatian Kingdom was ruled for part of its existence by ethnic dynasties,and the Kingdom existed as a sovereign state for nearly two centuries. Its existence was characterized by various conflicts and periods of peace or alliance with the Bulgarians,Byzantines,Hungarians,and competition with Venice for control over the eastern Adriatic coast. The goal of promoting the Croatian language in the religious service was initially introduced by the 10th century bishop Gregory of Nin,which resulted in a conflict with the Pope,later to be put down by him. In the second half of the 11th century Croatia managed to secure most coastal cities of Dalmatia with the collapse of Byzantine control over them. During this time the kingdom reached its peak under the rule of kings Peter Krešimir IV (1058–1074) and Demetrius Zvonimir (1075–1089).
Ljudevit or Liudewit,was the Duke of the Slavs in Lower Pannonia from 810 to 823. The capital of his realm was in Sisak. As the ruler of the Pannonian Slavs,he led a resistance to Frankish domination. Having lost the war against Franks,he fled to the south,presumably to Dalmatia,first to an unknown Serb župa,and then to the Croat ruler Ljudemisl,who treacherously killed him.
Croatian nobility was a privileged social class in Croatia during the Antiquity and Medieval periods of the country's history. Noble families in the Kingdom of Croatia included high ranking populates from Slavonia,Dalmatia,Istria,and Republic of Ragusa. Members belonged to an elite social hierarchy,normally placed immediately behind blood royalty,that possessed considerably more privileges or eminence than most other classes in a society. Membership thereof typically was often hereditary. Historically,membership in the nobility and the prerogatives thereof have been regulated or acknowledged by the monarch. Acquisition of sufficient power,wealth,military prowess or royal favour enabled commoners to ascend into the nobility. The country's royalty was heavily influenced by France's nobility resulting members of the Royal Courts to assume French titles and practices during French occupation. The controversial assumption of French practices contributed to wide spread political and social elitism among the nobles and monarch. The nobility regarded the peasant class as an unseen and irrelevant substrata of people which lead to high causality revolts and beheadings as well as sporadic periods of intense domestic violence.
Demetrius Zvonimir was a King of Dalmatia and Croatia from 1076 until his death in 1089. He was crowned as king in Solin on 8 October 1076. Zvonimir also served as Ban of Croatia (1064–1074),and was named Duke of Croatia in around 1075. His native name was Zvonimir;he adopted the forename Demetrius at his coronation.
Domagoj was Duke of Croatia from 864 to 876,and the founder of the Domagojevićdynasty. He usurped the Croatian throne after the death of Trpimir I and expelled his sons. He took a more active role in the Adriatic Sea than his predecessors,encouraged the use of force and waged many wars,specifically with the Arabs,Venice and the East Francia. Domagoj's belligerence and the tolerance and support of piracy caused bad relations with Pope John VIII,which was further worsened after Domagoj showed no mercy to his conspirators. Formally a Frankish vassal,he used to his advantage the Frankish succession crisis and started a successful revolt against Carloman of Bavaria. After his death in 876,Domagoj was succeeded by his son who was deposed and expelled by Zdeslav in 878.
Nada Klaić was a Croatian historian. She was a Croatian medievalist of the 20th century. A substantial part of the work was devoted to criticism of medieval sources.
The countiesof Croatia are the primary administrative subdivisions of the Republic of Croatia. Since they were re-established in 1992,Croatia has been divided into 20 counties and the capital city of Zagreb,which has the authority and legal status of both a county and a city. As of 2015,the counties are subdivided into 128 cities and 428 municipalities.
The origin of the Croats before the Slavic migrations to the Balkans and ancestral White Croats is uncertain. The modern Croats are considered a Slavic people,which support anthropological,genetical,and ethnological studies,but the archaeological and other historic evidence on the migration of the Slavic settlers,the character of the native population on the present-day territory of Croatia,and their mutual relationship show diverse historical and cultural influences.
Kanalites were a medieval Slavic tribe settled in the today's region of Dalmatia in the subregion of Konavle Croatia,mentioned in the chapter titled "Of the Terbounians and Kanalites and of the country they now dwell in" of the 10th century De Administrando Imperio by Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII. The country,located in near proximity to Travunia,reportedly became desolated during the Pannonian Avars invasion,and its inhabitants are descendants from the unbaptized Serbs,from the time of the Unknown Archon who came from Boiki and claimed the protection of the Emperor Heraclius in the 7th century. However,a closer reading suggests that the Constantine consideration about the population's ethnic identity,like in regard to other near polities,is based on Serbian political rule during the time of Časlav in 10th century and does not indicate ethnic origin.
The Guduscani were a tribe around present-day Gacka (Lika),between upper Kupa river and the Dalmatian coast,or the inhabitants around the river Guduča near the Bribir region.
Early Slavs settled in the eastern and southern parts of the former Roman province of Pannonia. The term Lower Pannonia was used to designate those areas of the Pannonian plain that lie to the east and south of the river Rába,with the division into Upper and Lower inherited from the Roman terminology.
Trpimir I was a duke in Croatia from around 845 until his death in 864. He is considered the founder of the Trpimirovićdynasty that ruled in Croatia,with interruptions,from around 845 until 1091. Although he was formally vassal of the Frankish Emperor Lothair I,Trpimir used Frankish-Byzantine conflicts to rule on his own.
The Narentines were a South Slavic tribe that occupied an area of southern Dalmatia centered at the river Neretva,active in the 9th and 10th centuries,noted as pirates on the Adriatic. Named Narentani in Venetian sources,Greek sources call them Paganoi,"pagans",as they were for long pagan,in a time when neighbouring tribes were Christianized. The tribe were fierce enemies of the Republic of Venice,having attacked Venetian merchants and clergy passing on the Adriatic,and even raided close to Venice itself,as well as defeated the doge several times. Venetian–Narentine peace treaties did not last long,as the Narentines quickly returned to piracy. They were finally defeated in a Venetian crackdown at the turn of the 10th century and disappeared from sources by the 11th century.
The Duchy of Croatia was a medieval state that was established in the former Roman province of Dalmatia. Throughout its time it had several seats –namely,Klis,Solin,Knin,Bijaći and Nin. It comprised the littoral – the coastal part of today's Croatia –,except Istria,and included a large part of the mountainous hinterland,as well. The duchy was in the center of competition between the Carolingian Empire and the Byzantine Empire for rule over the area. Rivalry with Venice emerged in the first decades of the 9th century and was to continue for the following centuries. Croatia also waged battles with the Bulgarian Empire,with whom the relations improved greatly afterwards,and the Arabs and sought to extend its control over important coastal cities under the rule of Byzantium. Croatia experienced periods of vassalage to the Franks or Byzantines and de facto independence until 879,when Duke Branimir was recognized as an independent ruler by Pope John VIII. The duchy was ruled by the Trpimirovićand Domagojevićdynasties. Around 925,during the rule of Tomislav,Croatia became a kingdom.
The Battle of Drava River was fought between the army of Tomislav of Croatia and the forces of Hungarian tribes led by Grand Prince Zoltán,the youngest son of Árpád,founder of the Árpád dynasty.
IvanušPergošić (1521-1592) was early Kajkavian author from Habsburg Slavonia and author of the 1574 translation of Tripartitum which is the first printed Kajkavian book.
Pejo Ćošković,born on 12 April 1952 in Domaljevac near Bosanski Šamac,is Bosnian medievalist and lecturer at the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Sarajevo,Department of History,in Sarajevo,Bosnia and Herzegovina.
References
- 1 2 3 4 "Budak, Neven", Croatian Encyclopaedia (in Croatian), 2020
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Trpimir Vedriš; Damir Agičić (2017). "In honorem Neven Budak. Prof. dr. sc. Neven Budak – biobibliographica sexagenario dicata". Radovi (in Croatian). Zagreb: FFZG (11–31). Retrieved 3 August 2020.
- 1 2 3 4 "dr. sc. Budak, Neven, redovni profesor", FFZG, retrieved 3 August 2020
- ↑ Andrija Tunjić (2016). "Postoje različite istine". Vijenac (in Croatian). Zagreb: Matica hrvatska (584–586). Retrieved 3 August 2020.
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