New York Blood Center

Last updated
New York Blood Center
Founded1964 (1964)
Type Blood bank
131949477
Location
Coordinates 40°45′54″N73°57′36″W / 40.7650502°N 73.9600540°W / 40.7650502; -73.9600540
Website www.nybloodcenter.org

The New York Blood Center (NYBC) is a community, nonprofit blood bank based in New York City. [1] Established in 1964 by Dr. Aaron Kellner, [2] NYBC supplies blood to approximately 200 hospitals in the Northeast United States. [3] NYBC and its operating divisions also provide transfusion-related medical services to over 500 hospitals nationally.

Contents

NYBC, along with its operating divisions Community Blood Center of Kansas City, Missouri (CBC), [4] Innovative Blood Resources (IBR), [5] Blood Bank of Delmarva (BBD), [6] and Rhode Island Blood Center (RIBC), [7] collect approximately 4,000 units of blood products each day and serve local communities of more than 75 million people in the Tri-State area (NY, NJ, CT), Mid Atlantic area (PA, DE, MD, VA), Missouri and Kansas, Minnesota, Nebraska, Rhode Island, and Southern New England.

In addition to serving the New York City metropolitan area, New Jersey, Connecticut and Pennsylvania, in May 2014, NYBC merged its operations with Community Blood Center of Greater Kansas City (CBC). [8] In February 2016, NYBC and CBC announced the creation of the Kansas City-based National Center for Blood Group Genomics, a new laboratory that will focus on precision testing of blood donor samples. [9]

NYBC maintains close relationships with both New York City's Police Department (NYPD) and Fire Department (FDNY). Among NYBC's largest donor groups is the NYPD, which donated more than 11,000 pints of blood through November 2015. [10] At the same time, the FDNY participates with NYBC in the "Be The Match Program" operated by the National Marrow Donor Program (NMDP). [11] More than 8,000 FDNY members are on the potential donor list, and 179 members have already given this life saving gift to those in need. FDNY members represent more than 10% of all NYBC bone marrow donors. [12] Each year, at an annual induction ceremony hosted by FDNY and NYBC at FDNY headquarters, donors and their recipients meet for the first time. [13] In 2016, Firefighter Mike Wilson was introduced to a recipient from Erie, Pennsylvania, who received his lifesaving bone marrow to treat her acute myeloid leukemia (AML), while Firefighter Frank Perdue met a recipient diagnosed with essential thrombocythemia, a rare chronic blood disorder. [14] In 2015, firefighter Michael McCauley of Staten Island met his recipient, a United States Marine Sergeant who saw combat in Iraq, and who was subsequently diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Through FDNY’s participation in NYBC’s program, McCauley’s bone marrow is credited with saving the recipient's life. [15]

NYBC houses Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute and the Howard P. Milstein National Cord Blood Center, a public cord blood bank named after board member Howard Milstein. The National Cord Blood Program (NCBP), directed by Dr. Pablo Rubinstein, is the oldest and largest in the world. [16] In August 2015, the NCBP announced a new collaboration with the University of California, Davis Health System to manufacture specialized lines of highly adaptable stem cells for potential new therapies for diseases that include anemia, leukemia, lymphoma, sickle cell disease and severe combined immunodeficiency. [17]

The Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute (LFKRI) has been awarded grants to conduct research in such areas as epidemiology and the development of HIV self-testing interventions, cellular therapy and transfusion medicine, in vitro platelet production, blood genomics, immunology, the development of infectious disease screening techniques and preventions for diseases like severe acute respiratory syndrome, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C. [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24]

History

In 2013, LFKRI was awarded a Grand Challenges Explorations Grant from a grant initiative engaging field leaders in global health to bring progress to targeted world problems. The Grand Challenges Explorations Grant was launched by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation in 2007. [25] The LFKRI used grant money to study the transmission of parasites from Filarial Worm larvae to humans in order to develop a preventative drug to kill mature worms and prevent parasitic infection. [26]

In 2014, the New York Blood Center's National Cord Blood Program (NCBP) at the Howard P. Milstein Cord Blood Center received the Prix Galien USA “Best Biotechnology Product” distinction for the development of HEMACORD, an innovative hematopoietic stem cell product and the first of its kind to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration. [21]

In August 2016, NYBC also combined operations with Innovative Blood Resources, a blood center with operations in Minnesota and Nebraska. [27]

LFKRI also oversaw a clinical trial of Immucor’s PreciseType HEA test, resulting in the approval of the product by the FDA in October 2016. [28] The PreciseType HEA test screens blood donors for sickle cell trait (SCT), an inherited blood disorder that affects 1 million to 3 million Americans, including 8-10% of African Americans. [29] PreciseType HEA is the only FDA-approved molecular test that provides clinicians and blood banks with detailed genetic matching information. Through its work with cord blood, stem cells and sickle cell treatments, NYBC is a leader in precision medicine, which takes into account individual variability in genes, environment, and lifestyle to more accurately match treatments to individual patients. [30] [31]

Rhode Island Blood Center, Providence Rhode Island Blood Center building.jpg
Rhode Island Blood Center, Providence

In 2019, New York Blood Center merged with the Rhode Island Blood Center (RIBC). The latter continues to do business as the Rhode Island Blood Center. [32]

In 2020 New York Blood Center was the first blood center to collect convalescent blood plasma donations from people who have recovered from COVID-19 to treat other patients with advanced illness. [33] On March 27, 2020, the first unit of convalescent blood plasma was drawn. [34] In convalescent plasma treatment, the patient is transfused with the plasma from a recovered COVID-19 patient with the goal of using the donor’s antibodies to help clear the virus more rapidly. [35] In January 2021, research by the Mayo Clinic validated the use of convalescent plasma treatment for COVID-19 patients amid widespread vaccine shortages. [36] [37]

Primate research in Liberia

For a thirty-year period starting in the mid-1970s, the New York Blood Center conducted research experiments on a group of chimpanzees in Liberia. At the time, such primate testing was considered a standard part of medical research and drug development. [38] After the studies were complete in 2004, NYBC moved the survivors onto six islands on the Farmington River in Liberia. [39] Though NYBC continued to financially support the sanctuary for almost a decade at a cost of around $30,000 a month, they stopped in March 2015. [40]

The situation set off a storm of protests by animal rights and animal welfare advocates, and NYBC said they received threats and social media campaigns which personally threatened their employees. [41] [42] [40] On March 31, 2016, Citigroup issued a statement that "the current situation is not tolerable and we urge all parties involved to come up with a sustainable solution to ensure that these chimpanzees get the care they need." [43] On May 19, New York State Senator Tony Avella held a press conference at New York City Hall to demand that NYBC fulfill its promise to provide lifelong care for the chimpanzees. [40]

NYBC had asserted that the animals were owned by the Liberian government, and Liberian officials had repeatedly acknowledged their own responsibility for the care of the chimpanzees. [39] [44] Though NYBC voluntarily supported the chimps for years after its relationship with the Liberian government ended, [41] they had spent millions of dollars on the chimps since the mid-2000s while repeatedly reaching out to the Liberian government and animal rights groups attempting to find a long term solution. [45]

The New York Times had quoted Dr. Alfred Prince's 2005 article seeking primatologists and/or foundations to take over the care of the chimpanzees. In the article, Prince had written that NYBC "recognizes its responsibility to provide an endowment to fund the Sanctuary for the lifetime care of the chimpanzees." However, NYBC spokeswoman Victoria O'Neill responded that Prince had not been authorized to say that, that NYBC "did not ever establish any endowment for animal care, chimpanzees included," and "never had any obligation for care for the chimps, contractual or otherwise." [46] [44]

The Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) took over supporting the chimps, and started a campaign to raise funds for them. [44] Negotiations between NYBC and HSUS in 2016 were unsuccessful, with NYBC maintaining that they had been confronted with requests that "have nothing to do with NYBC's original involvement in Liberia." [41] [45] However, in 2017 NYBC and HSUS came to an agreement with NYBC pledging $6 million directly to HSUS, who would assume responsibility for the lifetime care of the chimps. [42]

Related Research Articles

Aplastic anemia (AA) is a severe hematologic condition in which the body fails to make blood cells in sufficient numbers. Aplastic anemia is associated with cancer and various cancer syndromes. Blood cells are produced in the bone marrow by stem cells that reside there. Aplastic anemia causes a deficiency of all blood cell types: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bone marrow</span> Semi-solid tissue in the spongy portions of bones

Bone marrow is a semi-solid tissue found within the spongy portions of bones. In birds and mammals, bone marrow is the primary site of new blood cell production. It is composed of hematopoietic cells, marrow adipose tissue, and supportive stromal cells. In adult humans, bone marrow is primarily located in the ribs, vertebrae, sternum, and bones of the pelvis. Bone marrow comprises approximately 5% of total body mass in healthy adult humans, such that a man weighing 73 kg (161 lbs) will have around 3.7 kg (8 lbs) of bone marrow.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation</span> Medical procedure to replace blood or immune stem cells

Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) is the transplantation of multipotent hematopoietic stem cells, usually derived from bone marrow, peripheral blood, or umbilical cord blood, in order to replicate inside a patient and produce additional normal blood cells. HSCT may be autologous, syngeneic, or allogeneic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Graft-versus-host disease</span> Medical condition

Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is a syndrome, characterized by inflammation in different organs. GvHD is commonly associated with bone marrow transplants and stem cell transplants.

A cord blood bank is a facility which stores umbilical cord blood for future use. Both private and public cord blood banks have developed in response to the potential for cord blood in treating diseases of the blood and immune systems. Public cord blood banks accept donations to be used for anyone in need, and as such function like public blood banks. Traditionally, public cord blood banking has been more widely accepted by the medical community. Private cord blood banks store cord blood solely for potential use by the donor or donor's family. Private banks typically charge around $2,000 for the collection and around $200 a year for storage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anthony Nolan</span> UK charity

Anthony Nolan is a UK charity that works in the areas of leukaemia and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. It manages and recruits donors to the Anthony Nolan Register, which is part of an aligned registry that also includes the Welsh Bone Marrow Donor Registry, NHS Blood and Transplant's British Bone Marrow Registry and Deutsche KnochenMarkSpenderdatei (DKMS) UK. This aligned register is known as the Anthony Nolan & NHS Stem Cell Registry. It also carries out research to help make bone marrow transplants more effective.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Canadian Blood Services</span> Canadian health non-profit

Canadian Blood Services is a non-profit charitable organization that is independent from the Canadian government. The Canadian Blood Services was established as Canada's blood authority in all provinces and territories except for Quebec in 1998. The federal, provincial and territorial governments created the Canadian Blood Services through a memorandum of understanding. Canadian Blood Services is funded mainly through the provincial and territorial governments.

Cord blood is blood that remains in the placenta and in the attached umbilical cord after childbirth. Cord blood is collected because it contains stem cells, which can be used to treat hematopoietic and genetic disorders such as cancer.

The Singapore Cord Blood Bank is Singapore's only public cord blood bank that collects, processes and stores donated umbilical cord blood for use in stem cell transplants. Its cord blood units may be searched for use by qualifying transplant centers around the world.

Stem-cell therapy uses stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition. As of 2016, the only established therapy using stem cells is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. This usually takes the form of a bone marrow transplantation, but the cells can also be derived from umbilical cord blood. Research is underway to develop various sources for stem cells as well as to apply stem-cell treatments for neurodegenerative diseases and conditions such as diabetes and heart disease.

The National Marrow Donor Program (NMDP) is a nonprofit organization founded in 1987 and based in Minneapolis, Minnesota, that operates the Be The Match Registry of volunteer hematopoietic cell donors and umbilical cord blood units in the United States.

Pablo Rubinstein is a pioneer in freezing of umbilical cord blood or placental blood cells for the use for unrelated donors to treat diseases like leukemia and genetic diseases such as Tay–Sachs disease and sickle cell anemia. He pioneered and established an international cord blood banking system and has played a leading role in international cord blood transplantation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peripheral stem cell transplantation</span> Method of replacing blood-forming stem cells

Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT), also called "Peripheral stem cell support", is a method of replacing blood-forming stem cells. Stem cells can be destroyed through cancer treatments such as chemotherapy or radiation, as well as any blood-related diseases, such as leukemia, lymphoma, neuroblastoma and multiple myeloma. PBSCT is now a much more common procedure than its bone marrow harvest equivalent due to the ease and less invasive nature of the procedure. Studies suggest that PBSCT has a better outcome in terms of the number of hematopoietic stem cell yield.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute</span>

Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute (CHORI) is a biomedical research institute affiliated with California’s pediatric medical center, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sickle cell disease</span> Group of genetic blood disorders

Sickle cell disease (SCD), also simply called sickle cell, is a group of hemoglobin-related blood disorders typically inherited. The most common type is known as sickle cell anemia. It results in an abnormality in the oxygen-carrying protein haemoglobin found in red blood cells. This leads to a rigid, sickle-like shape under certain circumstances. Problems in sickle cell disease typically begin around 5 to 6 months of age. A number of health problems may develop, such as attacks of pain in joints, anemia, swelling in the hands and feet, bacterial infections, dizziness and stroke. Long-term pain may develop as people get older. The average life expectancy in the developed world is 40 to 60 years. It often gets worse within age. All the major organs are affected by sickle cell disease. The liver, heart, kidneys, gallbladder, eyes, bones, and joints also can suffer damage from the abnormal functions of the sickle cells, and their inability to flow through the small blood vessels correctly.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gift of Life Marrow Registry</span> Public blood stem cell and bone marrow registry

The Gift of Life Marrow Registry is a non-profit organization founded in 1991 and headquartered in Boca Raton, Florida that operates a public blood stem cell and bone marrow registry while facilitating transplants for children and adults battling life-threatening illnesses, including leukemia, lymphoma, other cancers and genetic diseases.

Deutsche Knochenmarkspenderdatei, abbreviated as DKMS, is an international nonprofit bone marrow donor center based in Tübingen, Germany, with entities in Chile, India, Poland, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States. DKMS works in the areas of blood cancer and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and raises awareness of the need for donors for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation which people with blood cancers need for treatment as well as helping people sign up to their national bone marrow registries. Over the years, DKMS has expanded beyond Germany.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blood compatibility testing</span> Testing to identify incompatibilities between blood types

Blood compatibility testing is conducted in a medical laboratory to identify potential incompatibilities between blood group systems in blood transfusion. It is also used to diagnose and prevent some complications of pregnancy that can occur when the baby has a different blood group from the mother. Blood compatibility testing includes blood typing, which detects the antigens on red blood cells that determine a person's blood type; testing for unexpected antibodies against blood group antigens ; and, in the case of blood transfusions, mixing the recipient's plasma with the donor's red blood cells to detect incompatibilities (crossmatching). Routine blood typing involves determining the ABO and RhD type, and involves both identification of ABO antigens on red blood cells and identification of ABO antibodies in the plasma. Other blood group antigens may be tested for in specific clinical situations.

BioBridge Global is a San Antonio-based nonprofit holding company that operates the South Texas Blood & Tissue Center, QualTex Laboratories, GenCure, and The Blood and Tissue Center Foundation. BioBridge Global supplies products and services in blood resource management, cellular therapy, donated umbilical cord blood and human tissue, and testing of blood, plasma, and tissue. The organization was initially established as the South Texas Regional Blood Bank in 1973.

References

  1. ↑ "Healthcare Providers and Services Company Overview of New York Blood Center, Inc". Bloomberg. 19 August 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
  2. ↑ "Aaron Kellner, 78, Who Created A Blood-Supply Network, Is Dead". New York Times. 12 December 1992. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
  3. ↑ Hartocollis, Anemona (January 28, 2015). "New York Blood Donations Are Sought After Storm Disrupts Giving". New York Times. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
  4. ↑ "New York Blood Center and Community Blood Center Merge as One Organization | New York Blood Center".
  5. ↑ "Innovative Blood Resources and New York Blood Center Complete Merger | Memorial Blood Centers".
  6. ↑ "Blood Bank of Delmarva and New York Blood Center Join Forces | Blood Bank of Delmarva".
  7. ↑ "RIBC and NYBC Merge | Rhode Island Blood Center".
  8. ↑ Bavley, Alan (12 May 2014). "Community Blood Center of KC to merge with New York counterpart". The Kansas City Star. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
  9. ↑ Grote, Dora (5 February 2016). "Be positive: National blood center lands in KC". Kansas City Business Journal. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
  10. ↑ Parascandola, Rocco (30 December 2015). "NYPD cops put the blood in "blood, sweat and tears"". Daily News New York. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
  11. ↑ "About Be The Match". Be The Match. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
  12. ↑ FDNY Press Office (29 April 2016). "Fire Commissioner and New York Blood Center Honor FDNY Bone Marrow Donors". Fire Department City of New York. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
  13. ↑ CBS New York (29 January 2014). "FDNY Honors Life-Saving Bone Marrow Donors". CBS New York. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  14. ↑ Annese, John (29 April 2016). "Bone marrow recipients to meet FDNY donors". Daily News. Archived from the original on 5 August 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  15. ↑ Wassef, Mira (4 March 2015). "Staten Island firefighter helps save a stranger's life by donating his bone marrow". silive.com. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  16. ↑ Rubin, Rita (13 July 2005). "Young lives get a fighting chance" . Retrieved 26 August 2016– via USA Today.
  17. ↑ "Cord blood's promise: UCD labs are helping harness valuable inventory". The Davis Enterprise. 15 July 2016. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
  18. ↑ Lee, Steve (17 September 2014). "New York Blood Center receives $2 million in NIDA funding to develop HIV self-testing intervention". LGBT Weekly. Archived from the original on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
  19. ↑ Acton, Ashton (2013). "Lindsley F Kimball Research Institute, New York City: Correlates of Unprotected Vaginal or Anal Intercourse with Women Among Substance-Using Men Who Have Sex with Men". HIV/AIDS: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional: 2013 Edition. ScholarlyEditions. ISBN   9781481665360 – via Google Books.
  20. ↑ Acton, Ashton (2013). "Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York City: Interactions between different generation HIV-1 fusion inhibitors and the putative mechanism underlying the synergistic anti-HIV-1 effect resulting from their combination". Sexually Transmitted Diseases - Advances in Research and Application: 2013 Edition. ScholarlyEditions. ISBN   9781481680141 – via Google Books.
  21. 1 2 Chustecka, Zosia (10 November 2014). "Cord Blood: From Medical Waste to Award-winning Product". MedScape Medical News. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
  22. ↑ Acton, Ashton (2013). "Lindsley F Kimball Research Institute, New York City: Optimizing megakaryocyte polyploidization by targeting multiple pathways of cytokinesis". Bone Marrow Cells - Advances in Research Application: 2013 Edition. ScholarlyEditions. ISBN   9781481698047 – via Google Books.
  23. ↑ Liu, Phillip Z.; Huang, Cheng-Han (2000). "Blood Group Antigens: Molecular Biology, Functions, and Clinical Applications". Seminars in Hematology. 37 (2). Elsevier: 150–165. doi:10.1016/S0037-1963(00)90040-4. PMID   10791884.
  24. ↑ Acton, Ashton (2011). "Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York City: Recombinant receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV spike protein expressed in mammalian, insect and E. coli cells elicits potent neutralizing antibody and protective immunity". Immunoproteins: Advances in Research and Application: 2011 Edition. ScholarlyEditions. ISBN   9781464922534 – via Google Books.
  25. ↑ Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. "New Grants Initiative to Spur Innovative Research in Global Health". Gates Foundation. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
  26. ↑ "New York Blood Center's Research Institute Receives Grand Challenges Explorations Grant For Groundbreaking Research in Global Health and Development". Bio-Medicine. 21 May 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
  27. ↑ "Biz buzz for Aug. 8". Duluth News Tribune. 8 August 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
  28. ↑ "FDA approves Immucor's PreciseType® HEA Test to be used for screening blood donors for Sickle Cell Trait (SCT)". Nasdaq (Press release). 21 October 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
  29. ↑ "Sickle Cell Trait". American Society of Hematology. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
  30. ↑ Semedo, Daniela (8 November 2016). "FDA Approves Immucor's PreciseType HEA Test to Screen for Sickle Cell Trait". Sickle Cell Anemia News. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
  31. ↑ "What is precision medicine?". NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine: Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
  32. ↑ LeBlanc, Kara. "RIBC and NYBC Merge". Rhode Island Blood Center. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
  33. ↑ Aleccia, JoNel (1 April 2020). "Blood centers will collect plasma from COVID-19 survivors in bid for treatment". NBC News.
  34. ↑ Grady, Denise (26 March 2020). "Blood Plasma from Survivors Will be Given to Coronavirus Patients". The New York Times.
  35. ↑ Marano, Giuseppe; Vaglio, Stefania; Pupella, Simonetta; Facco, Giuseppina; Catalano, Liviana; Liumbruno, Giancarlo M.; Grazzini, Giuliano (2016). "Convalescent plasma: new evidence for an old therapeutic tool?". Blood Transfusion. 14 (2): 152–157. doi:10.2450/2015.0131-15. PMC   4781783 . PMID   26674811.
  36. ↑ Olson, Jeremy (13 January 2021). "Mayo validates COVID-19 plasma treatment as public seeks vaccine". Star Tribune.
  37. ↑ Wu, Katherine J. (6 January 2021). "Blood Plasma Reduces Risk of Severe Covid-19 if Given Early". The New York Times.
  38. ↑ Rowan, A.N.; Loew, F.M. (2001). "Animal research: A review of developments, 1950-2000". In Salem, D.J.; Rowan, A.N. (eds.). The state of the animals 2001. Washington, DC: Humane Society Press. pp. 111–120.
  39. 1 2 McAfee, Melonyce (11 September 2015). "Chimps in need after U.S. organization withdraws care". CNN.
  40. 1 2 3 "Protesters rally for chimpanzees in Liberia". WNYW . 19 May 2016.
  41. 1 2 3 Simmons, Keir (5 September 2016). "Rescuers help abandoned chimps used in medical experiments" . Retrieved 20 October 2016– via Today.
  42. 1 2 Gorman, James (May 30, 2017). "New York Blood Center Reaches a Deal to Help Care for Research Chimps". The New York Times . Retrieved January 30, 2023.
  43. ↑ Skyler, Ed (2016-03-31). "Our Statement on the Care of Chimpanzees in Liberia". Citigroup .
  44. 1 2 3 Gorman, James (28 May 2015). "Chimpanzees in Liberia, Used in New York Blood Center Research, Face Uncertain Future". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
  45. 1 2 Christie, Megan (30 September 2016). "Lab Chimps 'Abandoned' on African Island, Activists Say" . Retrieved 20 October 2016– via ABC News. The NYBC has maintained that it has already spent millions on the chimps since its deal with the Liberian government ended in the mid-2000s and can no longer afford to divert money from essential programs that save thousands of human lives. In response to questions from ABC News, NYBC Vice President Robert Purvis slammed the HSUS and said the NYBC tried to work with the group for months and were confronted with requests that "have nothing to do with NYBC's original involvement in Liberia." Purvis said the NYBC "repeatedly" reached out to the animal rights community and the Liberian government "in an attempt to assist in a long-term solution for Liberia's chimps." "NYBC was ignored," he said.
  46. ↑ Prince, Alfred M (December 2005). "Leadership Sought for Chimpanzee Sanctuary in Liberia" (PDF). American Society of Primatologists . Retrieved January 30, 2023.
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