History
The expression "night mayor" has been traced in scholarship to earlier usages and analogues. Medieval Latin sources are described as using the term proconsul nocturnus, and early modern English writing (including Thomas Dekker) is discussed as referring to a comparable office of a "night watchman". The title "night mayor" is also reported as appearing in the United States in the 19th century. [5]
The earliest known use of the title in its modern civic/nightlife-advocacy sense is commonly linked to Rotterdam, where Deelder acquired the nickname in the 1970s before it was later adopted more formally. [4] [6]
In Amsterdam, the first election night connected with the title took place at Paradiso on 19 February 2003, and the jury selected the collective De Nachtwacht as the city's first night mayor (with a multi-person collective taking up the role). [7] [8] The position later evolved from a civic initiative into a more structured form of nocturnal governance; one overview of European practice notes that Amsterdam's first night mayor was elected in 2003 and that the role subsequently became linked to an independent non-profit foundation that advises the mayor and city council on night-time issues, while also supporting pilot projects (including work around Rembrandtplein). [9]
Following elections held at Melkweg in 2012, the role was held by Mirik Milan. [10] In 2014, Milan co-founded the non-profit Stichting N8BM A’DAM (Night Mayor Foundation), together with Michiel Friedhoff and Ella Overkleeft, in order to institutionalise and professionalise the title and to coordinate between the municipal government and night-time stakeholders such as venues, festivals, and local businesses. [11] [12] Milan announced his departure in 2016, and a successor was elected in 2018. [4] [10]
Since 2016, Amsterdam's night mayor organisation has hosted the Night Mayor Summit, bringing together night-time governance representatives from other cities. [13] Amsterdam's approach is widely described as influential in the spread of comparable roles elsewhere, including in cities such as Paris, Zürich, London and New York. [4] [6]
A number of cities have adopted different institutional names for similar functions. In London, the Mayor of London appointed a "Night Czar" and established a Night Time Commission. [14] [15] In New York City, the function is organised through the Mayor's Office of Media and Entertainment as the "Office of Nightlife". [16]
