Nonclassical light

In optics, nonclassical light is light that cannot be described using classical electromagnetism; its characteristics are described by the quantized electromagnetic field and quantum mechanics.

The most common described forms of nonclassical light are the following:

• Photon statistics of nonclassical Light is sub-Poissonian ^[1] in the sense that the average number of photons in a photodetection of this kind of light shows a standard deviation that is less than the mean number of the photons.
• Squeezed light exhibits reduced noise in one quadrature component. The most familiar kinds of squeezed light have either reduced amplitude noise or reduced phase noise, with increased noise of the other component.
• Fock states (also called photon number states) have a well-defined number of photons (stored e.g. in a cavity), while the phase is totally undefined.

Glauber–Sudarshan P representation

Main article: Glauber–Sudarshan P representation

The density matrix for any state of light can be written as:

${\displaystyle {\widehat {\rho }}=\int P(\alpha )|{\alpha }\rangle \langle {\alpha }|{\rm {{d}^{2}\alpha ,}}}$

where ${\displaystyle \scriptstyle |\alpha \rangle }$ is a coherent state. A classical state of light is one in which ${\displaystyle \scriptstyle P(\alpha )\,}$ is a probability density function. If it is not, the state is said to be nonclassical. ^[2]

Aspects of ${\displaystyle \scriptstyle P(\alpha )\,}$ that would make it nonclassical are:

• a negative value at any point;
• being more singular than a Dirac delta function.

The matter is not quite simple. According to Leonard Mandel and Emil Wolf's book Optical Coherence and Quantum Optics: "The different coherent states are not [mutually] orthogonal, so that even if Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/en.wikipedia.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \scriptstyle P(\alpha) \,} behaved like a true probability density [function], it would not describe probabilities of mutually exclusive states." ^[2]

References

Citations

1. M. Fox, Quantum Optics: An Introduction, Oxford University Press, New York, 2006
2. Mandel & Wolf 1995 , p. 541

Citation bibliography

Mandel, L.; Wolf, E. (1995), Optical Coherence and Quantum Optics, Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, ISBN   0-521-41711-2

General references

• Glauber, Roy J. (1963-09-15). "Coherent and Incoherent States of the Radiation Field". Physical Review. 131 (6). American Physical Society (APS): 2766–2788. doi:10.1103/physrev.131.2766. ISSN   0031-899X.