Ogiso dynasty

Dynasty of Igodo
Ekaladerhan (also spelt as Ikhaladerhan), the son of Owodo [a]
Status	Monarchy
Capital	Udo (initial), Benin City (later)
Common languages	Edo language
Government	Monarchy
Ogiso (King)
• c. 900 AD	Igodo (first)
•	Ere
•	Owodo (last)
Historical era	Ancient History
• Establishment of the Ogiso Dynasty	900 AD
• Transition to the Oba Dynasty	12th century
Preceded by Succeeded by Pre-dynastic Bini settlements Oba Dynasty
Today part of	Nigeria

The Ogiso dynasty was the earliest known ruling dynasty of the Edo people, founded by Igodo, the first Ogiso of Igodomigodo. The dynasty began around 900 AD and lasted until the early 12th century when it was succeeded by the Oba Dynasty. The Ogiso Dynasty influenced the early sociopolitical structure of the region by introducing centralised governance and laying the foundations for the Benin Empire.

The Ogiso rulers were considered to have descended from the heavens, indicating the semi-mythical status they held among their subjects. The term "Ogiso" translates to "king of the sky" or "king from the sky," highlighting the divine status attributed to these monarchs. The origins of the dynasty are credited to Odionwere Obagodo, who established the dynasty by convincing other Odionweres from different quarters of Idu land of the need for a more centralised rule. Odionwere Obagodo took the title of Ogiso, meaning "King of the sky," or one whose authority comes from the sky. Obagodo took the name Igodo as his crown name and renamed the land Igodomigodo from Idu land.

Throughout its existence, the Ogiso Dynasty had thirty-one rulers and notable among them were Ogiso Igodo, the first ruler, and Ogiso Ere, who implemented several administrative and cultural reforms. This era saw the establishment of settlements, the integration of various chiefdoms, and the growth of proto-urban centers, with Udo and Benin City being prominent examples.

The decline of the Ogiso Dynasty began with the rule of the last Ogiso, Owodo, whose reign was marked by internal conflict and public dissatisfaction. This led to his banishment and a period of interregnum, during which the nobleman Evian attempted to establish his own line of succession. However, the people eventually rejected this, inviting a prince from Ife to restore order, thus beginning the Oba Dynasty. The legacy of the Ogiso Dynasty remains in the cultural and historical consciousness of the Benin people, reflected in their traditions, folklore, and archaeological findings.

History

Origin and establishment

The origins of the Ogiso Dynasty date back to around the 10th century AD. The dynasty is believed to have been founded by the first Ogiso, Igodo. According to oral tradition and historical records, the Ogisos were regarded as divine rulers often referred to as "kings from the sky" or "kings of the sky." ^[2]

The establishment of the Ogiso Dynasty marked the beginning of a centralised political structure in the region now known as Benin. Igodo, the first Ogiso, played a role in laying the foundations for the kingdom's administrative and political systems. He governed various Bini chiefdoms and communities, integrating them into a cohesive entity. ^[3] The settlement of Udo, located northwest of present-day Benin City, is believed to have been the initial capital of the Ogiso Dynasty. ^[4]

Some historical accounts suggest that the first Ogiso was from Ovbiotor in present-day Sapele Road Benin. ^[2] The transition from chiefdoms to a more organised kingdom under the Ogiso was a significant development in the region's history, leading to the growth and expansion of settlements such as Udo and Benin City. ^[5] The period of the Ogiso Dynasty is considered a time of social creation and development. ^[3]

Archaeological evidence and oral traditions provide insights into this era. The dynasty saw the emergence of proto-urban centers and the integration of various cultural and social practices that would later influence the development of the Benin Kingdom. The reign of the Ogiso is characterised by the establishment of cultural and religious practices, some of which continue to be observed in modern Benin. ^[6]

The Reign of Ogiso Igodo

Ogiso Igodo, the first king of the Ogiso Dynasty, played a key role in establishing the early Benin Kingdom. His reign marked the beginning of centralised governance, uniting various chiefdoms and communities under a single political entity. ^[2] Igodo's leadership is often associated with semi-mythical qualities, emphasising his perceived divine origin as a "king from the sky." ^[3]

Igodo established the initial capital of the Ogiso Dynasty at Udo, northwest of present-day Benin City. Udo served as the political and cultural hub during the early years of his reign. ^[4] His efforts to integrate various Bini chiefdoms and promote unity among the people were crucial in consolidating the kingdom. ^[5]

Under Igodo's rule, the kingdom experienced growth and development. He implemented administrative and social reforms that facilitated governance of the unified territory. These reforms included the establishment of proto-urban centers and the introduction of practices that would later be integral to the Benin Kingdom. ^[6]

Historical records and oral traditions provide insights into Igodo's contributions, despite the mythical elements of his rule. His leadership emphasised diplomacy and the incorporation of diverse cultural elements into the kingdom's administration. ^[7]

Igodo's reign also saw the beginnings of important cultural practices and religious observances that continued to be significant in the Benin Kingdom. The concept of divine kingship, where the ruler was seen as a mediator between the people and the spiritual world, became a central aspect of Ogiso governance. ^[8]

Major rulers

The Ogiso Dynasty experienced the reign of many influential kings and queens who contributed to the early development of the Benin Kingdom. These rulers included Ogiso Igodo, Ere, Orire, Akhuankhuan, Ekpigho, Oria, Emose, Orhorho, Oriagba, Odoligie, Uwa, Ehenenden, Obioye, Arigho, and Owodo. Each ruler had a distinct impact on the dynasty's history. ^[9]

Ogiso Ere, the son of Igodo, succeeded his father and worked to further consolidate the kingdom. Ere was noted for his administrative skills and efforts to maintain peace and unity among the Bini people. He introduced cultural and technological advancements, including the royal throne (ekete), rectangular stool (agba), and round leather fan (ezuzu). His reign also saw the establishment of Onwina and Igbesanmwan, traditional groups of carpenters and carvers. ^[10]

Queens such as Emose and Orhorho were also significant figures. Emose was involved in governance, while Orhorho's rule was marked by conflict. Orhorho's oppressive reign ultimately led to her demise. ^[11] Ogiso Odoligie and Ogiso Uwa expanded the kingdom's influence and integrated various chiefdoms into a centralised administration. Their reigns focused on strengthening the kingdom's political and cultural institutions. ^[12] Ogiso Henenden's rule brought stability and growth to the region, resulting in a significant population increase in Benin City. ^[13]

The last Ogiso, Owodo, faced internal strife and public dissatisfaction, which led to his banishment. His reign marked the end of the Ogiso Dynasty and the beginning of a transitional period that led to the establishment of the Oba Dynasty. ^[12] These rulers significantly influenced the early history of the Benin Kingdom through their contributions and challenges. Their reigns saw important cultural, social, and political developments that laid the foundation for the region's future prosperity. ^[12]

Administration and governance

The Ogiso Dynasty was characterised by centralised governance, bringing various Bini chiefdoms and communities under a single political structure. ^[2] The kings, known as Ogiso, were key figures in administering the kingdom, overseeing both political and religious affairs. ^[3] The capital, initially located at Udo, was later moved to Benin City, which became the political and cultural center. ^[4]

The administrative framework established by the Ogiso included a hierarchy of officials and nobles who assisted in governance. These officials were responsible for justice, taxation, and military matters. ^[14] Chiefs were appointed to oversee different regions, ensuring effective control over the territory. ^[5] This centralisation of power was crucial in maintaining order and fostering the kingdom's growth and development.

During Ogiso Ere's reign, traditional groups of craftsmen, such as Onwina (carpenters) and Igbesanmwan (carvers), were established. ^[15] These groups played significant roles in the economy and cultural development. Ere also introduced symbols of authority, including the royal throne (ekete), rectangular stool (agba), and round leather fan (ezuzu). ^[10]

The Ogiso exercised judicial authority, resolving disputes and ensuring justice within the kingdom. ^[6] The judicial system was based on customary laws and practices, upheld by the Ogiso and appointed officials. ^[16] This system was essential in maintaining social harmony and order.

Religious practices were integral to the kingdom's administration, with the Ogiso viewed as divine rulers mediating between the spiritual and physical worlds. ^[7] This divine status was reinforced through rituals and ceremonies emphasising the sacred nature of kingship. Temples and shrines dedicated to various deities played central roles in religious life, with the Ogiso performing rituals to ensure prosperity and well-being. ^[17]

Cultural and societal impact

Religion and mythology

Religion and mythology were central to the Ogiso Dynasty, shaping the cultural and societal framework of the kingdom. The Ogiso were considered divine rulers, intermediaries between the spiritual and physical realms. This status was reflected in the title "Ogiso," meaning "king from the sky". ^[2] Religious practices during the Ogiso period involved worshiping various deities and performing rituals to ensure the kingdom's prosperity. ^[3]

The kingdom's religious life centered around temples and shrines dedicated to different gods and goddesses. These sites were places for communal worship and rituals. The Ogiso performed ceremonies and sacrifices to appease the deities and seek their blessings. ^[4] The ancestor cult was significant, with rituals honouring deceased ancestors and seeking their guidance. ^[5]

Mythology and oral traditions shaped the people's belief systems. The Bini people viewed the Ogiso era as a period of social creation, comparable to the creation of the land itself. ^[6] Legends and myths about the origins of the Ogiso and their divine lineage were passed down through generations, reinforcing the sacred nature of kingship. ^[7] Belief in the Ogiso's supernatural powers and their connection to the gods strengthened their authority as rulers. ^[18]

The religious and mythological practices during the Ogiso period laid the foundation for the Benin Kingdom's spiritual and cultural identity. Many of these practices evolved and were integrated into the subsequent Oba Dynasty's religious framework. These practices' enduring significance is evident in the cultural traditions and ceremonies observed by the Edo people today. ^[8]

Arts and crafts

The Ogiso Dynasty is known for its contributions to the arts and crafts, which were significant in the kingdom's cultural development. Skilled craftsmen and artisans emerged during this period, producing intricate works of art, including wood carvings and bronze sculptures. ^[10]

During Ogiso Ere's reign, groups of craftsmen, such as the Onwina (carpenters) and Igbesanmwan (carvers), were established. ^[15] These groups produced items used in royal ceremonies and daily life, such as wooden plates, bowls, mortars, pestles, and wooden heads placed on ancestral shrines. Ere also introduced the royal throne (ekete), rectangular stool (agba), and round leather fan (ezuzu), symbols of authority and governance. ^[10]

Bronze casting was another significant art form that flourished during the Ogiso period. The lost-wax casting technique created detailed bronze sculptures and plaques depicting various aspects of the kingdom's life, including portraits of rulers, deities, and important events. ^[6]

The artistic heritage of the Ogiso Dynasty is evident in the architectural achievements of the period. The construction of town walls, particularly those of Udo, showcases the kingdom's architectural skill. These walls were functional for defence and reflected the kingdom's cultural and artistic achievements. ^[8]

Social structure

The social structure of the Ogiso Dynasty was hierarchical, with clear roles and responsibilities among the classes. At the top was the Ogiso, holding supreme authority as both a political and religious leader. ^[2] The Ogiso was supported by a council of chiefs and nobles who assisted in administration and governance. ^[16]

The council of chiefs included influential leaders from different regions and communities within the kingdom. These chiefs oversaw local governance, ensuring the implementation of the Ogiso's directives and maintaining law and order. The council advised the Ogiso on important state matters and served as a link between the central authority and local communities. ^[19]

The social structure also included skilled artisans and craftsmen who contributed to the kingdom's economy and cultural development. These individuals were organised into guilds, such as the Onwina (carpenters) and Igbesanmwan (carvers), and were respected for their expertise and craftsmanship. ^[10] Their work was integral to the kingdom's religious and cultural practices, producing items used in rituals and daily life.

The common people formed the majority of the population, engaging in occupations such as farming, fishing, and trade, contributing to the kingdom's economy. The social structure emphasised cooperation and interdependence among the classes, ensuring the kingdom's smooth functioning. ^[5]

Slavery was also part of the social structure, with slaves performing labour-intensive tasks. Slaves were often captured during wars and raids or acquired through trade. They were considered the property of their owners and had limited rights and freedoms. ^[20] However, slaves could sometimes earn their freedom through exceptional service or by being granted manumission.

The Ogiso Dynasty's social structure was characterised by hierarchy and order, with each class playing a specific role in the kingdom's functioning. The integration of political, religious, and cultural elements within the social structure contributed to the stability and continuity of the Ogiso Dynasty. ^[8]

Decline and transition

Fall of the Ogiso Dynasty

The decline of the Ogiso Dynasty began with the reign of its last ruler, Ogiso Owodo. His tenure was marked by internal conflicts, public discontent, and a series of events that led to his downfall. ^[13] Owodo struggled to address the kingdom's issues, leading to a loss of authority and control. Domestic problems, including the barrenness of his wives and the banishment of his only son, Ekaladerhan, further weakened his power. ^[13]

A plot believed to be divine will was devised to eliminate Ekaladerhan. ^[1] However, the executioners, sensing deceit, spared his life. Ekaladerhan fled westward to a community known to the Binis as Uhe (Ife), where he adopted the name Oduduwa. ^[1] Following Ogiso Owodo's death without an heir, the kingdom entered a period of interregnum. ^[1]

During this interregnum, Evian assumed the role of kingdom administrator. However, his successor, Ogiamien, sought to extend Evian's influence over Benin, leading to further instability. ^[1] In an effort to restore the tradition of primogeniture, the elders embarked on a mission to locate Ekaladerhan, the legitimate heir of Ogiso Owodo. ^[1]

The elders, led by Oliha, aimed to bring Ekaladerhan back to assume his rightful position. ^[1] Upon finding him in Ife, Ekaladerhan expressed reluctance to return but entrusted his son Oranmiyan to the care of Oliha, who assured his protection. ^[1] Oranmiyan's reign in Benin was brief due to resistance from Ogiamien and cultural clashes. ^[1] On his journey back to Ife, Oranmiyan stayed at Ego, where he fathered Eweka I, who would later establish the current Benin Dynasty. ^[1]

The decline of the Ogiso Dynasty resulted in a power vacuum and chaos within the kingdom. The lack of central authority and continued conflicts among the nobility exacerbated the situation, testing the kingdom's unity and stability. ^[21] Despite Evian's efforts to maintain order, the need for a lasting solution to the leadership crisis led to the invitation of Oranmiyan from Ife. ^[22]

Transition to the Oba Dynasty

The transition from the Ogiso Dynasty to the Oba Dynasty was a significant turning point in the history of the Benin Kingdom. Following the period of instability and the rejection of Evian's attempt to establish his own dynasty, the people of Benin sent emissaries to Ife to request a prince who could restore order and legitimacy to their throne. ^[23]

Oranmiyan, a prince from Ife, was invited to become the ruler of Benin. His arrival marked the beginning of the new dynasty and the establishment of the title "Oba" for the rulers of Benin. Oranmiyan's acceptance of the throne was seen as a continuation of the divine and legitimate lineage that the people of Benin desired. ^[24] His rule brought a renewed sense of stability and order to the kingdom, ending the period of turmoil that had characterised the final years of the Ogiso Dynasty. ^[12]

Notes

1. Ekaladerhan fled westward to a community known to the Binis as Uhe (Ife), where he adopted the name Oduduwa. ^[1]

References

Citations

1. Osawe 2013.
2. Bondarenko 2001, p. 185.
3. Bondarenko 2001, p. 186.
4. Bondarenko 2001, p. 187.
5. Bondarenko 2001, p. 188.
6. Bondarenko 2001, p. 189.
7. Bondarenko 2001, p. 190.
8. Bondarenko 2001, p. 191.
9. Egharevba 1968, pp. 1–4.
10. Egharevba 1968, pp. 1–2.
11. Egharevba 1968, pp. 2–3.
12. Egharevba 1968, pp. 3–4.
13. Egharevba 1968, p. 3.
14. Egharevba 1968, p. 1.
15. Egharevba 1968, p. 2.
16. Ekeh 2002, p. 3.
17. Ekeh 2002, pp. 4–5.
18. Ekeh 2002, pp. 3–4.
19. Ekeh 2002, p. 4.
20. Ekeh 2002, p. 5.
21. Bondarenko 2001, p. 192.
22. Ekeh 2002, pp. 6–7.
23. Bondarenko 2001, p. 193.
24. Bondarenko 2001, p. 194.

Bibliography

• Bondarenko, Dmitri M. (2001). "Ancient Benin: Where Did the First Monarchs Come From?". Asian and African Studies. 10 (2). Institute of Oriental Studies of the Slovak Academy of Sciences: 185–198. ISSN   2585-8793.

• Ekeh, Peter Palmer (2002). Ogiso times and Eweka times : a preliminary history of the Edoid complex of cultures. Institute for Benin Studies. ISBN   978-978-33276-8-9. OCLC   54107802.

• Egharevba, Jacob (1968). A Short History of Benin. C.M.S. Press. pp. 30–33. ISBN   9789781212390.

• Osawe, Ambrose (15 June 2013). "Benin, kingdom of the sky-kings". Vanguard . ISSN   0794-652X . Retrieved 17 November 2024.