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Health has a variety of definitions, which have been used for different purposes over time. Health can be promoted by encouraging healthful activities, such as regular physical exercise and adequate sleep, and by reducing or avoiding unhealthful activities or situations, such as smoking or excessive stress. Some factors affecting health are due to individual choices, such as whether to engage in a high-risk behavior, while others are due to structural causes, such as whether the society is arranged in a way that makes it easier or harder for people to get necessary healthcare services. Still, other factors are beyond both individual and group choices, such as genetic disorders.
Open access (OA) is a set of principles and a range of practices through which research outputs are distributed online, free of access charges or other barriers. With open access strictly defined, or libre open access, barriers to copying or reuse are also reduced or removed by applying an open license for copyright.
Steven J. Milloy is a lawyer, lobbyist, author and former Fox News commentator. Milloy is the founder and editor of the blog junkscience.com.
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The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) is the agency of the European Union (EU) that provides independent scientific advice and communicates on existing and emerging risks associated with the food chain. EFSA was established in February 2002, is based in Parma, Italy, and for 2021 it has a budget of €118.6 million, and a total staff of 542.
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" .. cultures that support TK [Traditional Knowledge] around the world are often living in marginal ecosystems, such as the Arctic, mountains, deserts and small islands ..[which are] .. often the sources of key ecosystem services .... most vulnerable to climate change"
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Environ was a privately held, international environmental, safety and health sciences consulting firm headquartered in Arlington, Virginia. ENVIRON had operations across more than 90 offices in 21 countries, with more than 1,500 consultants when it was acquired in December 2014 by Danish-based Ramboll.
Project NOAH (Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazard) is the Philippines' primary disaster risk reduction and management program. Managed by the University of the Philippines, it was initially administered by the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) from 2012 to 2017.
Knowledge crystals are web-based information objects that are used in scientific information production. Especially, they are used in open assessments designed to support societal decisions. They act as current best answers to specific research questions. They are produced and distributed openly using crowdsourcing and scientific criticism.
Climate change vulnerability is a concept that describes how strongly people or ecosystems are likely to be affected by climate change. Its formal definition is the "propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected" by climate change. It can apply to humans and also to natural systems. Issues around the capacity to cope and adapt are also part of this concept. Vulnerability is a component of climate risk. Vulnerability differs within communities and also across societies, regions, and countries. It can increase or decrease over time.
References
- ↑ Jouni T. Tuomisto, Mikko Pohjola: Open Risk Assessment - A new way of providing scientific information for decision-making. Publications of the National Public Health Institute 2007:B18 ISBN 978-951-740-736-6 Archived 19 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ About Opasnet , accessed 12 January 2011.
- ↑ World Summit Award Finland Archived 27 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine , accessed 12 January 2011.
